Simulation Technology Microwave Studio Software Research Articles

Design and implementation of a frequency reconfigurable antenna using PIN switch for sub-6 GHz applications

Abstract The future of 5G New Radio development has many significant concerns. We present and investigate a frequency-reconfigurable antenna based on a PIN diode to overcome the working frequency band issue. The dimensions are 30 mm × 20 mm × 1.6 mm, built on material substrate (FR-4) with a relative permittivity of ε r {\varepsilon }_{{\rm{r}}} = 4.4. Two switches allow frequency reconfiguration in the antenna, giving us three operation modes. The design in mode 1 (SW1 = Off and SW2 = Off) covers a 4.6 GHz band. The proposed design in mode 2 resonated at 2.7 and 4.8 GHz (SW1 = On, SW2 = Off or SW1 = Off, SW2 = On), while the design in mode 3 operated at 3.6 GHz (SW1 = On, SW2 = On). Before fabrication, the proposed design is simulated by the Computer Simulation Technology microwave studio software. The presentation and discussion of the radiated pattern and S parameter demonstrate the practicability of the proposed design. The design module’s dimensions and performance are both precisely appropriate. The results indicate a good agreement between both simulation and experimental findings.

Testing of chlorine dosage in drinking water using microstrip patch sensor

A new method using microstrip patch sensor is designed, simulated, and measured to detect the dosage of added chlorine to the drinking water using the relation between permittivity and matching impedance. The simulation is done using computer simulation technology-microwave studio software. The proposed sensor is designed on a single FR-4 layer with a low profile, 0.499 GHz bandwidth, center frequency of 2.94 GHz, gain of 6.55 dBi, and a good front to back ratio of 17.84 dB. In this work, the antenna design is started from a conventional patch antenna equation. Then, an optimization process is performed to achieve good parameter values for obtaining the desired objective. The objective is to utilize the microwave frequency to measure the chlorine dosage in water. The measurement results proved that the matching impedance can be used to find out the dosage of chlorine in drinkable water. The proposed method overcomes the open-ended coaxial probe method in terms of experimental time and contactless testing and shows high matching with the latter actual data. Moreover, the proposed method overcomes the conventional methods in terms of continuity and large scale of testing, non-contacting with the samples of water, and no additive chemical materials, which make the water samples not drinkable.

Rekabentuk dan Prestasi Antena MEMS Penuai Tenaga Mikro Frekuensi Radio Bagi Peranti Elektronik Berkuasa Rendah

Radio Frequency (RF) ambient energy has become the choice as a source of green energy for energy harvesting systems due to the existence of electromagnetic wave signals that are always present in the environment without incurring cost. This RF energy is very low usually less than 190 µW. However, the antenna needs to supply sufficient power to the RF energy harvesting system to power low-power electronic devices. Therefore, the antenna needs to be designed to capture and transfer energy to the RF micro energy harvesting circuit to supply optimal power to the electronic device. The micro-strip antenna design using Micro Electro Mechanical (MEMS) fabrication technology process is the most suitable choice because of its small size, light weight and high performance. This MEMS antenna design uses Computer Simulation TechnologyMicrowave-Studio software(CST-MWS). Comparisons were made for four types of antennas namely silicon surface micromachine, silicon bulk micro-machine with air cavity, glass surface micro-machine and RT/Duroid 5880 as reference. The simulation results show that the glass surface micro-machine antenna is the smallest in size compared to the other three antennas. The return loss of this antenna is also better which is increased by 55.1% and 5.6% compared to silicon surface micro-machine antennas and conventional RT/Duroid antennas respectively. The antenna also has a large bandwidth of 117 MHz, a gain of more than 5 dB and a direction of more than 5 dBi. The glass surface micro-machine antenna has been successfully fabricated using MEMS technology which produces a transparent antenna measuring (L/W) 19 mm x 19 mm. This small sized MEMS antenna is highly sensitive and highly effective for capturing ambient RF signals and is capable of supplying sufficient power to the RF energy harvester system.

Design of 4-direction MIMO Vivaldi antenna system for vehicles communication in 5G applications

A MIMO antenna system that consists of four-element Vivaldi antenna for V2V communication is presented. The proposed design is realized on a substrate material of “Rogers 5880” with , , and a substrate thickness equals . The antenna is designed to operate at a center frequency of . The designed antenna achieves a wide bandwidth of around the center frequency. The radiation pattern of the proposed structure covers all the directions (a full coverage area) with high gain. An overall realized gain of is achieved at the intended center frequency. The proposed antenna is designed and simulated using the Computer Simulation Technology MicroWave Studio software (CSTMWS). It is also fabricated using photolithography techniques and measured using an R&S vector network analyzer. Good agreement is obtained between both the CSTMWS and the measured results.

Polarization-independent multiband double-negative metamaterial through ferrite-based flexible substrate with tunable microwave dielectric properties

Microwave flexible dielectric materials offer a new set of attractive applications for modern devices as well as for metamaterial research and technology. In this article, metamaterials with double-negative characteristics fabricated on a novel flexible dielectric substrate are presented. These novel flexible microwave substrates were prepared from Mg-Zn ferrite powder. The proposed flexible metamaterials offer double-negative (DNG) properties, polarization insensitivity, and a higher effective medium ratio (EMR) for multiple bands of application. The prepared, flexible substrates exhibit performance superior to commercial materials with tunable dielectric properties, and the proposed metamaterial structure enhances the antenna performances as well. The flexible substrates are synthesized from Mg-Zn ferrite having two different molecular compositions of Mg denoted as Mg40 and Mg60. The prepared, highly flexible, and lightweight magnesium zinc ferrites of Mg40 and Mg60 possess tunable dielectric properties with relative dielectric permittivity of 5.18 and 4.20 and dielectric loss tangents of 0.004 and 0.006, respectively. The double-negative (DNG) metamaterial behavior is observed with the fabricated flexible metamaterials at 2.92 GHz, 4.42 GHz, 7.75 GHz, and 9.84 GHz for Mg40 and 3.16 GHz, 4.71 GHz, 8.21 GHz, and 10.52 GHz for Mg60 and validated by using 3D electromagnetic Simulator CST (Computer Simulation Technology) Microwave Studio and ADS (Advanced Design System) software. Therefore, the prepared, flexible metamaterials having improved EMR, polarization insensitivity, and DNG properties on a MgZnFe2O4substrate are suitable additions to the field of the flexible microwave.

Design of a Guitar Shaped UWB Antenna with Wide Band Notched Characteristics for Wireless Applications

In this paper, a guitar shape ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna having wide stop band along with altered ground layer is analyzed, manufactured and tested experimentally for wireless applications. The proposed UWB structure has overall size of 30 × 30 × 1.6 mm3 and has an impedance bandwidth of 7.5 GHz (3.1–10.6 GHz). A pair of inverted L shape and parallel I shape metallic stubs are added to UWB antenna to achieve a wide stop band from 3.1 to 5.8 GHz, therefore eliminating both undesired WiMAX and WLAN bands. Experimental results show that in the stop band region the measured values of maximum attenuation, VSWR, radiation efficiency and gain are − 1.07 dB, 18.7, 0.05 and − 7 dB respectively. Additionally, in passband region, the antenna exhibits omnidirectional radiation characteristics, good reflection coefficient, highest radiation efficiency and gain value of 0.82 and 5.8 dB. Effect of variation of metallic stubs (L and I) parameters on wide stop band along with equivalent circuit analysis is also investigated. The bandwidth of rejected band can be tuned easily by varying coupling gap between the patch antenna and metallic stubs. The proposed antenna structure is designed, optimized and simulated by utilizing computer simulation technology microwave studio software and further measured outcomes are in good agreement with simulated one.

Dielectric passive left-handed symmetric metamaterial design for electromagnetic absorption reduction application

Electromagnetic exposure became an alarming issue in the 20th century, which has resulted in the creation of shielding metamaterial to reduce the radiation effects from any wireless devices. In this research work, a square-shaped metamaterial structure was designed and numerically simulated using a well-known computer simulation technology microwave studio software. The relationship between human head and cellular phone was explored for L- and S-bands, respectively. The proposed metamaterial design is utilized by placing inside a mobile phone to reduce the electromagnetic effect that is absorbed by the human head. The simulation frequency range is adopted from 1 to 6 GHz where the square-shaped metamaterial manifests resonance frequencies at 1.602 GHz (L-band), 2.712 and 3.888 GHz (S-band). Meanwhile, the specific absorption rate results reveal that the reduction happened approximately 1.591% at L-band, 36.646% and 17.864% at S-band over 1 g of tissue volume. Moreover, the second highest reduction value exhibited at 2.712 GHz for 10 g of tissue volume with 20.077% respectively. Briefly, the findings reveal a strong specific absorption rate reduction accomplishment and the proposed square-shaped metamaterial design believed to be a promising aspect in the telecommunication field.

Broadband Conformal Monopole Antenna Loaded with Meandered Arms for Wireless Capsule Endoscopy

In this paper, a new conformal monopole antenna is presented. The proposed antenna is suitable for using in wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) as transmitter antenna because of its special structure. The WCE antenna should have particular features, because it will be radiate in human body environment. The WCE antennas specific requirements are: proper size, location, gain, radiation pattern and bandwidth in standard frequency band. The proposed antenna’s basic design is done according to the monopole antenna. Therefore, the antenna radiation pattern is omnidirectional. In order to achieve proper bandwidth the Babinet’s principle is applied to the monopole antenna. Also, the antenna is placed in the capsule’s dome. Finally, the antenna simulations are done with two High Frequency Electromagnetic Field Simulation and Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio software. The design results show that the antenna gain is − 30 dB and 89% bandwidth in Industrial, Scientific and Medical band. Therefore the proposed antenna will be an appropriate candidate for using in WCEs.

Double Fibonacci Spiral Microstrip Patch Antenna for Dual Band Applications

Double Fibonacci spiral in a circle with microstrip line feeding technique is designed in the frequency range from 0.1GHz to 6GHz. The antenna is designed and simulated in computer simulation technology microwave studio software, substrate Fr-4 with thickness 1.59mm is used and antenna parameters such as return loss, surface current, E-field, H-field and gain are calculated for Double Fibonacci spiral microstrip patch (DFSM) antenna. The antenna is used for ISM (industrial, scientific and medical) frequency band (2.45GHz) and a new unutilized band for next generation services, gain is 2.22dB and 3.16dB and bandwidth is 25.94% and 22.83% on resonating frequencies.

Nature Inspired Fibonacci Sequence Microstrip Patch Antenna for Energy Harvesting Applications

In this paper, design and simulation of Nature Inspired Fibonacci sequence golden spiral antenna is presented. It is based on the snail’s shell structure which is frequently found in nature. The proposed antenna geometry has its unique design and it is used for energy harvesting applications. For energy harvesting applications rectenna is designed which has an antenna, matching circuit, voltage doubler circuit and load. The antenna is designed in CST (computer simulation technology) microwave studio software. Using CST software S-parameter, surface current, E-field, H-field are simulated and results are analyzed. The antenna is simulated in 3 GHz to 10 GHz frequency band and achieves multiband return loss characteristics and positive gain at respective frequencies.

Microfabrication of terahertz frequency-selective surface by short- and ultrashort laser ablation

This paper presents the method of fabricating a frequency-selective surface (FSS) filter for terahertz frequency by short- and ultrashort laser ablation process. The FSS consists of a capacitive screen made up of the copper metallic structure supported by a Teflon dielectric substrate. The dielectric properties of the Teflon substrate at terahertz frequencies were evaluated using THz-time-domain spectroscopy technique. The numerical simulation of the designed structure was performed using Computer Simulation Technology microwave studio software with unit cell configurations and the resonance was observed at 0.135 THz. The desired metallic microstructure was created in copper using an 8-ns solid-state Nd: YAG and 150 fs Ti:sapphire laser operating at the second harmonic wavelength of 532 and 800 nm, respectively. The proposed structure provides polarization-independent operation. The experimental verification of the fabricated FSS using femtosecond ablation process was done using THz-TDS technique, and it is observed that the measured data well match with the simulated result.

A Compact Bandpass Filter Using A T-Shaped Loaded Open-ended Stub Resonator

This paper proposes a compact bandpass filter using a loaded open-ended T-shaped stub. The open-ended T-shaped stub is loaded with vertical resonators placed across. The key advantage of using vertical resonators in the design is the simplicity and low insertion loss it provides. The structure used is an open-ended stub attached on one end to the transmission line (λ/2) to form a T-shaped resonator (λ/4) having vertical resonators placed across. The vertical resonator position alters the position at which the transmission zero occurs. A pair of the T-shaped resonator is placed on parallel sides of the feed line. The proposed filter is designed with the aid of Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio Software. The proposed concept is verified by designing filters with four different vertical resonator positions. The filter possesses a good rejection and low insertion loss of < 2dB with Chebyshev response. This filter is suited for modern-day communication applications since it shows good rejection of out of band signals.

Optimal Design of Linear Antenna Arrays of Dipole Elements Using Flower Pollination Algorithm

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the synthesis of the radiation characteristics of linear antenna arrays of dipole elements using a nature inspired algorithm called flower pollination algorithm (FPA), which is applied as an optimization algorithm. In FPA, element's current excitation and the inter-element spacing are used as the optimizing variables to obtain better radiation characteristics of the antenna arrays. The advent is illuminated by 12-, 16-, and 20-elements linear arrays of dipole elements. The simulation results show the influence of this approach on the maximum side lobe level reduction with fixed first null beam width. The obtained results are validated in a practical simulation environment, called computer simulation technology-microwave studio software.

Design of frequency reconfigurable multiband compact antenna using two PIN diodes for WLAN/WiMAX applications

In this study, the authors present a simple reconfigurable multiband antenna with two PIN diode switches for worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX)/wireless local area networks (WLAN) applications. The antenna permits reconfigurable switching in up to ten frequency bands between 2.2 and 6 GHz, with relative impedance bandwidths of around 2.5 and 8%. The proposed antenna has been simulated using computer simulation technology microwave studio software and fabricated on an FR-4 substrate. It is compact, with an area of 50 × 45 mm 2 , and has a slotted ground substrate. Both measured and simulated return loss characteristics of the optimised antenna show that it satisfies the requirement of 2.4/5.8 GHz WLAN and 3.5 GHz WiMAX antenna applications. Moreover, there is good agreement between the measured and simulated results in terms of radiation pattern and gain.

Analysis and Design of Multilayered Broadband Radar Absorbing Metamaterial Using the 3-D Printing Technology-Based Method

A multilayered and broadband radar absorbing metamaterial (RAMM) with different structures designed in each of the layers was prepared using the selected laser sintering (SLS) method. A powder mixture consisting of nylon and carbonyl iron powder can be solidified by SLS to form any designed shape. The method would be helpful to make metamaterial. The RAMM was designed using Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio software to simulate its absorption properties. The reflectivity of the RAMM was calculated using transmission line theory. It was found that the type of designing changed the surface structure of a conventional slab and increased the bandwidth. The theoretical, simulated, and experimental results all showed that the RAMM had reflectivity below −10 dB in the range from 8 to 18 GHz. We thought the RAMM had an impedance-tapered structure. The main loss was found to occur in the central area of the bottom layer, which simply corresponded to the surface layer.

Comparison study on specific absorption rate of three implantable antennas designed for retinal prosthesis systems

The recent development in retinal prostheses brings the hope to restore the vision of blind people. Currently, research efforts have been largely focused on improving the electrode array of the system. However, the electromagnetic exposure to the surrounding area inside a human head caused by the implanted antenna system has been often overlooked. The authors investigate the specific absorption rate distributions inside a multilayer human head model for three implantable rectangle spiral microstrip antennas operating at different frequency bands as well as for one inductive coil antenna, which is popularly used for near-field data and power telemetry. The simulation results, which were obtained by using computer simulation technology Microwave Studio software, suggest that the Medical Implant Communication Service frequency band is the most suitable frequency choice for the currently proposed implanted retinal prosthesis systems. However, with the increase of stimulation electrode density, a higher frequency band might have to be chosen in the future to accommodate the increased bandwidth requirement.

Design of co-axial fed broadband single layer rectangular microstrip patch antenna for wireless applications

In present work, a novel co-axial fed single layer E-shaped rectangular micro strip patch antenna with broadband behavior for wireless local area network (WLAN) and world-wide interoperability for microwave access (Wi-MAX) applications is proposed. The micro strip antenna has a planar geometry that consists of a ground, a substrate, a patch, and a feed. The basic theory about the proposed structural design, impedance matching, and the radiation characteristics are studied and analyzed using method of finite difference time domain technique. Simulation was conducted using computer simulation technology microwave studio software for optimization of antenna's properties. The proposed antenna has a frequency bandwidth of about 712 MHz (5.16-5.88 GHz) at −10 dB return loss which is sufficient to make the antenna useful for 5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN and 5.5 GHz Wi-MAX application. The WLAN standard requires the antenna to cover 5.15-5.35 GHz and 5.725-5.825 GHz frequency bands and Wi-MAX requires the antenna to cover 5.25-5.85 GHz frequency band. Maximum achievable gain over the entire frequency band is 5.5 dBi. To meet the demanding bandwidth specification, a substrate of low dielectric constant is selected to obtain a compact radiating structure. Furthermore, reflection coefficient is below −10 dB over the entire frequency band at the input of the optimized E-shaped micro strip patch antenna with 50-Ω system impedance.