Abstract The China Space Station Telescope (CSST), a two-meter aperture astronomical space telescope under China’s manned space program, is equipped with multiple back-end scientific instruments}. As an astronomical precision measurement module of the CSST, the Multi-Channel Imager (MCI) can cover a wide wavelength range from ultraviolet to near-infrared with three-color simultaneous high-precision photometry and imaging, which meets the scientific requirements for various fields. The diverse scientific objectives of MCI require not only a robust airborne platform, advanced optical systems, and observing facilities but also comprehensive software support for scientific operations and research. To this end, it is essential to develop realistic observational simulation software to thoroughly evaluate the MCI data stream and provide calibration tools for future scientific investigations. The MCI instrument simulation software will serve as a foundation for the development of the MCI data processing pipeline and will facilitate improvements in both hardware and software, as well as in the observational operation strategy, in alignment with the mission's scientific goals. In conclusion, we present a comprehensive overview of the MCI instrument simulation and some corresponding performances of the MCI data processing pipeline.

Abstract As a novel surface modification technology, surface micro-texture technology can effectively improve the tribological performance of materials. In this study, four types of biomimetic micro-textures—hexagon, rhomb, sector, and annular sector—with the same depth were fabricated on the surface of SUS304 material to modify the friction pair surface. The friction and wear performance of different biomimetic micro-textures under varying loads and sliding speeds was investigated. The wear surface morphology of the micro-textures was characterized, and principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to separate the components of the coefficient of friction (COF), aiming to clarify the friction mechanism of the micro-textured surface. Finite element simulation software was used to simulate the stress distribution and wear behavior at the friction interface. The results revealed that the texture shape, load, and sliding speed all significantly influence the COF, stress distribution at the friction interface, and wear characteristics of the friction pair. Overall, the rhomb texture achieved the lowest average coefficient of friction (0.31 under 4 N/2 Hz), while the sector texture demonstrated the most stable frictional response and superior wear resistance, exhibiting the minimal wear scar depth (5.11 μm under 4 N/4 Hz) among all tested conditions. Both outperformed the hexagon and annular sector textures.

We report high-performance organometallic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) utilizing a thermodynamically stable hematite (α-Fe2O3) as an electron transport layer (ETL). The incorporation of an α-Fe2O3 layer could provide suitable energy band alignment with the perovskite, as well as induce a deep valence band maximum, which promotes electron extraction from the conduction band of the perovskite and facilitates hole blocking. Using the solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS-1D) software for the optimized PSC under the typical AM 1.5G light spectrum, it was predicted to achieve a competitive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.62% with a high short circuit current (JSC) of 23.58 mA cm-2, an open circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.286 V, and a fill factor (FF) of 84.39%. Moreover, high thermal stability of PSCs with exposure to a high temperature of 85 °C can be attained. Through a series of optimization processes, we conclude that a thinner α-Fe2O3 layer (10 nm) improves charge extraction and the transmittance of the visible light, while the decreased defect density significantly reduces recombination rates, thereby enhancing VOC and PCE. An optimum perovskite thickness of 800 nm was found to maximize light absorption. Additionally, controlled acceptor doping concentration (NA) enhanced carrier extraction and quasi-Fermi level splitting (QFLS), while high series resistance (RS) and low shunt resistance (RSH) were demonstrated to limit FF and efficiency.

Aiming at the reliability of ear picking and the consistency of stalk chopping length in the process of corn ear and stalk harvesting, a new type of corn harvester with both ear and stalk harvesting based on exciting ear picking was developed. Based on the vertical cutting table, the machine realizes the excitation of the ear during the process of stalk transportation by rotating the eight-edged special-shaped pick-up roll, and the stable and orderly transportation of stalks before cutting is realized by the way of clamping and conveying with the rear rollers. By analyzing the configuration and parameter determination methods of the main working parts, the high-efficiency and low-loss harvest of the ear was realized, and the consistency of the cut length of the stalk was guaranteed. A discrete element model (DEM) of ear-bearing maize plants was established using EDEM (version 2024, Altair Engineering, Troy, MI, USA) simulation software, and a five-factor, three-level quadratic orthogonal rotation experiment was conducted based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The simulation results indicated that the optimal operational quality was achieved under the following parameters: a header angle of 10°, a snapping roller speed of 942 rpm, a clamping roller speed of 215 rpm, and a moving blade speed of 1450 rpm. Furthermore, multiple sets of field trials were conducted at various forward speeds to validate these findings. The mean values of seed loss rate, ear loss rate, and seed breakage rate are 0.51%, 0.55%, and 0.32%, respectively, for the harvester at operating speeds of 4 km/h, 6 km/h, 8 km/h, and 10 km/h. The σ values are 97%, 98%, 97%, and 98%. The field harvesting performance indexes meet the requirements of technical specifications for evaluating the operation quality of corn combine harvester, and meet the design requirements of low loss, high efficiency, and consistency of stem chopping length.

This study analyzes and improves the heat dissipation of an exhaust silencer by modifying the inner tube geometry and evaluating the effects using simulation software. The exhaust system directs hot combustion gases away from the engine and occupants while reducing noise. High-speed exhaust flow can cause resonance and potential fatigue failure if not addressed in the design. Recent research has examined heat transfer in automotive exhaust piping to optimize aftertreatment systems. In this study, the silencer is modeled with CAD software to assess current heat dissipation. Modifications are then made to the inner tube length and perforation count. ANSYS simulations are used to analyze temperature distribution and determine the most effective configuration.

ABSTRACT Contemporary electromagnetic performance simulation technology facilitates the design and optimisation of radar-absorbing materials with superior microwave absorption properties. This study presents an approach focused on the design and simulation of polymer-based microwave-absorbing materials featuring periodically arranged geometric shapes to minimise material usage while maximising microwave absorption. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and Ni-Zn-Fe (NZF) nanocomposites were synthesised and evaluated to ascertain their complex electromagnetic properties within the X-band. Numerical modelling and electromagnetic simulation of three geometric arrays composed of MWCNT/NZF radar-absorbing material were conducted using COMSOL Multiphysics simulation software. The torus-arrayed radar absorbent material (RAM) demonstrated a maximum reflection loss of −30 dB (approximately 99.9% power absorption) across the X-band, with a peak reflection loss of −75 dB at a frequency of 9.2 GHz. The findings indicate that the proposed RAM significantly outperformed conventional radar-absorbing materials of equivalent thicknesses of 3 mm. Consequently, the geometry of a radar-absorbing material can be customised to develop novel microwave-absorbing materials with enhanced absorption capabilities.

This paper presents a co-simulation of MATLAB and CarSim to control and model a vehicle suspension system under different road surface conditions, either wet or dry, using an active fuzzy controller in MATLAB. CarSim is a professional vehicle simulation software capable of modeling nonlinear car dynamics with various uncertainties. These uncertainties are addressed by the fuzzy set approach due to its qualitative and robust control capabilities, effectively handling noise, disturbances (such as road conditions), and unknown parameters in CarSim’s vehicle model. The design of an active steering controller and rotational torque system using a fuzzy controller is crucial for enhancing road safety, especially given the increasing number of vehicle crashes. The research methodology varies based on the study's purpose, nature, and implementation capabilities. Accordingly, this research focuses on designing an integrated controller for an active four-wheel-drive system and direct rotary torque control using a fuzzy control method in the MATLAB Simulink environment. This study is analytical and functional, utilizing CarSim for simulation. A fuzzy logic-based integrated control system was designed for steady-state control to improve vehicle stability and steering. The controller adjusts the steering angle and torque to regulate the vehicle’s angular velocity and slip angle under various conditions. As tire performance changes during different maneuvers, the controller dynamically adapts its output to maintain optimal operation within the effective performance range. The significance of using fuzzy logic lies in its ability to handle non-linearity without requiring approximation, ensuring high accuracy. Additionally, it delivers excellent results in enhancing vehicle stability. The findings indicate that the controller significantly improves the vehicle’s dynamic behavior across different driving maneuvers compared to an uncontrolled vehicle.

In this research, design and performance analysis of standalone solar photovoltaic (SSPV) power system for health facility in Eket using PVSyst simulation software is presented. Specifically, standalone solar photovoltaic (SSPV) power system was designed and simulated with PVsyst for two scenarios for a hospital in Eket Akwa Ibom State. In the first scenario, the SSPV power system was design to eliminate loss off load without any alternative energy source other than the SSPV power system. In the second scenario, the SSPV power system was design to allow for some loss off load giving room for alternative back-up energy source other than the SSPV power system. The case study hospital has daily load demand of 455,754.00 kWh per day which approximates to a 24 hours a day energy consumption of an average load of 18989.75 Watt load. The annual total solar radiation of the site is 1717.2 kWh/m² while the annual mean for the ambient temperature is 24.9°C. The results shows that the scenario 1 has about 7.9% energy output above that of scenario 2. The unused energy in scenario 1 is about 26.5 % higher than that of scenario 2. The energy supply in scenario 2 is about 2% short of the load demand while the scenario 1 has no energy supply shortage. The energy supply shortage in scenario 1 cause the 2 %missing energy or loss of load with the attendant 179 hours of loss of load duration. In all, with detailed loss of load analysis up to hourly level, it is possible to make adequate prior arrangements for managing the expected loss of load incidences.

The airflow velocity at the solid–air interface is directly proportional to the generated drag and heat. Therefore, reducing drag and heat at such interfaces under extreme operating conditions (e.g., supersonic flight) is particularly important. In contrast to the passive drag-reduction technique, which cannot significantly reduce drag and heat, in this study, an active interface drag- and heat-reduction technique based on a windward concave cavity (reverse jet) is presented. The effect of the number of jet holes, their relative position, size, and other parameters on the drag and heat at 6.5 Mach is investigated using the FLOEFD simulation software. The results show that a five-hole cross-distributed jet achieves the best thermal protection: the total surface static pressure, drag, and surface temperature are reduced by 51.7%, 33.9%, and 31.2%, respectively, compared with the case without a reverse jet. This study provides guidance for the structural design of thermal protection and drag-reduction systems.

Transportation emissions are a major driver of global warming, making vehicle greenhouse gas reduction essential. Lightweight design, such as hollow shafts and tubes, lowers energy use by optimizing stiffness-to-mass ratios. Fiber-reinforced polymers, especially thermoplastic variants, excel in these applications due to their high specific stiffness, customizable mechanical properties, and scalable manufacturing. This study introduces two novel methods for producing braided hollow carbon fiber-reinforced polyamide 6 profiles: rotational molding for straight preforms and bladder-assisted molding for curved preforms. Numerical simulations of braiding were compared to actual braid architectures, revealing both the capabilities and current limitations of the simulation software for tape-based braiding. Analyses included fiber angle, cover factor, and CT-based wall thickness measurements. The potential for increasing consolidation pressure in rotational molding is shown by means of a theoretical analysis. Bladder-assisted molding produced fully consolidated, minimally wrinkled curved profiles, proving the feasibility of manufacturing high-quality curved braided profiles without post-consolidation forming.

Faced with growing environmental challenges, renewable energies represent the most promising sectors for a healthier world and constitute a major step towards a low-carbon economy. Electricity production from solar photovoltaic energy is thus emerging as a sustainable, clean, and renewable solution. Converting solar energy into electricity is a large-scale undertaking that requires the use of photovoltaic panels. Governments and individuals are now embarking on the production of this form of energy, with the possibility of grid injection. However, photovoltaic electricity production is subject to several constraints, such as the availability of sunlight over long periods, the equipment for converting and storing this energy, and the assessment of energy needs. When implementing solar power plants, researchers have identified four fundamental elements upon which the system's performance depends. Incorrect sizing compromises expected results and the profitability of investments. This article proposes a procedure for sizing a photovoltaic solar power plant using numerical simulation. This procedure relies on a thorough understanding of the site's solar radiation, the type of photovoltaic panels, based on manufacturer specifications. The proposed protocol for evaluating and optimizing the various components is based on a precise understanding of the solar potential and experimental validation of the panel characteristics, guaranteeing deviations of less than 5%. The use of SAM Simulation software allows for the evaluation of the different components of the photovoltaic power plant through economic and profitability analysis, thus enabling the determination of the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and the coefficient of performance of the installation. This protocol not only allows for the sizing of solar power plant components but also for expertise on existing installations.

This study simulates and compares the conventional Ostwald process, and a modified full tail-gas recycle configuration to evaluate the enhancement in nitric acid production efficiency. Using simulation software with the Peng–Robinson model, the conventional Ostwald process and a modified recycle configuration were simulated and compared. In the standard process, unabsorbed NO₂ leaves with the tail gas, limiting nitric acid formation. Recycling this tail gas back to the absorber increases NOx contact time and promotes further conversion. Process efficiency, evaluated through production intensity (PI), improved from 0.4702 to 1.0320 kg HNO₃ per kg NH₃, a 119% increase. These results show that tail-gas recycling is an effective and straightforward method to boost nitric acid yield and reduce emissions without significant changes to the existing flowsheet. Copyright © 2025 by Authors, Published by Universitas Diponegoro and BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

High-purity sorbitol is an essential intermediate for food, pharmaceutical, and specialty chemical applications. However, conventional glucose hydrogenation flowsheets often face challenges such as low hydrogen utilization and inadequate product purity. This study introduces a process intensification strategy at the flowsheet level, evaluated using simulation software, which combines excess hydrogen feeding with flash-based hydrogen recovery and a recycle purge loop. The approach enhances both the conversion driving force and downstream separation efficiency. Starting from a once-through base case, the intensified configuration increases the H₂-to-glucose molar feed ratio to 4:1 and incorporates mixers, splitters, and a flash separator to recover unreacted hydrogen for recycle, minimizing hydrogen loss and stabilizing reactor hydrogen availability. Simulation results indicate a significant improvement in product quality, raising sorbitol purity from 74 wt% in the base case to 99.37 wt% in the intensified scheme. Overall, the proposed excess-hydrogen-plus-recycle integration offers a scalable solution for achieving >99 wt% sorbitol while optimizing hydrogen management through an improved separation recycle sequence. Copyright © 2025 by Authors, Published by Universitas Diponegoro and BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Net-shaped casting processes in the automotive industry have proved to be difficult to simulate due to the complexities of the interactions amongst thermal, fluid, and solute transport regimes in the solidifying domain, along with the interface. The existing casting simulation software lacks the necessary real-time estimation of thermophysical properties (thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity) and the interfacial heat-transfer coefficient (IHTC) to evaluate the thermal resistances in a casting process and solve the temperature in the solidifying domain. To address these shortcomings, an axial directional solidification experiment setup was developed to map the thermal data as the melt solidifies unidirectionally from the chill surface under unsteady-state conditions. A Dilute Eutectic Cast Aluminum (DECA) alloy, Al-5Zn-1Mg-1.2Fe-0.07Ti, Eutectic Cast Aluminum (ECA) alloys (A365 and A383), and pure Al (P0303) were used to demonstrate the validity of the experiments to evaluate the thermal diffusivity (α) of both the solid and liquid phases of the solidifying metal using an inverse heat-transfer analysis (IHTA). The thermal diffusivity varied from 0.2 to 1.9 cm2/s while the IHTC changed from 9500 to 200 W/m2K for different alloys in the solid and liquid phases. The heat flux was estimated from the chill side with transient temperature distributions estimated from IHTA for either side of the mold–metal interface as an input to compute the interfacial heat-transfer coefficient (IHTC). The results demonstrate the reliability of the axial solidification experiment apparatus in accurately providing input to the casting simulation software and aid in reproducing casting numerical simulation models efficiently.

Wall Climbing Robots (WCR) are emerging with drastic development, and their role has become inevitable across many industrial applications. The performance of these WCRs is directly influenced by their adhesive mechanism and its capability to travel in multiple directions. Though there are many research papers that have worked on wall climbing robots, only a few papers have focused on this multi-directional or omni directional wall climbing robot. In this paper, an innovative model is proposed with two linear actuators coupled with each other and having solenoids at both ends as the adhesive medium. It is also enabled with a central disc having three solenoids that enhance the omni direction rotation of the H-bot. The mathematical model for the proposed H-bot is obtained through a free-body diagram. FEMM software is used to visualize the magnetic field strength of the proposed design. The design is modelled with simulation software named Coppelia Sim and then tested with actual fabrication in the lab test. The time taken to climb the particular height, both in simulation testing and actual experimental testing, is compared and analyzed. An IoT software named Edge Impulse is used to study the stability of the proposed H-bot. This stability analysis is performed for both climbing and descending of the H-bot on a vertical wall. This stability analysis is also performed during the omni direction rotation when the solenoids in the central disc are energized.

This study comprehensively analyzes the free vibration and transient response for a sandwich piezoelectric laminated beam with elastic boundaries in a thermal environment. Quasi-3D shear deformation beam theory (Q3DBT) and Hamilton's principle are used to obtain the thermo-electro-mechanical coupling equations, and the method of reverberation-ray matrix (MRRM) is utilized to integrate the phase and scattering relationship of the structure in a unified approach. Specifically, the scattering relationship established by the Mixed Rigid-Rod Model (MRRM) via dual coordinate systems describes the general dynamic model of the beam using generalized displacements and generalized forces at the two endpoints. This analytical solution is compared with the finite element numerical results based on Solid5 and Solid45 elements. The similarity of this approach lies in the fact that solid elements can account for the Poisson effect of thick beams, while the difference is that solid elements have a certain width; here, the error is minimized by adopting a single-element division in the width direction. Comparison of the numerical results under different geometric parameters and boundary conditions with the simulation software proves that MRRM has good accuracy and stability in analyzing the dynamic performance of sandwich piezoelectric laminated beams. On this basis, a spring-supported boundary technology is introduced to expand the flexibility of classical boundary conditions, and a detailed parameterization study is conducted on the material properties of the base layer, including the material parameters, geometric property, and the external temperature. The study in this article provides many new results for sandwich-type piezoelectric laminated structures to help further research.

The presence of paracetamol and ciprofloxacin in aquatic ecosystems is a cause for great concern due to their harmful effects on human health. The objectives of this investigation are to simulate an industrial-scale adsorption bed for the competitive removal of these pharmaceutical metabolites from effluents using banana-based activated carbon as the adsorbent. Aspen Adsorption simulation software (v.1) was used to model an industrial-scale packed-bed column under different conditions. Freundlich and Langmuir isothermal models were used in combination with the linear driving force (LDF) kinetic formulation. Adsorption efficiencies of 89.57% for paracetamol and 89.57% for ciprofloxacin were achieved using the Freundlich-LDF model, while the Langmuir-LDF model presented efficiencies of 89.60% for paracetamol and 89.59% for ciprofloxacin. This study used machine learning algorithms, combined with analyses of multiple statistical indicators (R2, RMSE, and MAE), to evaluate model performance. Coefficient of determination (R2) values of up to 0.99 were observed in validation and testing. The application of these mathematical models yielded high removal efficiencies, demonstrating the potential of this approach for drug-contaminated effluent remediation and for forecasting the performance of packed columns at scaled-up levels.

The accurate prediction of crack initiation and propagation is essential for assessing the structural integrity of mechanically joined components and other complex assemblies. To overcome the limitations of existing finite element tools, a modular Python framework has been developed to automate three-dimensional crack growth simulations. The program combines geometric reconstruction, adaptive remeshing, and the numerical evaluation of fracture mechanics parameters within a single, fully automated workflow. The framework builds on open-source components and remains solver-independent, enabling straightforward integration with commercial or research finite element codes. A dedicated sequence of modules performs all required steps, from mesh separation and crack insertion to local submodeling, stress and displacement mapping, and iterative crack-front update, without manual interaction. The methodology was verified using a mini-compact tension (Mini-CT) specimen as a benchmark case. The numerical results demonstrate the accurate reproduction of stress intensity factors and energy release rates while achieving high computational efficiency through localized refinement. The developed approach provides a robust basis for crack growth simulations of geometrically complex or residual stress-affected structures. Its high degree of automation and flexibility makes it particularly suited for analyzing cracks in clinched and riveted joints, supporting the predictive design and durability assessment of joined lightweight structures.

The completion of Synopsys’s acquisition of Ansys in 2025 represents one of the most significant developments in the area of engineering simulation and design software. Beyond its industrial and financial dimensions, this merger signals a deeper integration of atomistic, device-level, and system-level modeling approaches. In this article, the broader implications of the Synopsys-Ansys union are discussed with a particular focus on atomistic modeling and first-principles simulations. The analysis is placed in a historical context by revisiting Synopsys’s earlier acquisition of QuantumWise and the subsequent development of QuantumATK as a bridge between quantum-mechanical materials modeling and semiconductor technology design. The article discusses how the growing integration of electronic design automation, multiphysics simulation, and atomistic modeling represents a fundamental shift in modern engineering practice. As these approaches increasingly merge, traditional disciplinary boundaries between physics, chemistry, materials science, and engineering become less distinct, and atomistic simulations emerge as a key element of industrial research, technology development, and interdisciplinary workflows.

Attributed to the wide bandgap property of gallium oxide (Ga2O3), Ga2O3-based betavoltaic batteries offer advantages such as small volume, strong radiation resistance, high-temperature stability, and chemical stability, demonstrating great potential for micro-medical devices, aerospace systems, and military equipment. Typically, betavoltaic batteries are based on a diode structure. However, the high carrier concentration in Ga2O3 material results in an excessively thin depletion region at zero bias. This limitation reduces the efficiency of collecting radiation-generated electron–hole pairs (RG-EHPs) in Ga2O3-based betavoltaic batteries, resulting in a low energy conversion efficiency (ηc), a crucial indicator for evaluating the performance of betavoltaic batteries. In this study, Ga2O3-based betavoltaic batteries utilizing diode structures were investigated using Monte Carlo FLUKA particle transport software and Sentaurus TCAD semiconductor device simulation software. A Ga2O3-based betavoltaic battery featuring a multi-groove heterojunction PN diode structure (MG-HJ-PND) was designed, with the radioactive source positioned within the grooves and p-nickel oxide (p-NiO) injected along the groove edges, which not only enhanced RG-EHP generation but also extended the depletion region, ultimately achieving a high ηc of 10.38% in the Ga2O3-based betavoltaic battery. Moreover, the performance of the Schottky barrier diode and heterojunction PN diode (HJ-PND) structures based on Ga2O3, silicon, and silicon carbide material was compared. The high-efficiency Ga2O3-based betavoltaic battery, based on the MG-HJ-PND structure, was shown to be a promising candidate for permanent micro-energy sources.