Simple Numerical Model Research Articles

Characterizing coastal aquifer heterogeneity from a single piezometer head chronicle

We propose a new method for identifying the hydraulic properties of coastal aquifers based on their response to continental and marine influences observed from isolated piezometers displaying both tidal and seasonal fluctuations. From a single piezometer, a first approximation of hydraulic conductivity and porosity can be derived analytically from the mean hydraulic head and its tidal fluctuations. If this approximation also allows a correct simulation of seasonal head variations, the aquifer can be modelled as homogeneous. Otherwise, the seasonal head variations provide constraints on the heterogeneity of hydraulic properties. This new method is applied to a coastal aquifer in Normandy, formed by a relatively flat, kilometer-wide coastal strip of Quaternary sands followed by a foothill of higher Brioverian shales. Hydraulic head variations monitored daily for 8 years in a piezometer located in the Quaternary sand formation enable us to constrain their hydraulic conductivity (5–20 m.d−1) and porosity (7–10 %) within restricted ranges. They also suggest the existence of a significantly more porous formation (15–30 %) upstream of the observation piezometer, which could consist of more porous sands or fractured shales. In the case of limited surface–subsurface interactions, the identification method relies on a step-by-step combination of analytical solutions and simplified 1D numerical models. When more important surface–subsurface interactions are involved, a spatialized 2D model is used, that allows the analysis of seepage areas. Based on this case study, we gradually introduce 1D and 2D approaches, and discuss their applicability. We finally illustrate one major application of this approach by analyzing the interest of aquifer properties investigation on groundwater-induced flooding vulnerability.

Experimentally Calibrated Numerical Modeling for Performance-Based Seismic Design of Low-Frequency Rocking Electrical Cabinets

ABSTRACT In this paper, the performances of two electrical cabinet specimens during shake table tests are described in detail in terms of the observed damage and their measured peak transient responses. The measured responses of the specimens are then used to calibrate simplified numerical models of the two specimens. The calibrated numerical models are used to derive fragility functions to illustrate their usefulness in performance-based seismic design applications. The calibration process and the basic concept of the numerical models can be used for calibrating similar numerical models for other typologies of similar floor anchored non-structural elements that have a rocking failure mode.

Thermodynamically consistent phase field model for liquid-gas phase transition with soluble surfactant

Despite the enormous potential in facilitating natural development and migration of interfaces during multiphase simulation, the phase-field method remains restricted to low-density ratios, owing to inherent thermodynamic inconsistency, especially for multiphase flow systems with surfactants. The present paper first constructs a liquid-vapor phase transition phase-field model with soluble surfactants using the second law of thermodynamics as the original model. Then, a simplified liquid-vapor phase transition model with soluble surfactants that satisfies thermodynamic consistency is proposed to simulate pool boiling at higher-density ratio. A novel numerical algorithm for the simplified model that satisfies semi-discrete thermodynamic consistency is also developed. Compared with the original model, the thermodynamically consistent characteristics of the simplified numerical model proposed in this paper can significantly reduce the spurious velocity on the interface of a static droplet and thus enable the numerical model to simulate liquid-vapor transition at higher liquid/vapor density ratios. Vapor-liquid coexistence, Laplace's law, and multiple bubble coalescence are used to validate the accuracies and effectiveness of the mathematical model and numerical algorithm. The liquid/vapor density ratio can reach 6776:1 under saturation temperature 0.3Tc (Tc is the critical temperature). The approach is then used to model pool boiling at a low saturation temperature (0.5Tc) with and without soluble surfactants, significantly lower than reported in comparable literature. The results demonstrate that surfactants significantly influence the dynamics of bubbles, and a critical concentration can be identified. In addition, soluble surfactants can also suppress coalescence between adjacent bubbles and prevent the formation of larger bubbles during pool boiling.

Simulating the Effects of Ammonia Crossover and Alternative Ligands in Thermally Regenerative Flow Batteries

There is a significant amount of low-temperature heat (< 100 °C) available globally from various sources such as geothermal energy, industrial processes, and thermal power plants. Electrochemical and membrane-based methods for harnessing this heat are becoming of greater interest due to their ability to utilize the low temperature energy sources and because they can be sized modularly to fit the power, energy, and spatial requirements of the application. The all-aqueous thermally regenerative ammonia battery (Cuaq-TRAB) is a leading technology in the waste heat to electrical power production space due to recent results showing operational power densities of 25 mW cm-2 with an estimated thermal energy efficiency of 7%, outperforming most technologies in this space. Previous research on the Cuaq-TRAB has shown that the battery suffers from the crossover of ammonia through the membrane which adversely impacts battery performance.To investigate these impacts, we developed a simple numerical model that simulates discharge curves using one fitting parameter to account for parasitic crossover instead of modeling species transport through the membrane. The model was able to replicate experimental data from Cuaq-TRABs with different membrane materials and for multiple applied current densities with < 5% error for average power and energy capacity. Results showed that there is a 20% loss in Cuaq-TRAB energy capacity due to ammonia crossover when compared to a discharge with no parasitic crossover losses. The model was then extended to demonstrate the impact of different changes to the electrolyte chemistry on the resultant power and energy capacities for Cuaq-TRABs. Using this model, we estimate that if chloride was the ligand for the positive electrolyte instead of bromide, it would decrease the power and energy capacity of the battery by 30%. However, considering that an economic analysis showed that chloride is 80% cheaper than bromide, it may be beneficial to consider the use of chloride ligands in this technology despite its worse electrochemical performance.

Gas phase Elemental abundances in Molecular cloudS (GEMS)

Context. We explore the chemistry of the most abundant C-, O-, S-, and N-bearing species in molecular clouds, in the context of the IRAM 30 m Large Programme Gas phase Elemental abundances in Molecular Clouds (GEMS). Thus far, we have studied the impact of the variations in the temperature, density, cosmic-ray ionisation rate, and incident UV field in a set of abundant molecular species. In addition, the observed molecular abundances might be affected by turbulence which needs to be accounted for in order to have a more accurate description of the chemistry of interstellar filaments. Aims. In this work, we aim to assess the limitations introduced in the observational works when a uniform density is assumed along the line of sight for fitting the observations, developing a very simple numerical model of a turbulent box. We searched for any observational imprints that might provide useful information on the turbulent state of the cloud based on kinematical or chemical tracers. Methods. We performed a magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) simulation in order to reproduce the turbulent steady state of a turbulent box with properties typical of a molecular filament before collapse. We post-processed the results of the MHD simulation with a chemical code to predict molecular abundances, and then post-processed this cube with a radiative transfer code to create synthetic emission maps for a series of rotational transitions observed during the GEMS project. Results. From the kinematical point of view, we find that the relative alignment between the observer and the mean magnetic field direction affect the observed line profiles, obtaining larger line widths for the case when the line of sight is perpendicular to the magnetic field. These differences might be detectable even after convolution with the IRAM 30 m efficiency for a nearby molecular cloud. From the chemical point of view, we find that turbulence produces variations for the predicted abundances, but they are more or less critical depending on the chosen transition and the chemical age. When compared to real observations, the results from the turbulent simulation provides a better fit than when assuming a uniform gas distribution along the line of sight. Conclusions. In the view of our results, we conclude that taking into account turbulence when fitting observations might significantly improve the agreement with model predictions. This is especially important for sulfur bearing species which are very sensitive to the variations of density produced by turbulence at early times (0.1 Myr). The abundance of CO is also quite sensitive to turbulence when considering the evolution beyond a few 0.1 Myr.

Study on droplet transfer behavior and spattering mechanism in Mg-Gd-Y-Zr alloy regulated short circuit (Fronius CMT) welding

The quality, performance, and morphology of Mg-Gd-Y-Zr alloy regulated short circuit (Fronius CMT) welding components is directly depend on whether the droplet transfer process is stable. However, due to the inherent properties of the material, Mg-Gd-Y-Zr alloy is highly sensitive to heat input, and prone to spattering in the process of droplet transfer. In this work, three types of spattering were observed through high-speed cameras, which are caused by internal burst of droplet, wire withdrawal, and repelled transfer. Causal relationship of spattering mechanism and process parameter was explored especially in the stage of wire melting and droplet growth, and a simplified numerical model was used as an auxiliary means to further reveal the spattering of repelled transfer. The result indicated that the recoil pressure of metal vapor is the vital factor which destabilize the shape and motion trajectory of droplet and eventually caused spattering. The range of the process parameter for achieving a stable droplet transfer and well-formed weld bead is relative narrow which the peak current is recommended between 150 A to 170 A, and peak duration around 7 ms.

Conformational Transition of Semiflexible Ring Polyelectrolyte in Tetravalent Salt Solutions: A Simple Numerical Modeling without the Effect of Twisting.

In this work, the conformational behaviors of ring polyelectrolyte in tetravalent salt solutions are discussed in detail through molecular dynamics simulation. For simplification, here we have neglected the effect of the twisting interaction, although it has been well known that both bending and twisting interactions play a deterministic in the steric conformation of a semiflexible ring polymer. The salt concentration CS and the bending energy b take a decisive role in the conformation of the ring polyelectrolyte (PE). Throughout our calculations, the b varies from b = 0 (freely joint chain) to b = 120. The salt concentration CS changes in the range of 3.56 × 10-4 M ≤ CS ≤ 2.49 × 10-1 M. Upon the addition of salt, ring PE contracts at first, subsequently re-expands. More abundant conformations are observed for a semiflexible ring PE. For b = 10, the conformation of semiflexible ring PE shifts from the loop to two-racquet-head spindle, then it condenses into toroid, finally arranges into coil with the increase of CS. As b increases further, four phase transitions are observed. The latter two phase transitions are different. The semiflexible ring PE experiences transformation from toroid to two racquet head spindle, finally to loop in the latter two phase transitions. Its conformation is determined by the competition among the bending energy, cation-bridge, and entropy. Combined, our findings indicate that the conformations of semiflexible ring PE can be controlled by changing the salt concentration and chain stiffness.

Optimal design of selected features of exhaust system shields using different optimization methods and artificial neural networks

The article presents problems related to methods of optimal design of heat shields used in exhaust systems of internal combustion engines. The optimization method proposed in this paper goes well beyond the scope of the standard design process. The paper uses a variety of local and global optimization algorithms, those both built into numerical simulation systems and in-house and external algorithms. An optimization criterion was defined and numerically implemented, together with constraints derived from the real requirements for this type of shielding. A simplified numerical model of finite element method providing the required accuracy adapted to the optimization task was developed. In addition, the work also presents a method for creating finite element surrogate models using artificial neural networks. The process of selecting the network topology and its learning allowed the development of a metamodel characterized by very good quality, for which, despite the relatively large number of design variables, the response errors are completely acceptable from a practical point of view. Numerical results were compared and developed for the used methods and algorithms.

Composite floor slab effect on seismic performance of steel-framed-tube structures with shear links

High-strength steel-framed-tube structures with low-yield-point shear links (SFT-RLYPSL) exhibit exceptional lateral and torsional stiffness, coupled with significant energy dissipation capacities. This study aims to investigate teh influence of composite floor slabs on the seismic performance of these structures. Expanding on previous research concerning SFT-RLYPSL, this paper presents a simplified numerical model for the SFT-RLYPSL, incorporating the influence of the composite floor slab. The developed model employs the steel4 constitutive relation to accurately depict the behavior of low-yield-point steel. Furthermore, the simplified numerical model utilizes two-node link elements to simulate shear links and integrates composite beams to represent the influence of the composite floor slab. Using this simplified model, elastic-plastic pushover analysis is performed on five distinct SFT-RLYPSL structural cases, and nonlinear time-history analysis is conducted on three structural configurations. The investigation explores various aspects of the seismic performance of SFT-RLYPSL, including modal behavior, pushover curves, progression of overturning failure, time-history roof displacements, inter-story drift angles, base reactions, inter-story shear, failure modes, residual inter-story drift angles, and the manifestation of shear lag phenomena. The findings suggest that incorporating the composite floor slab effect enhances initial stiffness and peak load capacity in pushover analysis, leading to distinct three-stage pushover curves. During nonlinear time-history analysis, the composite floor slab effect increases structural stiffness, decreases roof displacements and inter-story drift angles, while simultaneously increasing base reactions, worsening component damage, and raising collapse risk. Nevertheless, its influence on residual inter-story drift angles remains relatively minor, with a mitigating effect on the shear lag phenomenon. Importantly, the degree of this impact varies with alterations in floor slab thickness and seismic intensity, highlighting the critical importance of considering the composite floor slab effect in structural design deliberations.

The In-Plane Seismic Response of Infilled Reinforced Concrete Frames Using a Strut Modelling Approach: Validation and Applications

Reinforced Concrete (RC) buildings often rely on masonry walls to increase their rigidity and strength, distinguishing them from bare frames. Consequently, the lateral capacity of the RC frames is significantly impacted by the presence or absence of these walls. Numerical models are fundamental to understanding this behavior interaction, but the development of robust simplified models is still scarce. Based on this motivation, the reliability of a simplified numerical modelling approach was examined in this study and compared to several experimental tests. An optimized approach was implemented to determine the strut parameters, rather than relying on existing empirical formulae. The reliability of the initial stiffness, maximum strength, and energy dissipation was studied. From the results, the accuracy of the considered modelling strategy can be observed in different types of masonry elements (strong and weak units) with and without openings. The validated simulation approach reveals that the adopted macro-modelling procedure can accurately represent the behavior of infilled masonry frames. The maximum deviation of the prediction of the initial stiffness and maximum strength was found to be around 23% and 14%, respectively. These findings illustrate that the strut model effectively replicates real behavior with a satisfactory level of accuracy. However, using a consistent formula to define the strut can result in significant errors, particularly in strut width.

Seismic behavior of modular buildings with reinforced concrete (RC) structural walls as seismic force resisting system

Modular construction is becoming more popular worldwide due to its reduced construction time, lower construction waste, decreased on-site labor requirements, among other benefits. However, the unique structural characteristics of modular buildings, such as discrete floor diaphragms, limited connections between modules, may result in different behavior during earthquakes compared to conventional buildings. However, the seismic response of modular buildings is not well understood, and the force demand in seismic collectors (i.e., connections between modules and seismic force resisting elements) is not quantified. To address this problem, a 9-story prototype building with reinforced concrete (RC) walls was used to investigate the structural properties and responses of modular buildings. Firstly, a nonlinear numerical model was created to accurately model the RC walls, modular frames, inter-module connections, seismic collectors, and other key structural elements. Elastic modal analysis and nonlinear response history analyses were conducted to assess the building's behavior under seismic loads. Subsequently, a simplified numerical model was developed to investigate the effect of three key parameters: the stiffness of seismic collectors, RC wall strength, and earthquake intensity. It was found that modular buildings with RC walls in the center are torsional flexible. Reducing the seismic collector's rigidity can lead to greater force response in the collector. The maximum forces experienced by seismic collectors at the first floor are sensitive to earthquake intensity but not significantly affected by the RC wall strength. Both an increase in the of RC wall strength and earthquake intensity can lead to an increase in the maximum forces experienced by seismic collectors. The method in ASCE 7–16 substantially underestimated the maximum acceleration coefficients at stories below 80 % of the structural height.

Criticality and chaos in auditory and vestibular sensing

The auditory and vestibular systems exhibit remarkable sensitivity of detection, responding to deflections on the order of angstroms, even in the presence of biological noise. The auditory system exhibits high temporal acuity and frequency selectivity, allowing us to make sense of the acoustic world around us. As the acoustic signals of interest span many orders of magnitude in both amplitude and frequency, this system relies heavily on nonlinearities and power-law scaling. The vestibular system, which detects ground-borne vibrations and creates the sense of balance, exhibits highly sensitive, broadband detection. It likewise requires high temporal acuity so as to allow us to maintain balance while in motion. The behavior of these sensory systems has been extensively studied in the context of dynamical systems theory, with many empirical phenomena described by critical dynamics. Other phenomena have been explained by systems in the chaotic regime, where weak perturbations drastically impact the future state of the system. Using a Hopf oscillator as a simple numerical model for a sensory element in these systems, we explore the intersection of the two types of dynamical phenomena. We identify the relative tradeoffs between different detection metrics, and propose that, for both types of sensory systems, the instabilities giving rise to chaotic dynamics improve signal detection.

Phase angle dependence of the dust cross section in a cometary coma

Context. Rosetta/OSIRIS took optical measurements of the intensity of scattered light from the coma of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko over a wide range of phase angles. These data have been used to measure the phase angle dependent radiance profile of the dust coma. Aims. We want to provide information about the column area densities of the dust coma as seen from Rosetta. This information in combination with the measured OSIRIS phase function can then be used to determine the scattering phase function of the dust particles. Methods. We use a simple numerical model to calculate the dust density in the coma. For this we neglect all forces but solar gravitation and radiation pressure. As this cannot describe particles close to the surface of the comet, we assume starting conditions at a sufficient distance. We evaluate the column area density as observed from Rosetta/OSIRIS and compare the results for different spacecraft positions, dust sizes and surface activity distributions. Results. We find the phase angle dependence of the column area density to be largely independent of particle size and spacecraft positions. The determining factor is the activity distribution across the surface, especially the activity on the night side. For models with no night side activity, we find the column area density at high phase angles to be roughly two orders of magnitude larger than at low phase angles. Conclusions. The radiance profile measured from inside a cometary coma results from the combined effects of a phase angle dependent column area density and the scattering phase function. The radiance profile is therefore strongly dependent on the surface activity distribution, and - unless the dust emission is isotropic - any attempt to infer particle properties (as expressed through the scattering phase function) from such data must take into account and de-bias for this spatial variation of the dust column area density.

River Ecomorphodynamic Models Exhibit Features of Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos

AbstractModeling the nonlinear interactions between flow, sediment, and vegetation is essential for improving our understanding and prediction of river system dynamics. Using simple numerical models, we simulate the key flow‐sediment‐vegetation interaction where the disturbance is intrinsically generated by the presence of vegetation. In this case, biomass growth modifies the flow field, induces bed scour, and thus potentially causes vegetation uprooting when erosion exceeds root depth. Our results show that this nonlinear feedback produces deterministic chaos under a wide range of conditions, with complex aperiodic dynamics generated by a period‐doubling route to chaos. Moreover, our results suggest relatively small values of Lyapunov time, spanning 2–4 growth‐flood cycles, which significantly restrict the predictability of riverbed evolution. Although further spatial and temporal processes may add complexity to the system, these results call for the use of ensemble methods and associated uncertainty estimates in ecomorphodynamic models.

Experimental study of a scaled bridge model with a unidirectional rocking isolation bearing system (Uni‐RIBS) through shaking table tests

AbstractThis study presents the experimental results on a scaled bridge model with a newly proposed unidirectional rocking isolation bearing system (referred to as Uni‐RIBS) on a shaking table. The bridge model features one superstructure girder and four bearings. The experimental input encompassed a variety of recorded, design, and harmonic ground motions, characterized by differing peak accelerations, with or without vertical components, and time‐scaled attributes. The superstructure girder's mass was altered for two conditions (full and half). The test results validate the rocking mechanism inherent in the Uni‐RIBS and demonstrate the analytical model's accuracy in predicting the system's dynamics, including its negative stiffness, mass‐independent, and energy dissipation characteristics during bearing rotation reversals. Additionally, this study examines the effectiveness of a simplified numerical model in varying complexities for predicting the seismic responses of the bridge model.

The influence of viscous slab rheology on numerical models of subduction

Abstract. Numerical models of subduction commonly use diffusion and dislocation creep laws from laboratory deformation experiments to determine the rheology of the lithosphere. The specific implementation of these laws varies from study to study, and the impacts of this variation on model behavior have not been thoroughly explored. We run simplified 2D numerical models of free subduction in SULEC, with viscoplastic slabs following (1) a diffusion creep law, (2) a dislocation creep law, and (3) both simultaneously, as well as several variations of model 3 with reduced resistance to bending. We compare the results of these models to a model with a constant-viscosity slab to determine the impact of the implementation of different lithospheric flow laws on subduction dynamics. In creep-governed models, higher subduction velocity causes a longer effective slab length, increasing slab pull and asthenospheric drag, which, in turn, affect subduction velocity. Numerical and analogue models implementing constant-viscosity slabs lack this feedback but still capture morphological patterns observed in more complex models. Dislocation creep is the primary deformation mechanism throughout the subducting lithosphere in our models. However, both diffusion creep and dislocation creep predict very high viscosities in the cold core of the slab. At the trench, the effective viscosity is lowered by plastic failure, rendering effective slab thickness the primary control on bending resistance and subduction velocity. However, at depth, plastic failure is not active, and the viscosity cap is reached in significant portions of the slab. The resulting high slab stiffness causes the subducting plate to curl under itself at the mantle transition zone, affecting patterns in subduction velocity, slab dip, and trench migration over time. Peierls creep and localized grain size reduction likely limit the stress and viscosity in the cores of real slabs. Numerical models implementing only power-law creep and neglecting Peierls creep are likely to overestimate the stiffness of subducting lithosphere, which may impact model results in a variety of respects.

A Simplified Numerical Model as a Design Tool for Vertical Single U-Tube Ground Heat Exchangers

A Simplified Numerical Model as a Design Tool for Vertical Single U-Tube Ground Heat Exchangers

Bidirectional and nested model for numerical simulation and machine learning: a case study of long-term settlement prediction of tunnel

Numerical simulation and machine learning are commonly adopted research methods in engineering. This paper proposes a bidirectional and nested model for numerical simulation and machine learning (BNNM). This model permits numerical simulation methods and machine learning methods to participate in each other’s calculation process. It helps overcome the obstruction of unclear mechanisms and inaccurate parameters in numerical simulation methods, and avoid overfitting problem caused by too many features in machine learning methods. Moreover, BNNM frees machine learning methods from the dependence on a specific set of labels. The BNNM helps train machine learning models using obtainable labels, and output results that cannot be easily obtained using field, experiment, and numerical simulations. To illustrate its construction method and performance, a representative BNNM model is constructed using BPNN, in addition to a simple numerical simulation model. This model predicts the long-term settlement of shield tunnel. The results show that the representative model effectively reduces the modelling difficulty associated with numerical simulation and improves prediction accuracy of BPNN model. The model also derives long-term constitutive models of various soils with only the tunnel settlement data set. Although a simplified constitutive model was used, the main advantages of the BNNM model have been highlighted.

Evolution of density-modulated electron beams in drift sections

Initiating the amplification process in a short-wavelength free-electron laser (FEL) by external seed laser pulses results in radiation with a high degree of longitudinal and transverse coherence. The basic layout in seeded harmonic generation involves a periodic electron energy modulation by laser-electron interaction in a short undulator (the “modulator”), which is converted into a density modulation in a dispersive section immediately followed by a long FEL undulator (the “radiator”) tuned to a harmonic of the seed laser wavelength. With the advent of more complex seeding schemes, density-modulated beams may need to be transported in drift sections before entering the radiator. Long FEL undulators may also contain several drift spaces to accommodate focusing elements and diagnostics. Therefore, it is of general interest to study the evolution of density-modulated electron beams in drift sections under the influence of repulsive Coulomb forces. At FERMI, a seeded FEL user facility in Trieste, Italy, systematic studies of the impact of varying drift length on coherent harmonic emission were undertaken. In order to make the underlying physics transparent, the emphasis of this paper is on reproducing the experimental findings with analytical estimates and a simple one-dimensional numerical model. Furthermore, the Coulomb forces in a drift section may be employed to enhance the laser-induced energy modulation and yield an improved density modulation before entering the FEL radiator. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

A numerical model database for rapid seismic damage assessment of typical regular reinforced concrete frame structures in urban building clusters

A vast city usually encompasses hundreds of thousands or even millions of buildings, majority of which are regular buildings with typical structural configurations. In the seismic damage simulation of cities, efficient and reliable simplified models are required to represent these buildings. A numerical model database of typical regular reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures was developed, utilizing shear models to simulate these RC frame structures. In contrast to existing shear models that are automatically generated based solely on the fundamental rules regulated by the theories of structures and the design codes, the shear models in this study were calibrated using refined numerical models to guarantee precise depiction of RC frame structures. The effects of reinforcement corrosion and the year of construction on structural performance were also considered. First, 108 RC frame structures were designed with typical configurations, strictly adhering to the regulations of design codes. Second, the refined models of the RC frame structures were established with modified material parameters to account for reinforcement corrosion, resulting in 540 refined models. Afterward, the parameters of each shear model were calibrated through cyclic pushover analysis of the corresponding refined numerical model. Finally, the characteristic points of the shear models were further modified to consider the different redundant capacities of the structures constructed in three time phases due to the update of design codes, by which a simplified numerical model database containing 1620 shear models was developed. The models' accuracy in predicting fundamental periods and seismic damage states was verified by comparing them to the refined models and three real RC frame buildings. The effects of the reinforcement corrosion and year of construction on the seismic damage states of the RC frame structures were also discussed. The developed numerical model database can be utilized for the seismic damage assessment of RC frame structures in urban building clusters.