Male dragonflies engage in aggressive aerial contests to establish breeding territories. Using field stereographic recordings ofTrithemis aurora, we examined dragonfly behavioural objectives during these encounters. Unlike predatory pursuits, in which intercept trajectories minimize time-to-contact, maleT. aurorasteer to keep their opponent in a slightly elevated position within their frontal visual field, modulating speed to avoid direct collision. These contests feature frequent role reversals, with evenly matched rivals alternating between chaser and evader. The manoeuvres observed during these exchanges, including looping and spiralling flight, emerge from the underlying pursuit objectives. During territorial conflicts, males exhibit exceptional agility with centripetal accelerations up to 6g. Despite this high performance, individuals spent approximately one-third of flight time gliding in short bursts, even during close combat. These findings show that complex aerial contests can arise from simple control objectives constrained by sensorimotor limits.

Generalizable task-oriented object grasping through LLM-guided ontology and similarity-based planning

Screening for poor muscle strength in older Indian patients with solid tumor using SARC-F questionnaire and handgrip.

Natural scenes are often spatially and spectrally complex with a variety of land covers. Because of this complexity, where we look may not be guided by simple well-defined local image features or objects. Instead, gaze behavior may satisfy a more fundamental need: to reduce uncertainty about a scene's elementary content, represented by the surface color at each point. The purpose of this study was to determine how effectively information is acquired by cone photoreceptors from scene fixations and how it relates to gaze behavior, scene variation, predictions of a deep neural network, and the number of available cone classes. Estimates of the information were computed from two sets of natural scene gaze data, one where observers searched for a target and the other where they viewed scenes freely. The information acquired in both tasks approached the maximum possible, with similar estimates from the network model. It increased with scene color diversity, quantified by color entropy, and decreased with fewer cone classes, as in some color vision deficiencies. These findings suggest that gaze is directed towards maximizing elementary scene information, which can then support more complex visual representations of scene content.

Prior research has developed a number of manipulation techniques that can achieve precise object placement in virtual reality, but studies of these techniques typically use simple objects. We conducted a study comparing two existing techniques, (AMP-IT and WISDOM), during alignment of objects with complex geometry to evaluate the potential influence of geometric complexity on performance, usability, workload and preference. Our findings indicate that participants had faster completion times and higher trial completion rates with AMP-IT on high-precision alignment tasks, contrary to earlier findings that used simple objects. Yet WISDOM is still preferred and considered more usable, despite increased workload and poorer performance, exposing participants' willingness to trade objective performance for comfort during use.

Can ChatGPT Teach Tendon Repair Suturing? A Comparison With Video Instruction in a Simulation-Based Environment: A Pilot Study.

ABSTRACT Let H be the 16-dimensional nontrivial semisimple Hopf algebra H b : y appeared in Kashina’s work [25]. We obtain all simple Yetter-Drinfeld modules over H and then determine all finite-dimensional Nichols algebras satisfying B ( V ) ≅ ⊗ i ∈ I B ( V i ) , where V = ⊕ i ∈ I V i , each V i is a simple object in H H Y D . Finally, we describe some liftings of those B ( V ) over H.

With the introduction of the RPA-based CRISPR-Cas12a method, crRNA allostery and Cas12a protein engineering have been applied to the identification of single-nucleotide variants (SNVs). However, the complicated testing procedure often falls short of the intended simple and rapid objectives of CRISPR-based diagnostics (CRISPR-Dx), and the discrimination factor (DF) for SNV distinction remains suboptimal (DF = 2-5). In this study, we proposed a one-tube "Blocking RPA-coupled Inhibiting CRISPR-Cas12a" (BRIC) cascade strategy that features a dual recognition of SNVs. In the BRIC cascade, a reduction of RPA amplification products of wild-type target (WT) and WT-activated Cas12a cleavage lowered the WT detection signal to near-background levels, without compromising the efficiency of RPA or CRISPR-Cas12a. With HLA-B*15:02TA (rs3909184, G > C), a gene associated with drug-induced cutaneous rash, as the SNV target, the proposed one-tube BRIC strategy achieved a DF of 32.51, with the WT signal approximating the background level, thereby greatly enhancing SNV detection specificity. On the other hand, MT can be detected in a large number of WT (with a resolution of 0.1%). Within the HLA-B*15:02TA concentration (CMT) range of 5.0 × 10-7 to 1.0 × 10-3 nM (500 aM to 1 pM), a linear relationship was evident between the fluorescence signal (FMT) and lgCMT (FMT = 4146.55 + 578.09lgCMT; R2 = 0.9904), with a detection limit of 67.6 aM (>3σ). Combined with a 3D-printed portable fluorimeter, the proposed method reported high consistency with next-generation sequencing in detecting HLA-B*15:02TA in 22 clinical plasma samples, validating the reliability of the one-tube BRIC cascade assay. These improvements in assay design, process, and DF highlight the promising potentials of the BRIC strategy in clinical settings.

Color perception entails multiple processing levels. Perceptual dynamics in color vision and the role of stimulus history can be studied using the phenomenon of hysteresis, well-known in the framework of physical dynamical systems. In perceptual hysteresis paradigms, stimuli change gradually, leading to competition between perceptual stabilization (positive hysteresis) or early change to an alternative percept (negative hysteresis). The former dominates in most perceptual domains, such as motion, letter or emotion recognition. The question remains whether positive hysteresis dominates in color perception like in most other perceptual domains where positive lags dominate. If instead negative hysteresis occurs, color perception changes should occur earlier than expected and be manifested as a negative lag. Adaptation is a possible mechanism underlying negative hysteresis, because it favors earlier perceptual switches. In our study investigating the role of stimulus history, we studied hysteresis in color perception under different conditions using a dynamic color-matching task within Derrington-Krauskopf-Lennie (DKL) color space. Color matching experiments under hysteresis conditions can be used to determine hysteresis lags (negative color matching lag to a reference stimulus implying negative hysteresis). Our color-matching tasks, under manipulation of temporal context, using classical experimental hysteresis approaches, required either comparison of single-color shapes or complex multi-part objects (one serving as the reference and the other as the time varying target) composed by multiple elements and requiring holistic perceptual binding. These color matching tasks were undertaken under conditions of direct visual stimulus presentation or under visual memory guidance (reference only present in short term memory) (N=20, healthy participants). We specifically examined these processes along two axes: the S-(L+M) and L-M axes in DKL color space. We found that negative hysteresis dominates in color processing . We found that negative hysteresis predominates in simple color-matching tasks (t=-5,81, df 19, p<0.001, Cohen's d=2,8), even in the physical absence of the reference, when visual memory is required in contrast with tasks requiring binding (F=28.1, df=3, p<0.001, eta-square=0.596). This suggests that adaptation, indexed by negative hysteresis, prevails over visual persistence, indexed by positive hysteresis, in color-matching of simple objects. By using more complex holistic color-matching we further asked if perceptual binding is affected by hysteresis. However, negative hysteresis is absent when holistic perceptual binding is necessary, indicating that these processes occur at distinct hierarchical stages of visual processing. This study marks the first exploration of hysteresis in color perception. In sum, negative hysteresis dominates in early color processing (likely at V1 and V2 levels), while holistic perceptual binding and matching of multiple color elements occurs independently of hysteresis, at a subsequent attentive processing stage.

Postpartum hemorrhage is a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing countries like Nepal. Early identification of women at risk is vital but traditional methods are sometimes subjective. Simple objective tools are of high importance in times of need. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the predictive performance of the Shock Index and Modified Shock Index for adverse maternal outcomes after primary postpartum hemorrhage. A hospital based cross sectional study was conducted at a tertiary maternity hospital in Nepal. The study included 281 women diagnosed with primary postpartum hemorrhage. Heart rate, systolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure were recorded at 1 and 2 hours postpartum. Shock Index and MSI were calculated. The adverse maternal outcomes such as including blood transfusion, surgical interventions or intensive care unit admissions were analyzed. The predictive ability of Shock Index and Modified Shock Index was analyzed using Receiver Operating Characteristic curve analysis. Both Shock Index and Modified Shock Index were significant predictors of adverse maternal outcomes. The single best predictor was identified as Shock Index as measured at 1 hour in women who underwent cesarean delivery, with an Area Under the Curve of 0.811 (95% CI: 0.754-0.868). For vaginal deliveries at 1 hour, Shock Index and Modified Shock Index performed similarly (Area Under Curve 0.777 and 0.776, respectively). Predictive ability decreased at the 2 hour mark, especially for patients post-cesarean delivery. Logistic regression confirmed that cesarean delivery and Shock Index at 1 hour were strong and independent predictors of the adverse outcomes. The Shock Index is a simple and effective tool for the early detection of increased risk of adverse outcomes from postpartum hemorrhage. Modified Shock Index in particular showed greater overall predictability. Its routine implementation in postpartum monitoring, primarily in low-resource settings can significantly aid the triage and facilitate early life saving interventions.

The advent of digital media has enabled an array of techniques for converting 2D representations, whether static or dynamic, into 3D formats. Cultivating an interest in visual art has led to examples of painted surfaces or drawings being adapted as 3D models suitable for with the aid of scanning fixed images printed on paper. A more flexible option is available through software that builds a 3D framework ready for remodelling and tightening. Advances in technology offer seemingly endless opportunities to produce figures that may be classified as 3D. CAD programs permit the creation of objects that may ultimately be output as 3D print files. With sufficient experimental effort and skill, self-constructed models composed of 2D can be made available for projection, in particular free hand augmented techniques, i.e. from drawing pictorial notion the rendered frame can be transformed into simple 3D look, but still within 2D. Different ways are explored are now classified as “Augmented Reality” (AR). Digital photographs are one of the most used ways to recollect moments. Stereoscopic vision takes depth out of only single-side images. Even if a static move is not allowed, the image can still be classified as 3D, otherwise it is merely classified as a projection of 3D, the digital static image still retains the depth. Graphic design is now still dominantly 2D yet 3D modelling and its projection is highly requested, fast distribution of digital soft wares allow 2D layer to be reshaped easily into simple 3D objects while still maintaining its text.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is not only associated with reduced work efficiency and an elevated risk of occupational accidents but also with hypertension, diabetes, and other lifestyle-related diseases, making it an important occupational health concern. Conventional questionnaire-based screening may fail to detect OSA because it frequently lacks subjective symptoms. Herein, we aimed to develop and validate a simple objective, questionnaire-independent prediction model for severe OSA using periodic health examination (PHE) data. Following the Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis Or Diagnosis (TRIPOD), we analyzed the data of 671 patients who underwent overnight polysomnography (PSG) at Tohoku University Hospital. Eight predictors-age group, sex, obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, polycythemia, and liver dysfunction-derived from routine PHE items-were included in logistic regression models to predict severe OSA, defined as an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 30 or a 3% oxygen desaturation index (ODI) ≥ 30. Internal validity was assessed using bootstrap samples. External validation was performed using overnight percutaneous oxygen saturation data of 100 university employees. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve were 0.67 and 0.72 for the AHI- and ODI-based models, respectively. The internal validity was generally acceptable. In external validation, the AHI model had a sensitivity and specificity of 1.00 and 0.95, respectively, while the ODI model exhibited values of 0.50 and 0.97, respectively. We developed and validated two predictive models for severe OSA using the PHE data. These models could be used for screening by occupational physicians and clinicians.

Abstract Very often, in Mathematics, we are dealing with objects which are decomposed into simpler objects. In this paper, we introduce the concept of “multiplicative characteristic function” on arbitrary set X and we give a general representation theorem of any function $$f:X\rightarrow [0,1]$$ f : X → [ 0 , 1 ] as a uniform limit of finite products of such type of functions. This result may be fruitfully used in measure theory, distribution theory and so on. Some consequences in uniform approximation of continuous functions are presented here.

Spinning top (spintop) toys are among the oldest and most persistent forms of children’s play across cultures, yet they remain largely under-theorized within contemporary play studies. Existing literature frequently evaluates toys in terms of developmental outcomes, thereby overlooking the intrinsic play processes generated through interaction with simple, non-digital materials. This paper offers a conceptual and theoretical analysis of spintop play, positioning it as a distinct form of play characterized by embodied action, exploratory engagement, mastery-oriented repetition, imaginative extension and socially mediated interaction. Drawing on classical and contemporary play theory, affordance theory and embodied cognition, the analysis examines how the material properties of spintop toys—such as rotation, balance, minimal structure and sensitivity to bodily input—invite open-ended, process-based play. Rather than isolating cognitive, motor or social outcomes, the paper foregrounds the recursive dynamics through which meaning, pleasure, agency and skill emerge during play itself. Spintop toys are further situated as cultural and transgenerational play artifacts, demonstrating how materially simple objects sustain rich play ecologies across historical and contemporary contexts, including increasingly digitalized play environments. By reframing spintop play as a theoretically significant play form rather than a developmental instrument, this study contributes to play scholarship by re-centering attention on materiality, embodiment and process in understanding how play is generated, sustained and experienced.

Optical neural networks (ONNs) are emerging as a promising neuromorphic computing paradigm for object recognition, offering unprecedented advantages in light-speed computation, ultra-low power consumption, and inherent parallelism. However, most of ONNs are only capable of performing simple object classification tasks. These tasks are typically constrained to single-object scenarios, which limits their practical applications in multi-object recognition tasks. Here, we propose an anti-interference diffractive deep neural network (AI D2NN) that can accurately and robustly recognize targets in multi-object scenarios, including intra-class, inter-class, and dynamic interference. By employing different deep-learning-based training strategies for targets and interference, two transmissive diffractive layers form a physical network that maps the spatial information of targets all-optically into the power spectrum of the output light, while dispersing all interference as background noise. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this framework in classifying unknown handwritten digits under dynamic scenarios involving 40 categories of interference, achieving a simulated blind testing accuracy of 87.4% using terahertz waves. The presented framework can be physically scaled to operate at any electromagnetic wavelength by simply scaling the diffractive features in proportion to the wavelength range of interest. This work can greatly advance the practical application of ONNs in target recognition and pave the way for the development of real-time, high-throughput, low-power all-optical computing systems, which are expected to be applied to autonomous driving perception, precision medical diagnosis, and intelligent security monitoring.

ABSTRACTInfants’ early learning is fast and efficient. Most research on infant learning from social contexts has focused on child‐directed activities, such as toy play. However, learning in everyday contexts may not be limited to child‐directed activities. Routines at home consist of other activities, such as meal preparation, laundry, and chores, that may still offer learning opportunities for infants. But infants can only learn from these moments if they are paying attention. Here, we provide the first examination of infant attention during non‐child‐directed everyday activity. In a home‐like laboratory environment, parents prepared peanut butter and jelly sandwiches in front of infants who sat in a highchair across from them, as they might every day at home. Head‐mounted eye trackers were used to record gaze data from infants, which was then temporally aligned with parent actions to measure infants’ attention to the task. Our findings reveal that, despite the presence of a room full of distractors, infants most often focused on task‐related objects. Although infants only tracked parents’ actions for 40% of the session, they prioritized looking at parents’ more complex actions and looked equally at parents’ actions and the objects they themselves were engaged with. In addition, when parents were more engaged with their infants (e.g., looking at them and talking to them), infants paid more attention. These findings indicate that infants are attuned to the routines and activities of daily life and that parental engagement can play a critical role in enhancing this attention. This suggests that even routine tasks, often overlooked as learning opportunities, can be transformed into valuable moments for development. By examining how infants allocate their attention in naturalistic settings, we can better understand the role of everyday experiences in early learning and explore how parents can optimize these moments to support their infants’ growth.SummaryHead‐mounted eye tracking captured real‐time infant gaze during non‐child‐directed meal preparation in a home‐like laboratory setting.Infants attended primarily to task‐relevant objects and actions, even amid numerous visual distractions.Infants prioritized observing parents’ complex, effect‐producing actions over simple object handling.Everyday routines may serve as rich, natural input supporting infants’ observational learning.

Abstract.� This study aimed to develop a mathematics test instrument that assesses the critical thinking skills of hard-impaired students using a Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) approach in a colored ribbon context. The research employed a design research method with a development type, consisting of the preliminary and prototyping stages, including self-evaluation, expert review, and one-to-one. The instrument was developed based on Ennis�s (1985) critical thinking indicators, comprising five items adapted to the visual characteristics of Grade XI deaf students at SMALB. Content and language validation by experts confirmed the qualitative validity of the items. A limited trial (one-to-one) involving three hearing-impaired students revealed that the items were understandable and suitable, particularly due to the use of simple language, visual aids, and concrete objects. In conclusion, the critical thinking questions based on the RME approach and visual context are effective for hearing-impaired students and offer an alternative assessment tool that accommodates their sensory limitations. Keywords: critical thinking; hearing-impaired students; realistic mathematics education.

Interactive learning media play a vital role in increasing children's interest in learning by presenting information visually. However, most existing educational media remain limited to conventional formats, providing few opportunities for children to directly interact with learning materials. This condition creates a need for alternative media that can deliver educational content with a higher level of interactivity. This study aims to develop an Augmented Reality (AR)-based learning media as a means of introducing basic astronomy to children. The development utilizes the Multimedia Development Life Cycle (MDLC) model. The media is designed as an Android application featuring simple cartoon-style 3D space objects, with AR cards as markers for content activation. This approach is expected to enhance children's engagement and comprehension by offering more interactive learning experiences.

The article addresses the relevance of free play in Early Childhood Education, with an emphasis on the use of unstructured materials, such as recycled objects, to foster children’s creativity and imagination. By re-signifying simple objects, children exercise their autonomy while incorporating sustainability values, thus promoting Environmental Education. The text reflects on the challenges faced by institutions in implementing this practice, highlighting the need for continuous teacher training. As an example, the “Baú Brincante” project is presented, which uses unstructured materials to enrich playful and pedagogical experiences. The qualitative and bibliographical research highlights the pedagogical benefits of using recycled materials. The results indicate that free play, associated with the reuse of materials, plays an essential role in child development, strengthening children’s creativity and ecological awareness. https://doi.org/10.21723/riaee.v20i00.2053902

The article addresses the relevance of free play in Early Childhood Education, with an emphasis on the use of unstructured materials, such as recycled objects, to foster children’s creativity and imagination. By re-signifying simple objects, children exercise their autonomy while incorporating sustainability values, thus promoting Environmental Education. The text reflects on the challenges faced by institutions in implementing this practice, highlighting the need for continuous teacher training. As an example, the “Baú Brincante” project is presented, which uses unstructured materials to enrich playful and pedagogical experiences. The qualitative and bibliographical research highlights the pedagogical benefits of using recycled materials. The results indicate that free play, associated with the reuse of materials, plays an essential role in child development, strengthening children’s creativity and ecological awareness. https://doi.org/10.21723/riaee.v20i00.2053902