Simple Bath Research Articles

Essential vs Removable Bath Anharmonicity: Path Integral Results with Model Electronic-Vibrational Baths.

Fully quantum mechanical real-time path integral calculations on a two-level system (TLS) interacting with a simple or composite anharmonic bath are presented. The bath consists of a few or many units, each comprising two or three electronic states coupled to secondary harmonic vibrational baths. The primitive harmonic bath approximation leads to qualitatively wrong system dynamics at high temperatures, while the effective harmonic bath mapping becomes exact in the macroscopic bath limit. Significant deviations are observed when the number of bath units is small, including skewing and blue shifts in the population oscillations and enhanced or suppressed coherence. These effects reflect the essential anharmonic character of the bath and cannot be captured by harmonic bath treatments.

Embedded 3D Bioprinting for Engineering Miniaturized In Vitro Tumor Models.

Embedded extrusion 3D bioprinting is a rapidly emerging additive manufacturing methodology that provides a precise spatial deposition of synthetic or natural-origin low-viscosity bioinks during the extrusionprinting process. Such a strategy has to date unlocked the freeform extrusion biofabrication of complex micro-to-macro-scale living architectures for numerous applications, including tissue engineering and in vitro disease modeling. In this chapter, we describe a suspension bioprinting methodology leveraging a continuous viscoelastic biopolymer supporting bath functionalized with divalent calcium cations to enable a rapid processing of user-defined bioinks toward architecturally complex 3D in vitro tumor models. This highly simple and cost-effective viscoelasticsupporting bath enables a full freeform biofabrication of cell-laden 3D tumor-mimetic architectures that exhibit structural stability in culture post-printing. The cytocompatibility of the supporting bath, its ease of removal from biofabricated living constructs, and its adaptability for processing different ECM-mimetic bioinks open avenues for multi-scale fabrication of numerous types of physiomimetic 3D tumor models for preclinical screening of candidate therapeutics.

A novel hierarchical 0D/3D NH2-MIL-101(Fe)/ZnIn2S4 S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst for efficient Cr(VI) reduction and photo-Fenton-like removal of 2-nitrophenol

In this work, we designed a new hierarchical 0D/3D NH2-MIL-101(Fe)/ZnIn2S4 (NM-101(Fe)/ZIS) S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst using a simple oil bath technique, in which nanometer-sized NM-101(Fe) are extensively scattered on the surface of ZIS microspheres. In contrast to an acidic environment, the optimal 10% NM-101(Fe)/ZIS can remove 94% of Cr(VI) in 60 min under neutral circumstances, the apparent rate constant is 24.6 and 3.26 times that of NM-101(Fe) and ZIS, respectively. This is due to the hierarchical 0D/3D heterostructure and the unique S-scheme photogenerated carrier transfer path, which successfully encourage the separation of photogenerated carriers while simultaneously enhancing redox ability. Specially, an efficient photo-Fenton-like system was developed using Fe3+ in NM-101(Fe) in conjunction with external H2O2 for entirely eliminating the refractory 2-nitrophenol pollutant in 120 min. It has an apparent rate constant that is 5.63 and 3.99 times that of pure NM-101(Fe) and ZIS. In order to better meet the demands of practical wastewater treatment, the impact of various photocatalyst doses, initial solution concentrations, coexisting ions and pH values on its photocatalytic activity were investigated. Finally, this work provides an idea to construct unique 0D/3D S-scheme heterostructure and effective photo-Fenton-like system for photocatalytic water purification.

Exploring the potential of nickel-chloride bath for electroforming of pure nickel and nickel composites

Electroforming is becoming increasingly important as a reliable method for the production and replication of independent parts. Researchers are continually striving to reduce production costs for the fabrication of complex tools with the highest precision and lowest cost, and electroforming is a key technique for achieving this goal. The present research aimed to produce pure nickel foils via electroforming using a simple and inexpensive nickel-chloride bath, which has not been previously utilized for electroforming. The effects of saccharin concentration, nickel-chloride concentration, direct current density, and the use of graphite as an insoluble anode were investigated. The surface morphology of the electroformed products was characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and their chemical composition was analyzed using energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern. The microhardness of the foils was determined using the Vickers hardness test. Results showed that specimens produced using the nickel-chloride bath had a good surface appearance with acceptable brightness and satisfactory microhardness. Ten electroforming tests were conducted to determine the optimal bath components, pH, and direct current density for the fabrication of pure nickel products. It was found that these parameters had a significant influence on the quality of the appearance and surface morphology of the foils. In addition, using a graphite anode was seen to reduce the cathode current efficiency as compared to a soluble nickel anode and was affected by the preferred orientation of nickel crystal plates. It can be concluded that the nickel-chloride bath has excellent potential for the production of pure nickel products using the electroforming method.

Facile synthesis of nanometer-sized NH2-MIL-101(Fe) decorated BiOBr hybrids for efficient Cr(VI) photoreduction

Using a simple oil bath approach, a nanometer-sized NH2-MIL-101(Fe) (NMF) adorned BiOBr heterojunction photocatalyst was effectively created. Compared with the traditional solvothermal method, the synthesis time is shortened by 10 times. Furthermore, nanometer-sized granular NMF particles are uniformly dispersed on BiOBr surface to form plenty of NMF/BiOBr heterojunctions due to chemical action of oxygen vacancies and –NH2 groups. As a result, the as-synthesized NMF/BiOBr photocatalysts exhibit the improved Cr(VI) reduction performance. In 60 min, the 3%NMF/BiOBr heterostructure reaches a maximum Cr(VI) photoreduction efficiency of 99 %. In the 3%NMF/BiOBr heterostructure, Cr(VI) photoreduction occurs at an apparent rate constant that is 7.6 times higher than that of pure BiOBr and 5.44 times higher than that of NMF. The microstructures and photoelectrochemical characteristics of NMF/BiOBr heterostructures were analyzed through state-of-the-art characterization methods. The results show that charge separation and transfer are promoted by the development of heterojunction, which is brought about by the chemical interaction between oxygen vacancies and –NH2 groups. Furthermore, the intimate contact bonding provides electron transport pathways, considerably increasing photocatalytic activity.

An introduction to forest bathing for practice nurses

Heather Henry explains the concept of ‘forest bathing’ or ‘immersion in nature’ which can be incorporated into general practice nursing as a low cost social prescribing solution Forest bathing or Shinrin-yoku is a form of ecotherapy or green therapy that may be described as an ‘immersion in nature’. It was introduced by the Japanese government in the 1980's and has undergone extensive research to understand how it supports wellbeing. Since forest bathing is a no-cost way to help people with long term conditions, this article outlines the basic concept and how it can be incorporated into general practice nursing as a social prescribing solution. Some simple forest bathing invitations are offered, based on the author's practical experience.

MoS2 nanosheets decorated plasmonic silicon nanowires as SERS substrates for ultra-sensitive multiple analyte detection

We report the fabrication of hybrid SERS-active substrates for ultra-sensitive detection of diverse analyte molecules such as explosives, dyes, and bio-proteins. Vertically aligned (12-µm long, 250-nm diameter) Si nanowires (SiNWs) were prepared by a facile silver-assisted electroless (SAE) etching process. Ag and Au nanoparticles (NPs) were initially decorated on SiNWs using a simple immersion bath method. A hybrid SERS substrate was designed by encapsulating the 2D material (MoS2) on bi-metallic (Ag-Au nanoparticles) functionalized SiNWs. The synergetic effect from MoS2 nano-sheets and bi-metallic NPs produced superior detection of analytes down to ultra-trace levels. The versatility of hybrid substrate was tested extensively by detecting (i) malachite green (MG), (ii) melamine, (iii) naphthalene, (iv) bovine serum albumin (BSA), (v) adenine, (vi) L-Cysteine, (vii) Escherichia coli (E. coli), and (viii) tetryl (an explosive) molecules. We have observed excellent signal reproducibility with very low RSD values (3–5%). The analytic enhancement factors were estimated to be 3.6 × 108 for MG, 1.2 × 107 for melamine, and 6.4 × 105 for BSA, respectively. The estimated ‘limits of detection’ (LOD) for MG, melamine, naphthalene, adenine, and BSA were 216 pM, 42 nM, 78 nM, 5 nM, 7 nM, respectively. Furthermore, the durability of the substrate was studied extensively by evaluating the signal strength of 100 µM melamine for a prolonged duration in an ambient atmosphere. These established novel, robust, versatile, and potentially practical SERS-active hybrid substrates facilitate easy molecular detection in the field in conjunction with a portable or hand-held Raman spectrometer.

Evaluation of loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for visual detection of Acinetobacter baumannii directly from soil and water sample from Mangalore.

Acinetobacter baumannii is a well-known nosocomial pathogen that commonly inhabits soil and water and has been implicated in numerous hospital-acquired infections. The existing methods for detecting A. baumannii have several drawbacks, such as being time-consuming, expensive, labor-intensive, and unable to distinguish between closely related Acinetobacter species. Thus, it is important to have a simple, rapid, sensitive, and specific method for its detection. In this study, we developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay using hydroxynaphthol blue dye to visualize A. baumannii by targeting its pgaD gene. The LAMP assay was performed using a simple dry bath and was shown to be specific and highly sensitive, as it could detect up to 10 pg/μl of A. baumannii DNA. Further, the optimized assay was used to detect A. baumannii in soil and water samples by culture-medium enrichment. Out of 27 samples tested, 14 (51.85%) samples were positive for A. baumannii through LAMP assay, while only 5 (18.51%) samples were found to be positive through conventional methods. Thus, the LAMP assay has been found to be a simple, rapid, sensitive, and specific method that can be used as a point-of-care diagnostic tool for detecting A. baumannii.

Embedded 3D printing of dilute particle suspensions into dense complex tissue fibers using shear thinning xanthan baths.

In order to fabricate functional organoids and microtissues, a high cell density is generally required. As such, the placement of cell suspensions in molds or microwells to allow for cell concentration by sedimentation is the current standard for the production of organoids and microtissues. Even though molds offer some level of control over the shape of the resulting microtissue, this control is limited as microtissues tend to compact towards a sphere after sedimentation of the cells. 3D bioprinting on the other hand offers complete control over the shape of the resulting structure. Even though the printing of dense cell suspensions in the ink has been reported, extruding dense cellular suspensions is challenging and generally results in high shear stresses on the cells and a poor shape fidelity of the print. As such, additional materials such as hydrogels are added in the bioink to limit shear stresses, and to improve shape fidelity and resolution. The maximum cell concentration that can be incorporated in a hydrogel-based ink before the ink's rheological properties are compromised, is significantly lower than the concentration in a tissue equivalent. Additionally, the hydrogel components often interfere with cellular self-assembly processes. To circumvent these limitations, we report a simple and inexpensive xanthan bath based embedded printing method to 3D print dense functional linear tissues using dilute particle suspensions consisting of cells, spheroids, hydrogel beads, or combinations thereof. Using this method, we demonstrated the self-organization of functional cardiac tissue fibers with a layer of epicardial cells surrounding a body of cardiomyocytes.

Metal-organic framework-derived nitrogen-doped carbon-coated hollow tubular In2O3/CdZnS heterojunction for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

Using photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE) technology is a powerful way to solve the energy shortage. In this study, a hexagonal hollow tubular nitrogen-doped carbon (N−C)-coated In2O3/CdZnS heterojunction photocatalyst was in situ synthesized using a simple oil bath heating method. Results show that the PHE rate of N−C/In2O3/CdZnS (∼22.87 µmol h−1) is ∼2.4 times that of pristine CdZnS (∼9.49 µmol h−1) and ∼54.5 times that of pristine In2O3 (∼0.42 µmol h−1). After four cycles, the PHE rate can still retain more than 90% of the original. Its excellent photocatalytic performance is mainly attributed to the following aspects: (1) the N−C layer acts as an electron transport bridge, which ensures the efficient electron transfer of the photocatalytic reaction; (2) the hollow tubular structure enhances the light reflection and absorption; (3) the N−C/In2O3/CdZnS heterostructure improves the carrier recombination and photocorrosion; (4) the large specific surface area and mesoporous structure provide a large number of reactive sites. This study provides a novel idea for designing visible-light-type heterojunction catalysts.

Novel, Simple, and Green Citrate-Based Copper Electronic Electroplating Bath in Microvia Void-Free Filling for Printed Circuit Board Application

In this work, a novel, simple, and green citrate-based copper electronic electroplating bath with the characteristics of weak corrosion, low copper ion concentration, and simple composition is developed in microvia void-free filling for printed circuit board application. Succinimide (SM), regarded as a leveler, is the core component of the bath. The action mechanisms of SM on microvia void-free copper filling are carefully expounded. UV–vis spectroscopy and theoretical calculations demonstrate that only the [Cu2(Cit)2]2– coordination ion exists in the bath containing SM at pH 9.0. Linear sweep voltammetry and in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy combined with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy experiments illustrate that SM can inhibit the electroreduction of the [Cu2(Cit)2]2– coordination ion and promote the electroreduction of intermediate Cu(I) to Cu(0), resulting in the improvement of coating quality. Galvanostatic measurements reveal that the reduction of the [Cu2(Cit)2]2– coordination ion is electrochemically controlled, and SM is diffusion-controlled. The leveler properties of SM (diffusion control and inhibition of [Cu2(Cit)2]2– coordination ion electroreduction) promote copper in bottom-up growing and void-free filling of microvias.

Synthesis of Nanostructured Bismuth Sulfide with Controllable Morphology for Advanced Lithium/Sodium-Ion Storage.

Rational design of electrode materials with an excellent structure and morphology is crucial for improving electrochemical properties. Herein, various unique nanostructured Bi2S3 materials with controllable morphology were obtained through a simple and efficient oil bath reaction strategy. Bi2S3 with different morphologies can be obtained by regulating the polarity of solvent, and the lattice spacing can also be adjusted. The Bi2S3 nanomaterials obtained with ethanol as solvent (BS-3) show a three-dimensional nanoflower-like structure assembled with porous layers. The unique structure facilitates the transport of ions and accommodates the volume variation of Bi2S3 during energy storage. Consequently, BS-3 nanoflowers exhibited superior cycling stability and excellent high-rate capability for lithium storage (maintained a high capacity of 923.8 mA h g-1 after 950 cycles at 1.0 A g-1) and excellent sodium storage. We provide guidance for precise synthesis and energy storage application of Bi2S3 nanomaterials.

Electrodeposition of Amorphous Molybdenum Oxide on Iron-Group Element Based Plating and its Novel Application as a Corrosion Protective Coating

The corrosion resistance of materials composed of metal is an essential property for preventing material deterioration caused by corrosion. In this study, we demonstrate that corrosion resistance can be significantly improved through the electrodeposition of molybdenum oxide onto a metal plating containing iron-group elements. Mo oxide can be electrodeposited using a simple plating bath, low current density, and short deposition time, exhibiting a fascinating metallic gloss appearance. GI-XRD and XPS analyses revealed that amorphous Mo oxide adhered to the substrate by a seed layer partially reduced to metallic Mo by the iron-group element in the substrate, based on the principle of “induced co-deposition.” A Mo oxide coating with a thickness of approximately 100 nm decreases the corrosion current density of Ni-W plating by approximately 5 times and the passivation current density by approximately 10 times in a 3 mass% NaCl solution. Mo oxide coatings represent an attractive strategy for improving the corrosion resistance of various metal materials containing iron-group elements.

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) active substrate from gold nanoparticle-coated porous silicon for sensitive detection of horseradish peroxidase enzyme

The sensitive detection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme using a gold nanoparticle/porous silicon (AuNPs/PSi) active substrate via surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is demonstrated. Electrochemical porosification via galvanostatic anodization in hydrofluoric acid (HF) mixed with ethanol was used to fabricate mesopore-size PSi layers onto a p-type Si (100) wafer. The AuNPs were reduced onto the meso-PSi surface through a spontaneous galvanic displacement reaction by dipping the substrates in a simple plating bath. The structural features and morphology of the designed frameworks were elucidated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The SERS performance of the AuNPs/PSi substrate was firstly examined and evaluated using crystal violet dye as the target analyte, where it exhibited enhanced SERS response. Moreover, the active substrate displayed an extremely sensitive and reproducible SERS response toward the HRP enzyme as a reactive analyte. The active substrate exhibited excellent detectable performance with a very low concentration of 10−8 M HRP and an enhancement factor (EF) of approximately 4.8 × 105. The analytical enhancement of Raman signals in response to Au plasmonic nanoparticles signifies the combination of the charge-transfer mechanism and electromagnetic amplification because of the formed density of hotspot regions. Therefore, the current newly fabricated AuNPs/PSi substrates have optimistic prospects in biophysical, biochemical, and biomedical applications as highly active SERS substrates.

Synergistic Catalysis of Co‐Zr/CNx Bimetallic Nanoparticles Enables Reductive Amination of Biobased Levulinic Acid

AbstractBimetallic synergy and carbon–nitrogen doping can contribute to enhanced catalytic activity due to the strong electronic state and unique geometrical structure. In this work, a series of biomass‐derived Co‐M bimetallic CN doped catalysts (Co‐M@Chitosan‐X; M = Zr, Ni, Fe, Cu, In; X denotes the molar percentage of M) are prepared via simple oil bath reflow and annealing. The Co‐Zr@Chitosan‐X catalysts are determined to contain alloys (Co‐Zr), metal‐carbon bonds (Co‐C, Zr‐C), metal‐nitrogen bonds (Co‐N, Zr‐N), and metal oxides (Co3O4, ZrO2) through a series of characterizations, in which graphite‐coated alloys and metal oxides are found to be the catalytically active species. The doping of the second metal results in a significant enhancement for the number of active sites in the catalyst, and the d‐band center is shifted toward a deviation from the Fermi energy level. Among the tested catalysts, Co‐Zr@Chitosan‐20 exhibits superior catalytic activity for the reductive amination of biobased levulinic acid to 5‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone in 99.3% selectivity and 92.8% yield. This non‐noble metal bimetallic synergistic catalytic protocol opens an avenue for efficiently producing biomass‐derived nitrogenous chemicals.

Open quantum dynamics theory for a complex subenvironment system with a quantum thermostat: Application to a spin heat bath.

Complex environments, such as molecular matrices and biological material, play a fundamental role in many important dynamic processes in condensed phases. Because it is extremely difficult to conduct full quantum dynamics simulations on such environments due to their many degrees of freedom, here, we treat in detail the environment only around the main system of interest (the subenvironment), while the other degrees of freedom needed to maintain the equilibrium temperature are described by a simple harmonic bath, which we call a quantum thermostat. The noise generated by the subenvironment is spatially non-local and non-Gaussian and cannot be characterized by the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. We describe this model by simulating the dynamics of a two-level system (TLS) that interacts with a subenvironment consisting of a one-dimensional XXZ spin chain. The hierarchical Schrödinger equations of motion are employed to describe the quantum thermostat, allowing for time-irreversible simulations of the dynamics at arbitrary temperature. To see the effects of a quantum phase transition of the subenvironment, we investigate the decoherence and relaxation processes of the TLS at zero and finite temperatures for various values of the spin anisotropy. We observed the decoherence of the TLS at finite temperature even when the anisotropy of the XXZ model is enormous. We also found that the population-relaxation dynamics of the TLS changed in a complex manner with the change in the anisotropy and the ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic orders of spins.

Open dynamics in the Aubry-André-Harper model coupled to a finite bath: The influence of localization in the system and dimensionality of bath

The population evolution of single excitation is studied in the Aubry-André-Harper (AAH) model coupled to a d(=1,2,3)-dimensional simple lattices bath with a focus on the effect of localization in the system and the dimensionality of bath. By performing a precise evaluation of time-independent Schrödinger equation, the reduced energy levels of the system can be determined. It is found that the reduce energy levels show significant relevance for the bath dimensions. Subsequently, the time evolution of excitation is studied in both the system and bath. It is found that excitation in the system can decay super-exponentially when d=1 or exponentially when d=2,3. Regarding the finite nature of bath, the spreading of excitation in the lattices bath is also studied. We find that, depending on the dimensions of bath and the initial state, the spreading of excitation in the bath is diffusive or behaves localization.

Relation between Faradic Yields, Hydrogen Evolution and Pulsed Currents: Morphological and Fe Content Control in Zn and ZnFe Coatings

Long-term protection of metallic parts from atmospheric exposure is an important challenge and one of the most frequent way to ensure their corrosion resistance is the application of sacrificial zinc alloys coatings [1]. Among the various zinc electroplating baths, the alkaline zincate solutions has gained a wide range of applications thanks to its simple bath composition, good dispersion and efficient coverage ability. Nevertheless, its efficiency is very low in absence of additives, which affects the performances of the coatings by modifying the crystal growth and therefore the structural and mechanical properties. This is a result from the competition between dihydrogen production and the reduction of the metallic species present in the bath.The present study deals with the optimization of ZnFe sacrificial coating on steel and aluminum substrate in the frame of the ATLAS project -Alternative TechnoLogies for improved Anticorrosion Solutions- managed by the IRT M2P. After the analysis of the electrochemical behavior of the ZnFe electrolyte patented by the Coventya company and the UTINAM institute, pulsed currents will be implemented to extend the versatility of the coatings. Indeed, pulsed currents are known to act on various parameters such as improving the faradic yield or modifying morphologies and structures [2].The determination of a first panel of pulsed sequences (average current densities, cathodic peak current, cathodic pulse time and off-time) have been based on transient curves analysis from a zincate bath. Three sequences have been selected as they resulted in very different patterns in terms of electrochemical behavior and coatings characteristics. These sequences have been replicated and compared to DC current in several electrolytes, from the zincate bath to the commercial formula. For each set of parameters, the faradic yield has been measured and compared to the hydrogen generated during the electrolysis distributed between the absorbed one (measured by hot extraction) and the dihydrogen released into the reactor atmosphere (measured by mass spectrometry with a dedicated set- up). It is interesting to note that the obtained values strongly depend on pulsed sequences as well as electrolytes composition. Coatings were systematically produced and characterized. Morphology was observed using SEM and microstructure determined from XRD diffractograms: preferential orientation and crystal lattice and crystalline phases. The latest has required a specific methodological development.Finally, the identification of nucleation parameters by model simulation has been undertaken to describe the mechanisms involved in the first steps of zinc electrodeposition [3].[1] B. Chatterjee, « Electrodeposition of Zinc Alloys », p. 31.[2] X. Zhang, K. Tsay, J. Fahlman, and W. Qu, « Journal of Energy Storage, 26 p. 100966 (2019)[3] A. Milche, Electrochimica Acta, 48 p.2903-2913 (2003)

Tungsten Disulfide Inorganic Nanotubes Functionalized by PTFE for Friction Application

Inorganic nanotubes (INTs) and fullerene-like nanoparticles (NPs) of WS2/MoS2 penetrate and exfoliate at the contact interface and facilitate tribofilm formation. While the tribological properties are greatly improved by exfoliated NPs that shed easily, they may be diminished by agglomeration in oil. Therefore, surface functionalization is employed to improve dispersion in oil-based suspensions. Here, WS2 INTs were functionalized by polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in a simple and cost-effective bath sonication method. WS2-INTs with two concentrations of added PTFE were characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Superior distribution of WS2 was observed before and during friction experiments. Chemical analysis showed a significantly greater amount of PTFE-coated INTs on rubbed surfaces, in accordance with the improved friction and wear properties.

Structural and Morphological Characterization of Bio-templated Reduced Graphene Oxide and their Antibacterial Efficacy.

We would like to report the eco-friendly synthesis of reduced graphene oxide using aqueous extract of Acorus calamus (rhizome), dried fruit and seed parts of Terminalia bellirica, Helicteres isora and Quercus infectoria and the whole shell part of Turbinella pyrum by simple steam bath technique. The structural and morphological characteristics of prepared reduced graphene oxides were determined by UV–Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Raman spectroscopy. The Surface Plasmon Resonance at 260–280 nm ensured the reduced graphene oxide formation. The antibacterial efficacy of synthesized reduced graphene oxide was evaluated against both gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella paratyphi and Escherichia coli. Among the selected samples Quercus infectoria mediated reduced graphene oxide showed excellent inhibition efficiency (27 and 28 mm) against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively as compared to the standard Gentamycin (29 mm). Quercus infectoria showed significant inhibition of 22 mm and moderate inhibition of 18 mm against Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella paratyphi, respectively. The results suggest selected plants and chank shell-mediated reduced graphene oxide as potential antibacterial agents for various therapeutic applications.