Recovery Of Silver Research Articles

Industrial Scale Testing and Evaluation of Silver Recovery Process

In this paper an industrial scale testing and evaluation of a silver recovery process for treating silver-containing materials is presented. The process that is based on the thiourea leaching, followed by silver cementation allows for recovery of the majority of silver as a metallic product. The thiourea leaching was developed specifically for the zinc cake residue, produced from the conventional zinc roast-leaching process at the KCM 2000 AD (Bulgaria), which contains up to 200 g/t silver. The material has a complex zinc ferrite dominated mineralogy with minor zinc hydrosulfate, gypsum, anglesite and plumbojarosite. The feed zinc cake residue is washed with water to remove water soluble zinc by pulping it into 25-30% solids slurry. The washing is carried out in 60 minutes and the resulted slurry is sent to the solid/liquid separation section for filtration. The resulted solids are sent to thiourea leaching and the zinc-containing solution is sent for further zinc recovery. The washed (water-soluble zinc free) solids is pulped into 20% solids slurry. Using thiourea as lixiviant, ferric iron as oxidant, sodium metabisulfite as a reductant and sulfuric acid for pH control, the leaching is performed for 35 minutes at 35oC. Within the leaching process the operating conditions are controlled to allow high silver extraction, while reducing the detrimental effects of thiourea degradation. Silver is recovered from the pregnant leach solution by cementation that results in the formation of a high-grade silver cement product. Iron powder is used as a cementation agent to recover over 94% silver at ambient temperature for 90 minutes. Details of the development work and key process steps are described. The operational data and outcomes of the industrial scale testing are presented along with process performance evaluation.

Recovery of silver and gold quantum dots from wastewater via coagulative adsorption onto CoFe2O4 based magnetic covalent-organic framework to generate efficient nanocatalysts for degradation of doxorubicin drug

Quantum dots (QDs) are recognized as significant environmental hazardous pollutants owing to their increasing demands in several industries. As a result, removing QDs from wastewater is an interesting topic that drew attention of scientists nowadays. In this research, an innovative material based on the combination of magnetic covalent organic frameworks (MagCOFs) and aminated agar-fava bean peels biochar hydrogel is presented as a nanosorbent for adsorptive removal of silver quantum dots (Ag-QDs) and gold quantum dots (Au-QDs). Morphology and chemical structure of the nanosorbent was identified by SEM-EDX, XRD, FT-IR and XPS analyses. The EDX analysis of MagCOF@Aminated agar-FBP biochar nanosorbent confirmed characteristic percentages of C (46.52%wt), N (22.22%wt), O (22.50%wt), Fe (1.98%wt), Co (0.86%wt). The XPS results of the assembled nanosorbent referred to the presence of B, C, N and O with their characteristic peaks at 191.56 eV, 285.92 eV, 400.25 eV and 532.27 eV, respectively. QDs removal was optimized by controlling several factors such as pH, adsorbent dosage, shaking time, initial QDs concentration, temperature and ionic strength. At optimum conditions, 97.6 % and 100.0 % removal efficiencies were achieved for Ag/Au-QDs subsequently through a chemical adsorption process following pseudo-second order kinetics. Additionally, the theoretical qe = 121.95 and 125.00 mg g−1 for Ag-QDs and Au-QDs, respectively were perfectly fitted with those detected experimentally as 121.95 and 124.18 mg g−1 for the same two QDs. The developed nanomaterial was identified to retain good stability towards Ag-QDs and Au-QDs after 5 successive adsorption/regeneration cycles with only 3.5 % and 4.5 % drop in their activity, respectively. Furthermore, thermodynamic studies proved the spontaneity of the exothermic adsorption process. Additionally, several industrial wastewater samples were collected and used to prove the applicability of proposed process. Recovered and immobilized Ag/Au-QDs on the surface of MagCOF@Aminated agar-FBP biochar were reused as microwave degradation nanocatalysts for doxorubicin (DOX) drug, providing percentage degradation reaching 93.15 % and 96.68 % in <10 min for Ag/Au-QDs, respectively.

Optimizing Silver Extraction Potential from Waste X-Ray Films Using Acid and Alkaline Leaching Agents

Abstract In this study, the silver extraction potential from waste x-ray films using sodium hydroxide and nitric acid was studied. Sodium hydroxide and nitric acid of different concentrations were used as stripping solutions to determine the optimum leaching concentration. Optimum leaching time and leaching temperature were also investigated by varying the time and temperatures, respectively. The stripped solutions were analysed for silver concentration using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Results obtained revealed that, for sodium hydroxide stripping, 26.6 mg kg−1 of silver ion was obtained at an optimum leaching concentration, time and temperature of 1.5 M, 900 minutes and 30 °C. For nitric acid stripping, a maximum concentration of 9830.6 mg kg−1 was obtained at optimum concentration, time and temperature of 4 M, 1,440 minutes and 30 °C. The result revealed that the concentration of leaching agent was a significant factor affecting silver recovery, with nitric acid possessing a much higher recovery rate compared to sodium hydroxide.

Incorporation of silver recovery with electricity generation through methanol-Ag+ coupled redox fuel cell

The recovery of noble metal ions from wastewater without energy consumption is of utmost importance. Herein, a methanol-Ag+ coupled redox fuel cell (CRFC) was developed to realize silver removal and electricity generation simultaneously. In this system with alkaline methanol as fuel on the anode, Ag+ in catholyte was reduced. The highest open circuit voltage of 1.28 V and maximum power density of 17.4 W·m−2 were achieved at 0.1 mol·L−1 Ag+ (pH=1.1). More than 90% Ag+ can be removed in 6 h, and over 60% of cathodic efficiency was achieved simultaneously when using Ag+ as electron acceptors. Morphology analysis showed that dendritic Ag particles were loosely deposited on the cathode after 2 h operation. The size of the silver dendrites increased with Ag+ concentration increase. Eventually, a fed-batch mode was conducted to confirm that either the Ag+ is efficiently reduced or the energy in chemicals has been sustainably retrieved in electricity.

Leaching Behavior of the Main Metals from Copper Anode Slime during the Pretreatment Stage of the Kaldor Furnace Smelting Process

The Kaldor furnace smelting process is currently the mainstream process for treating copper anode slime, but the existence of copper, tellurium and other impurities has adverse effects on the recovery of gold and silver during the Kaldor furnace smelting stage. Therefore, it is necessary to pretreat the copper anode slime to remove these impurities before Kaldor furnace reduction smelting. However, the current pretreatment process of copper anode slime generally has the problem of low removal efficiency of copper and tellurium, and little research on the occurrence state of main metals in copper anode slime. Therefore, this study quantitatively determined the phase composition of Cu, Te, Pb, Bi, As, Sb, Se, Ag and Au, and hydrogen peroxide was introduced to enhance the leaching of impurities. The leaching behavior of each metal in copper anode slime was investigated in detail. The results demonstrate that Cu and Te in the copper anode slime mainly exist in the form of CuO and CuSO4 and Te and AuTe2, respectively. More than 99% of the Cu and 97% of the Te were leached out using 250 g/L H2SO4 and 28.8 g/L H2O2 with a leaching pressure of 0.8 MPa at 150 °C for 2 h, while the leaching of Au and Ag was both &lt; 0.03%. The removal of Cu and Te and the enrichment of precious metals were achieved. This study provides a rich theoretical reference for the optimization of the Kaldor furnace process.

Silver(I) recovery on thiomorpholine - modified functional polymer

The functional polymer containing heterocyclic ligands was synthesized by microwave modification of a crosslinked poly(vinylbenzyl chloride–divinylbenzene) matrix with thiomorpholine. The modification yield was 89.3%. The sorbent was used to recover Ag(I) from the synthetic and real chloride solutions. The maximum sorption capacity of Ag(I) was approximately 180 mg Ag/g. The sorption kinetic data were well-fitted to the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The degree of silver desorption was approximately 50.0% using a 1.0% potassium cyanide solution in a 0.50% hydrogen peroxide solution. The resin retained its capacity toward Ag(I) in five consecutive sorption/desorption cycles. The thiomorpholine modified resin was highly selective toward Ag(I) in relation to Cu(II), Pb(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) from the real chloride leaching solution.

In-situ silver recovery for biofouling mitigation with catechol-assisted nanofiltration membrane

Silver (Ag) has been in widespread use in the field of medical/pharmaceutical and chemical industries. The discharge of produced Ag-containing wastewater not only threats the ecosystem but also causes resource exhaustion of non-renewable Ag. For a sustainable environment, a catechol-based membrane-assisted recovery-filtration concept is put forward, exemplified by integrating two processes of I) efficient silver ion (Ag+) retention and Ag resource recovery by a catechol-rich thin film composite membrane, and II) biofouling mitigation using the resultant antibacterial membrane in salt separation. Due to the strong affinity and reduction capacity of the catechol groups on membrane surface and pores to Ag+, the retained silver ions onto the membrane are spontaneously in-situ reduced into Ag nanoparticles. Consequently, the membrane achieves a remarkable Ag+ retention efficiency of 91.1 %. More importantly, the resultant membrane with recovered Ag holds a good separation efficiency towards common salt and excellent anti-microbial property over the ultra-long term, owing to the satisfactory Ag loading and well-regulated release of silver ions from the membrane surface. This membrane-based recovery-filtration pathway gives a new insight towards sustainable Ag resource recovery/reuse and nanofiltration technology for industrial wastewater with minimum facilities.

Response to the Upcoming Emerging Waste: Necessity and Feasibility Analysis of Photovoltaic Waste Recovery in China.

With the widespread photovoltaic deployment to achieve the net-zero energy goal, the resulting photovoltaic waste draws attention. In China, considerable steps have not been taken for photovoltaic waste management. The lack of relevant scientific information on photovoltaic waste brings difficulties to the establishment of photovoltaic waste regulatory systems. In this study, the necessity and feasibility of photovoltaic waste recovery were investigated. In China, the photovoltaic waste stream was quantified as 48.67-60.78 million t in 2050. In photovoltaic waste, indium, selenium, cadmium, and gallium were in high risk, judging by the metal criticality analysis, which meant that their recovery was significant to alleviate the resource shortage. The full recovery method was proved to reduce the environmental burdens most. For cost and benefit analysis, the net present value/size was -1.02 $/kg according to the current industrial status. However, it can be profitable with the recovery of silver. This study provides scientific and comprehensive information for photovoltaic waste management in China and is expected to promote the sustainable development of photovoltaic industry.

Recovery and analysis of valuable materials from a discarded crystalline silicon solar module

Mechanical, thermal, and chemical treatments were employed on a discarded small-sized silicon solar module to recover valuable materials from it. Materials like glass, junction box, polymer back sheet, and aluminium frame were recovered without damage. Ethylene-vinyl acetate layer (EVA) was obtained through the treatment of the panel with toluene solution. Optimised solution of 2 M HCl was used for Pb and Sn stripping from connecting wires to recover Cu Strips. Pb was extracted as PbCl2 from the solution through precipitation in an ice bath. Sn was recovered as SnO2 and SnCl2 through electrolysis of the residual solution. Al from the back contact was recovered as Al(OH)3 through sequential treatment with KOH and H2SO4. The effect of the molar concentration of KOH solution on Al etching was also investigated, and it was found that the 2 M solution was optimal. An innovative and cost-effective approach was adopted for the recovery of silver. Ag extraction involved, the treatment of solar cell pieces with HNO3 acid followed by reduction of AgNO3 with the copper strips. As recovered Cu strips were reused for Ag recovery, it can be considered a cost-reducing step for the reported recycling process. At last, ARC coating was removed by employing an H3PO4 solution to get silicon wafer pieces. X-Ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) were used for phase identification and purity of the recovered materials. An overall recovery rate of 92.4% is achieved. Environmental impact and revenue generation through the process is also discussed.

An innovation technology for recovering silver and valuable metals from hazardous zinc leaching residue through direct reduction

Zinc leaching residue (ZLR) is a hazardous solid waste with complex phase composition, comprising high content of valuable metals, and sulfur. The extraction of silver is the key to harmless utilization of ZLR. In this paper, a short-flowsheet comprehensive recycling valuable metals method by direct reduction was proposed. During reduction, lead and zinc compounds were reduced to metallic state, which were volatilized and recovered in gas phase. Moreover, metallic iron in reduction product was recovered by magnetic separation. Silver was enriched in FeS phase, and it was beneficiated by flotation with hydrophobic FeS as carrier. Under the optimized conditions, silver concentrate with silver content and recovery of 601.43 g/t and 83.41 %, respectively; iron powder with iron content of 96.39 %; and lead and zinc volatilization rate of 78.65 % and 97.64 %, respectively, were obtained. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) results indicated that tailings were harmless. The mechanisms were subsequently investigated by combining thermodynamics analyses and systematic characterizations. Especially, a one-step containing two-stage capture silver mechanism was ascertained in reduction with sulfur: formation of silver-lead alloys, and encapsulation of silver-lead alloys by FeS phase to decrease symbiotic relationship between valuable metals and slag. This entire recycling process can provide ideas for harmless recovering precious metals from hazardous waste.

A sequential leaching procedure for efficient recovery of gold and silver from waste mobile phone printed circuit boards

The present study reports a sequential, non-acid process for effective recovery of copper and precious metals from mobile phone printed circuit boards. In this process, gold and silver were first enriched during the synthesis process of cuprous chloride and then leached by thiosulfate method. Results indicated that the distribution of gold and silver in the liquid and solid phases during the synthesis of cuprous chloride process was affected by the [Cu]/[Cu2+] ratio. Enrichment of gold and silver in the residue after the cuprous chloride synthesis could be achieved by the adjusting the [Cu]/[Cu2+] ratio. The silver and gold leaching rates of the residue after cuprous chloride synthesis (93.8 % silver and 99 % gold) were much higher than those of the raw PCB sample (27.0 % silver and 14.2 % gold) under the same conditions. This process has the advantages of high leaching efficiency, high leaching rate and avoiding the use of HNO3 or aqua regia commonly used for copper, gold and silver recovery. Thus, this study offers a promising and environmentally friendly method for recovering valuable metals from e-waste.

Mineralogy and Innovative Flash Flotation Separation of Cu-Pb-Zn Polymetallic Ore in Weak Acidic Pulp

Intimate knowledge of the mineralogical assembly of the Yushui complex ore rich in Cu, Pb, and Ag is essential if efficient separation processing is to be conducted. With the aid of testing instruments, such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and mineral liberation analyzer (MLA) combined with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), the texture, such as the size distribution, dissemination, and association of the minerals, was investigated. The results demonstrate that the ore consists of 35 categories of minerals, assaying Cu 7.99%, Pb 9.39%, and Zn 1.96% in the forms of chalcopyrite, galena, and sphalerite, respectively, and silver assaying 157.9 g/t is closely associated with these sulfides; sulfides are present in amounts of 80.31% of the total, traditional gangues only 19.69%, and pyrite as a Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag carrier mineral up to 44.80%. According to the characteristics of the ore, the innovative process of flash copper flotation in weak acidic pulp and lead flotation, followed by further copper recovery, was developed. The closed-circuit test shows that copper concentrate assays Cu 16.33%, Pb 7.98%, Ag 242 g/t at Cu recovery of 86.67%; lead concentrate contains Pb 46.23%, Cu 3.75%, Ag 165 g/t at Pb recovery of 56.84%; total recovery of silver in both concentrates is 75.57%.

Efficient recycling of metals from solar cells using catalytic etchants

Due to the recent trend towards increasing renewable energy production, a large proportion of this demand will be addressed by solar energy. This greater consumption of solar cells will inevitably result in an equally large amount of end-of-life material that should be recycled to recover the valuable metal components. In the present work, the dissolution of silver and aluminium from silicon solar cells was investigated using copper(II) chloride and iron(III) chloride as redox catalysts, dissolving up to 95% of the target metals within 10 min. A mixed hydro- and ionometallurgical approach was taken, with a 2-step selective leaching process. Initially, aluminium and other lower value metals are removed using iron(III) or aluminium(III) chloride in water, with the help of ultrasound to delaminate the aluminium layer. Silver is then leached using iron(III) chloride in a choline chloride: water brine. A high recovery of silver (95%) with high purity (98 wt%) is possible just by adding water to the leach liquor to precipitate silver chloride. Use of brines for the processing of metals is a new and interesting approach to replace mineral acids by cheaper and environmentally friendlier solvents.

Sustainable Design of Molybdenum Disulfide Nanocomposites for Silver Recovery

Sustainable Design of Molybdenum Disulfide Nanocomposites for Silver Recovery

Recovery of silver from crystal silicon solar panels in Self-Synthesized choline Chloride-Urea solvents system

Traditional acid-base leching technology is the primary technology to recycle silver from crystal silicon solar panels, which is fussy and often employs poisonous/harmful chemicals. In the present study, silver was easily recycled from photovoltaic panels in self-synthesized. Deep-Eutectic Solvents System (DESs) without pretreatments and the reaction system could be cyclically utilized. The leaching and precipitation rate can reach 99% under the optimized conditions. In addition, the kinetic results showed that the leaching of silver followed the classical shrinkage core model, in which chemical reaction was the rate-controlling step and the apparent activation energy for leaching process is 172.36 kJ·mol−1. In the recycling process, Cu2+ acted as the oxidant, and the redox potential of Cu2+ in the DES system is much higher than that in aqueous system. Besides, the HNMR and FTIR analysis indicate that the intermolecular hydrogen bond formed in the DES mixed system, which would raise the melting and boiling point of the mixed system, and would be conducive to the following silver leaching process. Furthermore, the metal complex generation mechanisms were proposed in the present study, and urea plays not only an aprotic solvent which cannot solvate Cl-, but also the ligand which can complex with the metals as well as Cl- which can reduce the redox potentials and shift the equilibrium to the silver leaching side. In summary, this study can provide theoretical foundation and practical experience for recycling precious metals from waste crystal silicon solar panels environmentally efficient and cost-effective.

An Electrochemical Process for the Recovery of Metals and High Purity Silicon from Photovoltaic Modules

The increasing number of photovoltaic (PV) panels installed worldwide requires solutions for their disposal at their end-of-life. PV modules contain several valuable metals like copper and silver as well as toxic ones like lead used in solder. Another valuable component are silicon wafers, because of their high purity, which is obtained in energy and resource intensive production processes.Many recycling procedures, however, are downcycling processes that do not recover these components, but rather are based on shredding and landfilling the modules or obtaining only one of those materials. Often, nitric acid is used as leaching agent for the recovery of silver and copper resulting in harmful NOx emissions that necessitate additional gas treatment.We present an alternative electrochemical process by which leaching reagents are generated on boron-doped diamond electrodes as anode material, which are ideal for this task due to their high overpotential for the oxygen evolution reaction. By evaluating different electrolytes, sulfuric acid was found to be suitable by generating peroxydisulfate (S₂O₈²⁻). With its standard redox potential of +2.0 V, it is possible to oxidize rather noble metals like silver.To evaluate the efficiency of the process S₂O₈²⁻ was generated from sulfuric acid in an H-cell setup and the leaching rate of copper, silver and tin was investigated and optimized by varying acid concentration and current density. Efficient leaching of all metals was achieved in 5 M sulfuric acid at 200 mA/cm². The feasibility of the process for real waste streams was demonstrated by disassembling PV modules and leaching busbars and silver coatings from wafers. The complete removal of the metal coatings from the residual wafers was confirmed by EDX.A significant advantage of the process with S₂O₈²⁻ as leaching agent is, that the reaction with metals forms sulfate that can be oxidized again within a cyclic process driven by electricity as displayed in figure 1.Additionally, the metals can be recovered by electrowinning from the etching solution within the same cell. This was demonstrated by recovering Ag, Cu and Sn from sulfuric acid solution. By using potentiostatic conditions it was additionally possible to separate the metals by consecutively plating them in the order of their respective redox potentials. Leached metals from PV waste were recovered electrochemically with 99 % and 88 % yield for Cu and Ag, respectively. Sn could not be plated due to the high amounts of persulfate present in solution, however recovery by precipitation is possible. Pb is obtained as undissolved residue during leaching, due to the extremely low solubility of PbSO4 and PbO2.Aside from the H-cell experiments the generation of S₂O₈²⁻ and electrowinning was successfully investigated in a flow cell setup. This system benefits from a significantly decreased cell voltage making the process more energy efficient and allows easier upscaling towards industrial applications.The presented process is energy efficient as both electrode reactions are utilized and furthermore does not require the continuous addition of chemicals, therefore, making it an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to conventional recycling methods. Figure 1: Scheme for the cyclic process of peroxydisulfate generation, leaching and electrowinning during the electrochemical recycling of PV waste. Figure 1

Strengthening the flotation recovery of silver using a special ceramic-medium stirred mill

Strengthening the flotation recovery of silver by fine grinding with special ceramic-medium stirred mill (SCSM), steel ball-medium stirred mill (SBSM) and ball mill (BM) were investigated, respectively. Grinding with SCSM exhibited better performance in terms of Ag recovery, which was approximately 2% higher than those obtained by grinding with SBSM and BM. The reduction of iron ions produced during grinding with SCSM was conducive to the recovery of silver minerals. Additionally, it was found that high liberation degree of silver minerals from gangue minerals was achieved by grinding with SCSM, and this is mainly attributable to good flow characteristics of ceramic medium. The liberation degree of silver minerals in the grinding products was as high as 77.33% after using SCSM to grind the ore to 85% passing 74 μm, suggesting that most silver minerals in the ore have been liberated. The Ag content and Ag recovery of the silver concentrates were basically the same in the cases of grinding with SBSM and BM. SCSM showed considerable potential in fine grinding of non-ferrous and noble metal ores.

Sacrificial Silver Recovery during Nanoporous Gold Formation by Electrolytic Dealloying of Gold-Silver Alloy

Electrolytic dealloying has proven to be a practical technique for fabricating nanoporous metals such as nanoporous Au (NP-Au). This widely studied material has novel properties that are useful in applications ranging from chemical sensing to energy storage. Building off the success of this field, issues concerning the sustainability of fabricating NP-Au through dealloying need to be further explored, such as the large amount of valuable sacrificial Ag material dissolved in solution after dealloying is complete. In this work, an electrolytic cell is created consisting of a Au–Ag alloy foil working electrode and a Ag foil counter and reference electrode immersed in a non-aqueous Ag+ ion electrolyte. When a small overpotential is applied, the working electrode is dealloyed to form NP-Au. Unique to this configuration, Ag removed from the working electrode is simultaneously plated on the counter electrode, resulting in high yield recovery of Ag sacrificial material, which can be used to create new Au–Ag parent alloys. This integrated process of simultaneous dealloying and recovery of the sacrificial material significantly improves the sustainability and economic viability of dealloying. From these results, a generalized electrolytic dealloying fabrication procedure is derived that can be extended to a wide range of nanoporous metals.

Functionalization of magnetic chitosan microparticles – Comparison of trione and trithione grafting for enhanced silver sorption and application to metal recovery from waste X-ray photographic films

Magnetic chitosan microparticles (MC) are successfully functionalized by grafting two pyrimidine derivatives (bearing either trione or trithione groups for MC-PYO and MC-PYS, respectively). The sorbents are characterized using SEM, TEM, BET, TGA, FTIR, titration, and elemental analysis. The study focuses on the comparison of the differential effects of functionalized groups on the sorption of silver. FTIR analysis shows the contributions of N-based, carbonyl, hydroxyl for silver binding onto MC-PYO, completed by sulfur contribution in the case of MC-PYS. Maximum sorption capacities at pH 6 reach 1.9 and 2.3 mmol Ag g−1 for MC-PYO and MC-PYS, respectively. The Langmuir and the Sips equations fit sorption isotherms. The reactive groups affect the thermodynamic characteristics: endothermic for MC-PYS against exothermic for MC-PYO. The affinity of S-based soft ligand in MC-PYS for soft metals makes the sorbent selective for Ag(I). On the opposite hand, for MC-PYO the O-based functional groups readily bind hard metals (HSAB principle), meaning less selective for silver recovery (from multi-component solutions). QSAR method (quantitative structure-activity relationships) allows correlating preferentially sorption properties with the covalent index. Nitric acid solutions (0.3 M) are highly efficient for total desorption of silver from metal-loaded sorbents, but soft enough to maintain remarkable sorption and desorption performances for at least five cycles. The sorbents are successfully applied to Ag(I) recovery from acidic leachate of waste photographic films: metal removal is enhanced at pH 5.2; MC-PYS is more efficient and selective than MC-PYO at pH 2.2.

Silver Recovery from Wastewater, Simulating the Chemical Extract Originating from a PV Panel Using Microbial Fuel Cell Technology

Silver Recovery from Wastewater, Simulating the Chemical Extract Originating from a PV Panel Using Microbial Fuel Cell Technology