Significant Predictor Of Type Research Articles

Using Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence to Predict Diabetes Mellitus Among Women Population.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic health condition (long-lasting) due to inadequate control of blood levels of glucose. This study presents a prediction of type 2 diabetes mellitus among women using various Machine Learning (ML) algorithms deployed to predict the diabetic condition. A University of California Irvine (UCI) diabetes mellitus dataset posted on Kaggle was used for analysis. The dataset included eight risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus prediction, including age, systolic blood pressure, glucose, body mass index (BMI), insulin, skin thickness, diabetic pedigree function, and pregnancy. R language was used for the data visualization, while the algorithms considered for the study were logistic regression, Support Vector Machines (SVM), Decision Trees, and Extreme Gradient Boost (XGB). The performance analysis of these algorithms on various classification metrics was also presented, considering that the AUC-ROC score is the best for Extreme Gradient Boost (XGB) with 85%, followed by SVM and Decision Trees (DT). The Logistic Regression (LR) demonstrated low performance, but the decision trees and XGB showed promising performance against all the classification metrics. Moreover, SVM offers a lower support value, so it cannot be considered a good classifier. The model showed that the most significant predictors of type 2 diabetes mellitus were glucose levels and body mass index, whereas age, skin thickness, systolic blood pressure, insulin, pregnancy, and pedigree function were less significant. This type of real-time analysis has proven that the symptoms of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women fall entirely different compared to men, which highlights the importance of glucose levels and body mass index in women. The prediction of type 2 diabetes mellitus helps public health professionals to suggest proper food intake and adjust lifestyle activities with good fitness management in women to make glucose levels controlled. Therefore, the healthcare systems should give special attention to diabetic conditions in women. This work attempts to predict the occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among women from their various behavioral and biological conditions.

Evaluating the Predictive Efficiency of Obesity-related Factors for Type 2 Diabetes: A Panel Study Using KoGES Data

Objectives: Obesity is a global health concern, widely recognized for its association with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the relative predictive efficacy of obesity-related indicators, including BMI, body fat percentage, and waist-to-hip ratio, in predicting the incidence of type 2 diabetes in Korean middle-aged to older adults.Methods: Using twelve years of panel data derived from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study, we conducted a logit regression analysis to evaluate the predictive efficiency of three obesity-related indicators while controlling for individual characteristics and behavioral risk factors.Results: For initial screening, we examined the variation of three obesity indexes explained by age and male indicators. Among the three obesity indexes, about 11.3% to 49% of variations in body fat percentage and waist-to-hip ratio were explained away by age and male gender, but these two factors hardly explained BMI variation. We showed that all three obesity-related indicators were significant predictors of type 2 diabetes without other controls in the model. However, once controlling for socioeconomic and behavioral factors likely associated with health, we showed that only BMI remained a significant predictor of type 2 diabetes. We further showed that older age, male gender, smoking, and sleep duration were also significant predictors of type 2 diabetes, other than BMI.Conclusions: Our findings underscore the relatively superior predictive efficacy of BMI beyond the other obesity indicators for type 2 diabetes risk. The results indicate that a comprehensive assessment, combined with secure BMI monitoring, is imperative for preventing and early detecting type 2 diabetes, especially in populations with multiple risk factors.

Baseline prevalence of hyperglycemia and its predictors among community clinic users of a selected rural area of Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study using the WHO PEN Protocol 1.

Our objective was to estimate the prevalence of hyperglycemia at baseline, and identify its predictors among community clinic (CC) users from a selected rural area of Bangladesh. This cross-sectional study partly used the baseline data of implementation research in which a total of 11,244 adults visited the CC, and their blood glucose, blood pressure and anthropometry were evaluated according to 'Action 2' of the World Health Organization (WHO) Package of Essential Noncommunicable Disease Interventions (PEN) protocol 1. Of these, 11,144 had complete information on demography, chronic diseases and their risk factors, which were collected during the implementation of 'Action 1' of WHO PEN protocol 1 at the household level. Hyperglycemia, prediabetes (PreD) and type 2 diabetes were diagnosed using the WHO criteria. Using WHO PEN protocol 1, the estimated baseline prevalence was 12.5% for hyperglycemia, 3.4% for PreD and 9.2% for type 2 diabetes, and was more prevalent among men compared with women. PreD and type 2 diabetes had significantly higher odds ratio (OR >1) of having common risk factors as follows: age ≥40 years (PreD, P < 0.001; type 2 diabetes, P < 0.001), generalized obesity (PreD, P < 0.001; type 2 diabetes, P = 0.005) and hypertension (PreD, P < 0.000; type 2 diabetes, P < 0.001). Furthermore, participants with a family history of diabetes appeared to be a significant predictor of type 2 diabetes (P < 0.001), but not for PreD (P = 0.303). Hyperglycemia, preD and type 2 diabetes showed a comparatively high prevalence among the CC users of the selected rural area. Obesity and hypertension are the key modifiable risk factors that should be reduced using a CC-centered risk reduction strategy.

Dynamic changes in prevalence of type 2 diabetes along with associated factors in Bangladesh: Evidence from two national cross-sectional surveys (BDHS 2011 and BDHS 2017–18)

Background and aimsPrevalence of type 2 diabetes has been rising rapidly especially in low- and middle-income countries. The purpose of this study is to analyze the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in 2011 and 2017–18, and the risk factors based on the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys (BDHS). MethodsThe study comprised of data from the BDHS 2011 and the BDHS 2017–18 with 7565 (50.6% female) and 12,299 respondents (56.9% female) respectively. The plasma blood glucose was classified into normal, pre-diabetes, and diabetes categories. While univariate analysis was performed to determine the data, Chi-square and gamma analyses were used for bivariate estimation of the correlation between diabetes status and other comorbidities. Multinomial and ordinal logistic regression were also performed to trace the link between diabetes and various risk factors. ResultsThe 2011 BDHS survey indicated that nearly half of the participants (47.6%) had pre-diabetic condition, while 10.2% were diagnosed with diabetes. On the other hand, the BDHS 2017-18 demonstrated that 28.6% and 8.6% of participants had pre-diabetes and diabetes, respectively. Results of inferential statistics showed that gender (p<0.05), age, wealth status, physical activity, BMI (p<0.01), and caffeinated beverages (p<0.05), were significantly linked with diabetes status. ConclusionAccording to our findings, older people and people with lower education are more likely to develop diabetes. BMIˏ Physically active, wealth status, diet and lifestyle were significant predictors of type 2 diabetes. Healthy lifestyle, physical activities, proper knowledge and awareness can reduce the risk of T2D.

Predictors and Associated Risk Factors of Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes is a worldwide growing metabolic disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Type 2 diabetes is one of the subclasses of diabetes mellitus which is more prevalent than the other classes of diabetes approximately accounting for 90% of cases and if not diagnosed and managed timely can lead to quite serious complications. The development of type 2 diabetes is associated with both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. The purpose of this research is to review the available information about the predictors and associated risk factors of development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. As a global epidemic and a major threat to the global economy, type 2 diabetes is high on the international health agenda. Insulin resistance and cellular dysfunction are strongly influenced by both genes and nature. Since genetic factors are uncontrollable, modifiable risk factors must be controlled to prevent type 2 diabetes. Old age, obesity, physical inactivity, smoking is among the major predictors and risk factors of type 2 diabetes also individuals having family history of diabetes are an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Metabolic syndrome is also considered a significant predictor of type 2 diabetes. Women who suffered from gestational diabetes as well as their children, are also at greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Literature has revealed the potential predictors and risk factors of type 2 diabetes, which can help predict and diagnose the risk of diabetes even before symptoms develop. The risk of type 2 diabetes can be reduced by adopting a healthy lifestyle for which awareness campaigns and seminars can be beneficial in educating the public.

Importance of serum phosphate in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUNDMetabolic disturbances including changes in serum calcium, magnesium or phosphate (P) influence the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). We assessed the importance of serum P in elderly patients with type 2 DM vs non-diabetes mellitus (non-DM) in relation to renal function.AIMTo determine the association between serum P and serum glucose or insulin resistance in diabetic and non-diabetic patients.METHODSOne hundred-ten subjects with a mean age of 69.02 ± 14.3 years were enrolled. Twenty-nine of the participants had type 2 DM (26.4%). The incidence of hypertension, smoking and receiving vitamin D (vitD) derivates were recorded. The participants were classified by both estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria categories according to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes 2012 criteria.RESULTSWe divided the patients in two groups according to the P cut-off point related to DM value. A comparison between high and low P showed that body mass index 30.2 ± 6.3 vs 28.1 ± 4.6 (P = 0.04), mean glucose 63.6 vs 50.2 (P = 0.03), uric acid 6.7 ± 1.6 vs 6.09 ± 1.7 (P = 0.05), mean intact-parathyroid hormone 68.06 vs 47.4 (P = 0.001), systolic blood pressure 147.4 ± 16.7 vs 140.2 ± 16.1 (P = 0.02), mean albuminuria 63.2 vs 50.6 (P = 0.04) and eGFR 45.6 ± 22.1 vs 55.4 ± 21.5 (P = 0.02) were significantly different. χ2 tests showed a significant association between high P and DM, hypertension, receiving vitD, smoking and eGFR stage (χ2 = 6.3, P = 0.01, χ2 = 3.9, P = 0.03, χ2 = 6.9, P = 0.009, χ2 = 7.04, P = 0.01 and χ2 = 7.36, P = 0.04, respectively). The adjusted model showed that older age, female gender and increased body mass index were significant predictors of type 2 DM when entering the covariates.CONCLUSIONHigh serum P contributes to vascular and metabolic disturbances in elderly patients with type 2 DM and renal impairment.

Type 2 Diabetes Genetic Risk Scores Are Associated With Increased Type 2 Diabetes Risk Among African Americans by Cardiometabolic Status.

The relationship between genetic risk variants associated with glucose homeostasis and type 2 diabetes risk has yet to be fully explored in African American populations. We pooled data from 4 prospective studies including 4622 African Americans to assess whether β-cell dysfunction (BCD) and/or insulin resistance (IR) genetic variants were associated with increased type 2 diabetes risk. The BCD genetic risk score (GRS) and combined BCD/IR GRS were significantly associated with increased type 2 diabetes risk. In cardiometabolic-stratified models, the BCD and IR GRS were associated with increased type 2 diabetes risk among 5 cardiometabolic strata: 3 clinically healthy strata and 2 clinically unhealthy strata. Genetic risk scores related to BCD and IR were associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes in African Americans. Notably, the GRSs were significant predictors of type 2 diabetes among individuals in clinically normal ranges of cardiometabolic traits.

Childhood and Youth Onset Diabetes: A Single Centre Experience.

To identify proportion of various types of diabetes and differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes in patients with youth onset diabetes (onset below 25 completed years of age). In addition, concurrent autoimmune diseases in type 1 diabetes were studied in a subset of patients. A total of 577 patients (192 girls) with diabetes onset at median age of 14y (range 1mo-25y) with median duration of 1y (range day of diagnosis- 43y) were included. Clinical details, investigations and complications were recorded in a proforma. Diabetes was classified using clinical criteria supported by laboratory tests of C peptide and anti GAD-65 antibody in a subset of patients. Type 1 diabetes accounted for 368/421 (87.4%) patients with age of onset <18y and 99/156 (63.5%) of patients with onset between 19 and 25y of age. Proportion of type 2 diabetes was 36/421 (8.5%) and 41/156 (26.2%) in these two groups. Older age at onset, diabetes in one or both parents, absence of ketosis /weight loss and presence of acanthosis were significant predictors of type 2 diabetes. Hypothyroidism (TSH >10) and biopsy proven celiac disease was found in 11.6 and 9.7% of type 1 diabetes patients respectively. Type 1 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes in youth, however, a significant proportion of youth have type 2 diabetes. In these patients a combination of clinical factors, biochemical parameters and course over few months helps to guide the diagnosis.

Casual serum triglyceride as a predictor of premature type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 8-year cohort study of middle-aged Japanese workers.

The utility of casual serum triglyceride (TG) as a predictor of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is unclear, especially during the most productive years. Participants were 3271 workers (913 men and 2358 women, age 20-57) without DM at baseline. They underwent consecutive annual medical check-ups for 8years. The association between newly diagnosed DM and casual serum TG level was determined by classifying the participants into 4 groups according to casual serum TG level at baseline: below 50mg/dL (group A), 50-100mg/dL (group B), 100-150mg/dL (group C), and ≥150mg/dL (group D). The effects of casual serum TG level in combination with sex, obesity, or serum glucose level on newly diagnosed DM were also evaluated. A total of 222 newly diagnosed type 2 DM cases with a mean age of 50 years old were observed during the follow-up period, i.e., 10/406 in group A, 66/1534 in group B, 58/712 in group C, and 88/619 in group D. Compared with group A, the odds ratio (ORs) for newly diagnosed DM (after adjusting for DM-associated factors) was found to increase with casual serum TG level: 1.38 (group B), 1.79 (group C), and 2.36 (group D). Moreover, the OR for newly diagnosed DM was higher in participants with high casual serum TG levels who were also male (OR 2.46), obese (OR 4.18), or had a high serum glucose level (OR 6.96) than in the reference group. Serum TG level ≥150mg/dL when fasting or nonfasting is a significant predictor of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged Japanese workers.

Hypertension is an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes: the Korean genome and epidemiology study.

Hypertension and diabetes share common risk factors and frequently co-occur. Although high blood pressure (BP) was reported as a significant predictor of type 2 diabetes, little is known about this association in Korea. This study investigated the relationship of prehypertension and hypertension with type 2 diabetes in 7150 middle-aged Koreans, as well as the effect of BP control on diabetes development over 8 years. At 8 years, 1049 (14.7%) of the 7150 participants had newly developed diabetes, including 11.2, 16.7 and 21.5% of baseline normotensive, prehypertensive and hypertensive subjects, respectively. The overall incidence rate of diabetes was 22.3 events per 1000 person-years. Subjects with baseline prehypertension (hazard ratio (HR), 1.27; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.09–1.48) and hypertension (HR 1.51; 95% CI, 1.29–1.76) were at higher risk of diabetes than normotensive subjects after controlling for potential confounders (P-value for trend <0.001). These associations persisted even when subjects were stratified by baseline glucose status, sex and body mass index (BMI). The risk of diabetes was significantly higher in subjects who had normal BP at baseline and progressed to prehypertention or hypertension at 8 years (HR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.20–1.83) than those with controlled BP, but these associations were not observed in subjects with baseline prehypertension and hypertension. These findings showed that prehypertension and hypertension are significantly associated with the development of diabetes, independent of baseline glucose status, sex and BMI. Active BP control reduced incident diabetes only in normotensive individuals, suggesting the need for early BP management.

Regardless of central obesity, metabolic syndrome is a significant predictor of type 2 diabetes in Japanese Americans.

Aims/IntroductionThe impact of metabolic syndrome (MetS) on the development of type 2 diabetes has been reported in different ethnic populations. However, whether central obesity is an essential component as a diagnostic criterion for MetS remains a controversial topic. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between MetS and the incidence of type 2 diabetes with or without central obesity in a Japanese American population.Materials and MethodsWe examined whether MetS predicts incident type 2 diabetes among 928 Japanese American participants who did not have diabetes enrolled in an ongoing medical survey between 1992 and 2007. MetS was defined on the basis of American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute criteria. The average follow-up period was approximately 6.8 years.ResultsDuring the follow-up period, 116 new cases of diabetes were diagnosed. Compared to the participants without MetS, the hazard ratio (HR) for incident type 2 diabetes was significantly higher in participants with MetS, after adjustment for sex, age and impaired glucose tolerance (HR 1.64, 95% CI 1.11–2.42). The risk of type 2 diabetes was found to be significantly higher in participants with MetS but without central obesity (HR 2.07, 95% CI 1.25–3.41), as well as in participants with MetS and with central obesity (HR 2.46, 95% CI 1.51–4.01) than in participants with neither MetS nor central obesity, after adjustment for sex, age and impaired glucose tolerance.ConclusionsThese results show that the presence of MetS, with or without central obesity, could independently predict the development of type 2 diabetes in Japanese Americans.

Predicción del tipo de experiencia sexual en función de variables psicológicas y sociodemográficas en adolescentes panameños

El objetivo de este estudio es establecer un modelo predictivo del tipo de experiencia sexual, a traves de la evaluacion de una serie de variables psicologicas y sociodemograficas. La muestra, representativa de la poblacion de adolescentes escolarizados de Chiriqui (Panama), esta formada por 1.897 adolescentes de ambos sexos, de edades comprendidas entre los 14 y los 18 anos (M = 16.25; DT = 1.47). Los resultados mostraron que existen diferencias significativas en las variables evaluadas en funcion del tipo de experiencia sexual. Ademas, el sexo, la religion, el nivel de estudios del padre, el locus de control interno, la autoeficacia, la comunicacion con la madre, la comunicacion con amigos y la susceptibilidad, resultaron ser variables predictoras del tipo de experiencia sexual.

High-normal blood pressure and long-term risk of type 2 diabetes: 35-year prospective population based cohort study of men

BackgroundThe link between type 2 diabetes and hypertension is well established and the conditions often coexist. High normal blood pressure, defined by WHO-ISH as systolic blood pressure (SBP) 130–139 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) 85–89 mm Hg, has been found to be an independent predictor for type 2 diabetes in studies, although with relatively limited follow-up periods of approximately 10 years. The aim of this study was to investigate whether hypertension, including mildly elevated blood pressure within the normal range, predicted subsequent development of type 2 diabetes in men over an extended follow-up of 35 years.MethodsData were derived from the Gothenburg Primary Prevention Study where a random sample of 7 494 men aged 47–55 years underwent a baseline screening investigation in the period 1970–1973. A total of 7 333 men were free from previous history of diabetes at baseline. During a 35-year follow-up diabetes was identified through the Swedish hospital discharge and death registries. The cumulative risk of diabetes adjusted for age and competing risk of death was calculated. Using Cox proportional hazard models we calculated the multiple adjusted hazard ratios (HR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) for diabetes at different blood pressure levels.ResultsDuring a 35-year follow-up, 956 men (13%) were identified with diabetes. The 35-year cumulative risk of diabetes after adjusting for age and competing risk of death in men with SBP levels <130 mm Hg, 130–139 mm Hg, 140–159 mm Hg and ≥160 mm Hg were 19%, 30%, 31% and 49%, respectively. The HR for diabetes adjusted for age, body mass index (BMI), cholesterol, antihypertensive treatment, smoking, physical activity and occupation were 1.43 (95% CI 1.12-1.84), 1.43 (95% CI 1.14-1.79) and 1.95 (95% CI 1.55-2.46) for men with SBP 130–139 mm Hg, 140–159 mm Hg, and ≥ 160 mm Hg, respectively (reference; SBP<130 mm Hg).ConclusionIn this population, at mid-life, even high-normal SBP levels were shown to be a significant predictor of type 2 diabetes, independently of BMI and other conventional type 2 diabetes risk factors over an extended follow-up.

Insulin resistance, beta cell dysfunction and visceral adiposity as predictors of incident diabetes: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) Family study.

Central obesity, insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction are independent risk factors for incident type 2 diabetes, although few studies have used detailed measures of these disorders. Our objective was to study the association of directly measured visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue (VAT, SAT), insulin sensitivity (S (I)) and the acute insulin response (AIR) with incident type 2 diabetes. Participants were 1,230 Hispanic-Americans and African-Americans in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) Family Study who were free of type 2 diabetes at baseline (2000-2002). S (I) and AIR were determined from frequently sampled IVGTTs with minimal model analysis. VAT and SAT were determined by computed tomography. Impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes were defined according to American Diabetes Association criteria. Incident type 2 diabetes was diagnosed in 90 participants after 5 years. After adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, centre, impaired fasting glucose, triacylglycerol, HDL-cholesterol and systolic BP, both S(I) and AIR were inversely associated with type 2 diabetes (S (I), OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.39-0.73; AIR, OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.14-0.34 per SD; both p < 0.001), while both VAT and SAT were positively associated with type 2 diabetes (VAT, OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.22-2.33; SAT, OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.13-1.99; both p < 0.01). In a model including all four factors, S (I) and AIR (S (I), OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.37-0.80; AIR, OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.13-0.33; both p < 0.01) were significant predictors of type 2 diabetes, although associations with VAT and SAT were no longer significant. A significant sex x VAT interaction indicated a stronger association of VAT with type 2 diabetes in women than in men. Insulin resistance, beta cell dysfunction and VAT predicted incident type 2 diabetes, with evidence of a stronger association of VAT with type 2 diabetes among women.

Parental history of Type 2 diabetes in patients with nonaffective psychosis

Introduction We attempted to replicate two previous studies which found an increased risk of diabetes in the relatives of schizophrenia probands. Methods N = 34 patients with newly-diagnosed nonaffective psychosis and N = 52 non-psychiatric controls were interviewed for parental history of Type 2 diabetes. Results In a logistic regression model that included multiple potential confounders, psychosis was a significant predictor of Type 2 diabetes in either parent ( p < 0.04). Discussion We found an increased prevalence of Type 2 diabetes in the parents of nonaffective psychosis subjects. This association may be due to shared environmental or genetic risk factors, or both.

Adiposity Compared With Physical Inactivity and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women

The relative contribution of adiposity and physical inactivity to the risk of developing type 2 diabetes remains controversial. We prospectively examined the individual and joint association of obesity and physical activity with the development of type 2 diabetes in 68,907 female nurses who had no history of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or cancer at baseline. Adiposity was measured by BMI and waist circumference. Physical activity was assessed through average hours of moderate or vigorous exercise and computation of an MET score. We documented 4,030 incident cases of type 2 diabetes during 16 years of follow-up (from 1986 to 2002). In a multivariate model including age, smoking, and other diabetes risk factors, risk of type 2 diabetes increased progressively with increasing BMI (P < 0.001) and waist circumference (P < 0.001) and with decreasing physical activity levels (P < 0.001). In joint analyses of BMI and physical activity, using women who had a healthy weight (BMI < 25 kg/m(2)) and were physically active (exercise > or = 21.8 MET h/week) as the reference group, the relative risks of type 2 diabetes were 16.75 (95% CI 13.99-20.04) for women who were obese (BMI > or = 30 kg/m(2)) and inactive (exercise < 2.1 MET h/week), 10.74 (8.74-13.18) for women who were active but obese, and 2.08 (1.66-2.61) for women who were lean but inactive. In combined analyses of waist circumference and physical activity, both variables were significant predictors of type 2 diabetes, but the association for waist circumference was substantially stronger than that for physical inactivity. Obesity and physical inactivity independently contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes; however, the magnitude of risk contributed by obesity is much greater than that imparted by lack of physical activity.

Relative role of major risk factors for Type 2 diabetes development in the historical cohort of the Brisighella Heart Study: an 8‐year follow‐up

The aim of this study was to evaluate and quantify the role of different risk factors in the long-term development of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in a rural Italian population. The Brisighella Heart Study (BHS; 1972-2003) is a prospective, population-based longitudinal epidemiological cohort involving 2939 randomly selected subjects, aged 14-84 years, resident in the rural Italian town of Brisighella. For this study, we randomly selected 1441 adult subjects representative of the Brisighella population; consecutively visited during three BHS surveys. A step-wise Cox regression analysis determined the prognostic significance of each independent risk factor for the development of Type 2 diabetes in the 8-year long follow-up. Blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, physical activity, total energy intake, and drug treatment had no effect on the incidence of diabetes. Age was a significant predictor of Type 2 diabetes when inserted alone in the model (P = 0.007), but irrelevant when adjusted for baseline body mass index (BMI) and or fasting plasma glucose. Among these with impaired fasting glucose (IFG), the diabetes incidence/year was estimated to be 6.6% for men and 11.2% for women (P < 0.001). Basal glycaemia under 6.1 mmol/l were not significant long-term predictors of diabetes development, while higher basal glycaemia and each level BMI were. Our findings confirm that IFG and BMI predict Type 2 diabetes development in our population. This should help to identify effective approaches to prevention.

The Role of Memory Strategies in Medication Adherence Among the Elderly

ABSTRACT Research shows that older adults use memory strategies as a compensatory mechanism for coping with age-related memory loss. This research investigated the type of memory strategies used by older adults living independently in the community in adhering to their prescription medications. Older adults reported greater use of internal memory strategies and a preference for event-based over time-based prescription medication instructions. Depression and memory anxiety were significant predictors of type of medication adherence strategies used among the elderly. Health status and social support were not major determinants of the type of medication adherence strategy used.

Predictive Characteristics of Type A Behavior Among Working Men and Women

This study examined which motivation needs and job variables are associated with Type A/B behavior pattern for working women and men, and to what degree, if any, can these variables be used as predictors of Type A/B behavior pattern for each sex. Subjects were 797 working men and women (female, n= 439; male, n= 358) in 34 organizations in a metropolitan city in the West. Results showed that for both Type A women and men, the most significant factors were high levels of need for power, job commitment and hierarchical position. Job satisfaction was a significant predictor of Type B behavior pattern for both sexes. Need for achievement was a significant predictor of Type A behavior pattern for women but not for men. Age, working for a profit or nonprofit company, and level of education were significant predictors of Type A/B behavior for men but were not important contributors for women. Substantial differences between managers and nonmanagers were reported both within and between genders.