Significant Increase In Thickness Research Articles

Efficacy of the Sausage Technique in Rebuilding the Crestal Buccal Bone Thickness: A Retrospective Analysis.

The goal was to evaluate the efficacy of the sausage technique in reconstructing the crestal buccal bone thickness, focusing on the distribution shape of the regenerated volume. Ten implants were placed in five patients with Cawood-Howell class IV defects. A cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) was executed at T0 (before surgery). Guided bone regeneration (GBR) with the sausage technique utilized a resorbable collagen membrane, made of a 50% autologous bone and a 50% anorganic bovine bone matrix (ABBM) mixture. After 6 months, a CBCT (T1) was performed before implant placement. Using CBCT software, a plane parallel to the implant axis intersected perpendicular planes every 1.5 mm from the crest level. T0 and T1 CBCT sections were analyzed, yielding 140 measurements. Statistical analysis via SPSS revealed a significant increase in thickness (average 2.82 ± 1.79 mm). Maximum gains occurred at 4.5 mm from the coronal crest line (3.8 ± 1.51 mm). The GBR sausage technique was effective with minimal post-operative complications, yielding the biggest gain at the mid-ridge sagittal area. Within the analysis limitations, it can be assumed that the sausage technique is effective for horizontal GBR in the maxilla, but a lesser volume might be achieved at the crestal level because it seems to follow a bowed regeneration shape.

Type 17 immune response promotes oral epithelial cell proliferation in periodontitis

ObjectivesThis study aims to investigate the effects of type 17 immune response on the proliferation of oral epithelial cells in periodontitis. DesignA time-dependent ligature induced periodontitis mouse model was utilized to explore gingival hyperplasia and the infiltration of interleukin 17A (IL-17A) positive cells. Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry were employed to determine the localization and expression of IL-17A in the ligature induced periodontitis model. A pre-existing single-cell RNA sequencing dataset, comparing individuals affected by periodontitis with healthy counterparts, was reanalyzed to evaluate IL-17A expression levels. We examined proliferation markers, including proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3), Yes-associated protein (YAP), and c-JUN, in the gingival and tongue epithelium of the periodontitis model. An anti-IL-17A agent was administered daily to observe proliferative changes in the oral mucosa within the periodontitis model. Cell number quantification, immunofluorescence, and western blot analyses were performed to assess the proliferative responses of human normal oral keratinocytes to IL-17A treatment in vitro. ResultsThe ligature induced periodontitis model exhibited a marked infiltration of IL-17A-positive cells, alongside significant increase in thickness of the gingival and tongue epithelium. IL-17A triggers the proliferation of human normal oral keratinocytes, accompanied by upregulation of PCNA, STAT3, YAP, and c-JUN. The administration of an anti-IL-17A agent attenuated the proliferation in oral mucosa. ConclusionsThese findings indicate that type 17 immune response, in response to periodontitis, facilitates the proliferation of oral epithelial cells, thus highlighting its crucial role in maintaining the oral epithelial barrier.

Valorization of agricultural residues in the development of biodegradable active packaging films

The demand for sustainable and biodegradable packaging has urged the use of agricultural wastes in food packaging. Agricultural residues are good and cheap sources of biopolymers which are the major materials required for development of biodegradable films. These residues are generally subjected to the extraction of biopolymers which are further utilized for the preparation of biodegradable films. In the present research, orange peels were directly utilized for the development of biodegradable packaging films. Wheat straw and rice husk in different concentrations (i.e. 0%, 3%, 6%, 9% and 12%) were used as reinforcement material/filler in orange peel films. The effect of fillers on mechanical (thickness, tensile strength & elongation at break), structural (FTIR, SEM), optical, water barrier (WVP, water solubility, swelling index) active (DPPH antioxidant and antimicrobial activity) and biodegradation properties was evaluated. The results reported a significant increase in thickness, tensile strength and opacity in reinforced films compared to native orange peel films. However, the tensile properties increased upto 6% and decreased above this concentration due to agglomeration of filler particles in film matrix. Moisture contents, swelling index, solubility, WVP, biodegradability and elongation at break decreased with increasing filler concentration. FTIR results showed physical interaction between film components and fillers. SEM results revealed that the films reinforced with wheat straw and rice husk showed rough surface. Moreover, reinforcement also improved the active properties of orange peel films. RH and WS being rich sources of bioactive compounds, significantly enhanced DPPH scavenging activity and TPC. All films showed a clear inhibition against E. coli and S. aureus.

Comparison of ultrasonography-based masticatory muscle thickness between temporomandibular disorders bruxers and temporomandibular disorders non-bruxers

To compare masticatory muscle thickness in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) during rest and clenching, and by body position, using ultrasonography. This prospective study included 96 patients with TMD (67 females, 29 males; mean age: 40.41 ± 17.88 years): group 1, comprising 66 patients with TMD without bruxism (TMD_nonbruxer), and group 2, comprising 30 patients with concurrent TMD and bruxism (TMD_bruxer). In patients with TMD, bruxism was correlated with the presence of tinnitus, muscle stiffness, sleep problems, psychological stress, and restricted mouth opening. The masseter muscle significantly thickened during clenching (11.16 ± 3.03 mm vs 14.04 ± 3.47 mm, p < 0.001), whereas the temporalis muscle showed no significant increase in thickness from resting to clenching in an upright position (7.91 ± 1.98 vs 8.39 ± 2.08, p = 0.103). Similarly, during clenching in the supine position, the masseter muscle was significantly thicker compared with rest (11.24 ± 2.42 vs 13.49 ± 3.09, p < 0.001), but no significant difference was observed in temporal muscle thickness (8.21 ± 2.16 vs 8.43 ± 1.94, p = 0.464). In comparison between two groups, the average thickness of the masseter muscle was greater among TMD_bruxers than among TMD_nonbruxers in both the upright and supine positions (all p < 0.05). In the generalized lineal model, female sex (B = − 1.018, 95% confidence interval [CI] − 1.855 to − 0.181, p = 0.017) and bruxism (B = 0.868, 95% CI 0.567 to 1.169, p = 0.048) significantly predicted changes in masseter muscle thickness. Female sex (B = − 0.201, 95% CI − 0.299 to − 0.103, p = 0.011), increased age (B = − 0.003, 95% CI − 0.005 to 0.000, p = 0.038), and muscle stiffness (B = − 1.373, 95% CI − 2.369 to − 0.376, p = 0.007) were linked to decreased temporal muscle thickness. Comparing TMD nonbruxer and bruxer muscle thicknesses in upright and supine positions revealed significant increased thickness in the masseter muscle during clenching but not in the temporalis muscle. Masseter muscle thickness varied significantly by sex, body position, and resting/clenching, notably influenced by bruxism. These findings emphasize the relevance of these factors in clinical examinations of patients with TMD.

Использование новых кормовых добавок из местных растительных ресурсов в рационах кур-несушек

Purpose. To establish the effect of extruded grain of amaranth (Amaranthus hybridus chlorostachys) with and without the addition of a complex of enzymes, sunflower polysaccharide extract (hereinafter referred to as SPE), sunflower and pumpkin fuses in combination with bischofite on economic, biological, hematological indicators and the immune status of laying hens. Materials and Methods. The experiment was carried out on laying hens of the industrial herd of the Hayseks brown cross at the breeding enterprise of the Volgograd region of the Svetloyarsky district on the basis of Agricultural enterprise "Svetly" JSC "Agrofirm Vostok". Blood biochemical parameters were determined according to the methods of JSC "Deacon-DS" using the appropriate set of biochemical reagents on automatic biochemical analyzers URIT-800Vet, URIT-3020, other studies – on certified equipment in the complex analytical laboratory of VRIMMP (Volgograd, Russia). The obtained results were processed using software, calculating the mean value (M), standard errors of the mean value (±SEM) and determination of the Student-Fisher test for the significance of the difference. Results. The positive dynamics of cholesterol reduction by 6.87% was proved with the addition of 10% amaranth and by 9.86% with the addition of 10% amaranth and 250 g/t of the multienzyme complex. The use of sunflower polysaccharide extract in feeding laying hens – a by-product of sunflower oil production – in the amount of 3; 5 and 7% contributed to an increase in the yield of hatching eggs, respectively, by 88, 239 and 149 pcs. regarding control, increase in the intensity of egg production, feed conversion. The highest efficiency in the production of hatching eggs was achieved when using sunflower polysaccharide extract at a dosage of 5.0% in the diet structure. A significant increase in the productivity of chickens of all experimental groups by a value of 2.00 to 3.94% (P≤0.001) was established with the addition of pumpkin, sunflower phosphatides and bischofite, while the upper value was recorded with the addition of sunflower phosphatides and bischofite. The addition of pumpkin phosphatides contributed to the greatest increase in the weight of the laid egg relative to the control by 2.7 g (4.38%). Feeding both types of phosphatides contributed to the economy of feed, lowering cholesterol levels by 2 to 3.6%. The use of bischofite was manifested in a significant increase in the thickness of the shell, respectively, by a value from 13.0 to 21.2 microns. Conclusion. The greatest reduction in cholesterol levels (by 9.86%) and efficiency in the production of eggs was achieved with the addition of 10% amaranth and 250 g/t of the multi-enzyme complex. The best economic and biological indicators of poultry were recorded when using sunflower polysaccharide extract at a dosage of 5.0% in the diet structure. The addition of sunflower phosphatides in the amount of 3% and 2.6% bischofite contributed to a significant increase in the productivity of chickens by 3.94% (P≤0.001). The addition of pumpkin phosphatides contributed to the greatest increase in the weight of the laid egg relative to the control by 2.7 g (4.38%). The inclusion of bischofite in the diet of laying hens resulted in a significant increase in shell thickness by 13.0 to 21.2 µm.

Longitudinal Pattern of Lymphedema and Fibrosis in Patients With Oral Cavity or Oropharyngeal Cancer: A Prospective Study

PurposeThe study aimed to describe the prevalence, severity, and trajectory of internal lymphedema, external lymphedema, and fibrosis in patients with oral cavity or oropharyngeal (OCOP) cancer. Methods and Materials120 patients with newly diagnosed OCOP cancer were enrolled in a prospective longitudinal study. Recruitment was conducted at a comprehensive medical center. Participants were assessed at pre-treatment, end-of-treatment, 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month post-cancer treatment. Validated clinician-reported measures and CT imaging were used to assess the study outcomes. Results76 patients who completed the 9- or 12-month assessments were included in this report. 1) External lymphedema and fibrosis trajectories: The total severity score peaked between end-of-treatment and 3 months post-treatment; reduced gradually over time but did not return to baseline by 12 months post-treatment (p < .001). The longitudinal patterns of severity scores for patients treated with surgery only or with multimodality therapy were similar. 2) Internal swelling trajectories: All patients demonstrated a significant increase in sites with swelling immediately post-treatment. For patients treated with surgery only, swelling was minimal and returned to baseline by 9- to 12 months post-treatment. Patients receiving multi-modal treatment demonstrated a gradual decrease in number of sites with swelling during the 12-month post-treatment period yet remained significantly above baseline (p < .05). 3) CT imaging: Different patterns of changes in prevertebral soft tissue and epiglottic thickness were observed in the surgery-only and multimodality treatment groups during the 12-month post-treatment period. There were minimal changes in thickness in either region in the surgery-only group. Patients with multi-modal treatment had significant increases in thickness in both regions 3 months post-treatment which remained thicker at 12 months than it was at baseline (p <.001). ConclusionLymphedema and fibrosis are common complications of OCOP cancer therapy. Routine assessment, monitoring, and timely treatment of lymphedema and fibrosis are critical.

Depositing Layers of Nano Graphene on P-Type Silicon Substrate and Studying the Structural and Optical Properties

The present study involved the deposition of graphene films onto a silicon substrate of p-type using the Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) technique by varying the number of laser pulses (700, 600, and 500 pulses) at a fixed energy of 800 mj and a frequency of 6 Hz. The thickness of the prepared samples was calculated, revealing a significant increase in thickness (from 282 to 223 nm) attributed to the accumulation of material with increasing number of pulses. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of graphene samples showed an increase in both the degree of crystallinity and the intensity of the graphene peak with increasing number of pulses leading to an initial boost in crystalline growth. The utilization of (SEM) images, particularly in samples created with 700 pulses, they appear to be more extended and smoother, forming wavy surfaces. Furthermore, a discernible augmentation in the quantity of graphene atomic layers was seen from 80 to 116 in samples that underwent an increase in the number of pulses from 500 to 700. The observation revealed a distinct arrangement of the surface, where, these layers effectively covered the surface with a thickness measuring 115 nm. Furthermore, a noticeable variation in the surface morphology of the deposited samples was also observed with increasing number of pulses. FTIR spectra exhibited a conspicuous augmentation in the intensity of bands, particularly for the asymmetric and symmetric vibrations of the CH2 group, which manifest at wavenumbers of 2940 and 2890 cm-1, respectively, concomitant with an escalation in the number of laser pulses employed during the deposition procedure.

Evaluation of optic coherence tomography findings in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

BackgroundOcular complications are known to appear in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Among these, posterior segment complications can lead to substantial morbidity. The aim of the study is to evaluate the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL), and macula thickness measurement in patients with IBD. MethodsA total of 118 patients with IBD (42 Crohn's disease (CD), 76 ulcerative colitis (UC)) and 52 healthy subjects were included in the study. RNFL, GCIPL, and macula thickness were measured using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). ResultsThe central macular thickness was increased, mean and all superior quadrants of GCIPL thickness measurements were significantly decreased, but RNFL thickness wasn't changed in CD compared to healthy subjects. Although the central macular thickness increased, no change was observed in mean RNFL and GCIPL in UC compared to healthy subjects. Mean RNFL, GCIPL, and macular thickness did not differ during the remission and active phases of the disease in IBD. There was no difference in RNFL, GCIPL, and macular thicknesses in CD patients in terms of the location and behavior of the disease. A significant thickness increase was found in extensive type UC for inferior RNFL value compared to the left side and proctitis. ConclusionsIBD may cause an increase in macular thickness. This finding may be related to the inflammation or ischemia of the retina. The use of SD-OCT in ophthalmologic examination in patients with IBD may enable early detection of retinal changes and alert the clinician to complications of IBD.

The Possible Effect of Grape Seed Extract on the Adrenal Cortex in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes in Male Albino Rats: A Histological Study

Abstract Introduction Induction of diabetes in rat models injected with streptozotocin (STZ) had led to increase activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis accompanied with hypercortisolism and adrenocortical growth. Proanthocyanidin, a grape seed extract (GSE) that was observed to have beneficial effect on different metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Aim To study the structural changes of the adrenal cortex in diabetic rats and the beneficial effect of GSE on the suprarenal cortical injury. Materials and methods 35 adult male albino rats were divided randomly into 4 groups. Group I (control). Group II (GSE), rats received GSE orally (200 mg/kg), daily for 21 days. Group III (STZ), rats were injected with STZ (40 mg/kg) given intraperitoneal once. Group IV (STZ + GSE), rats received STZ as in group III. After rats confirmed to be diabetic, they were treated with GSE as in group II. After 21 days, the adrenal glands from all groups were dissected and processed for light microscopic examination. Morphometric and statistical analysis were also done. Results H&amp;E stained section of Group III (STZ) showed increase in the capsular thickness and congested blood capillaries. Both zona glomerulosa &amp; zona fasciculata showed increased thickness with some cells appeared with vacuolated acidophilic cytoplasm while others were shrunken with closely packed pyknotic nuclei. Inflammatory cells infiltration was also observed. Moreover, silver stain showed focal significant increase in thickness of the capsule, dense trabeculae and dense irregular reticular fibers of the cortex. Meanwhile, immunohistochemical results showed significant increase in the reaction for caspase 3 antibodies. Group IV (STZ + GSE) showed restoration of the cortical structure &amp; organization nearly similar to that of control group. Conclusion It can be considered that GSE might have a protective effect on the structure of diabetic rats’ adrenal gland.

Potential role of thoracolumbar fascia in younger middle-aged patients with chronic low back pain

Aim This study aimed to quantitatively assess the thickness of the thoracolumbar fascia (TLF) and lumbar multifidus muscle through ultrasound imaging in younger-middle aged individuals, both those experiencing chronic low back pain (LBP) and those without LBP. Additionally, the study sought to explore the potential significance of these anatomical structures in relation to clinical and sonographic findings. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted involving a cohort of 50 participants, divided into two groups: chronic LBP group (Group LBP, n = 30) and a group without LBP (Group control, n = 20). Participants from both groups underwent assessments pertaining to pain characteristics (intensity and quality), functional impairment, and kinesiophobia. The thicknesses of the thoracolumbar fascia and lumbar multifidus muscle were measured using ultrasonography. Results Among participants with chronic LBP, the thoracolumbar fascia displayed a statistically significant increase in thickness on the left side, whereas the lumbar multifidus muscle exhibited reduced thickness on the left side. Notably, positive correlations were observed between the thickness of the thoracolumbar fascia and scores from the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) for pain intensity (r = 0.472, p = 0.008) as well as the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) (r = 0.547, p = 0.002). Moreover, a positive correlation was established between the thickness of the lumbar multifidus muscle and the modified Schober test (r = 0.174, p = 0.040). However, the thickness of the lumbar multifidus muscle demonstrated a negative correlation with age (r = −0.304, p = 0.032). Multiple logistic regression analysis did not identify any significant predictors for the presence of LBP based on demographic or clinical variables. Conclusions Individuals afflicted with chronic LBP exhibited pronounced thickening of the thoracolumbar fascia and attenuation of the lumbar multifidus muscle in comparison to asymptomatic counterparts. Notably, increased thickness of the thoracolumbar fascia corresponded to heightened pain intensity, while reduction in lumbar multifidus muscle thickness was associated with decreased lumbar flexion ability. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating tailored regimens targeting both fascial and muscular components in the rehabilitation of individuals with LBP.

Corneal Biomechanical Evaluation After Meniscus-Shaped Stromal Lenticule Addition Keratoplasty (MS-SLAK) for Keratoconus.

To evaluate corneal biomechanical changes after meniscus-shaped stromal lenticule addition keratoplasty (MS-SLAK) performed for the treatment of keratoconus. This interventional study included patients affected by advanced keratoconus (stage III and IV) who underwent examination with a dynamic Scheimpflug analyzer and non-contact tonometer (Corvis ST; Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH) at baseline and 12 months after MS-SLAK. The biomechanical parameters evaluated in this study were integrated inverse radius (1/R), deformation amplitude ratio (DA ratio), stiffness parameter at first applanation (SP-A1), biomechanical intraocular pressure (bIOP), central corneal thickness (CCT), and stress-strain index (SSI). Sixteen patients were enrolled in the study. The analysis was ultimately conducted on 15 patients. Comparative analyses showed an increase in corneal stiffness as demonstrated by a rise in SSI (P < .0001) and SP-A1 (P < .0001) and a decrease in DA ratio (P < .0001) and 1/R (P = .01). A significant increase in CCT was found (P < .0001). No statistically significant modification was found for bIOP (P = .43). The corneal biomechanical analyses evaluated by the Corvis ST showed that MS-SLAK for advanced keratoconus is able to increase corneal overall stiffness. This result is explained by the significant increase in thickness induced by MS-SLAK. [J Refract Surg. 2023;39(7):499-504.].

Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan from Green Mussel Shells (Perna viridis): A Comparative Study.

Green mussel shells (Perna viridis) are generated in huge amounts and discarded as waste materials. Such waste may be used to produce biopolymer materials such as chitosan. The physicochemical properties of chitosan prepared from different sizes of green mussel shells (small size (CHS): ≤5.00 cm in length and big size (CHB): >5.01 cm in length) were characterized and compared with commercial chitosan (CH). Furthermore, the mechanical and physicochemical properties of the blended films were also investigated. The results of the physicochemical properties showed that CHS and CHB were quite different from CH. The degree of deacetylation of CHS, CHB, and CH was found to be 32.71%, 52.56%, and 70.42%, respectively (p < 0.05). The water- and fat-binding capacities of CH were higher than those of CHS and CHB. Structural differences between CHS, CHB, and CH were studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). Significant increases in thickness, water vapor permeability, and strength of the blended films were found when the extracted chitosan was added (p < 0.05). However, further study is needed to improve the chitosan extraction process, which can enhance the physicochemical properties of the obtained chitosan and be widely used in many industries.

P-333 Thin endometrium, randomised clinical trial using plasma rich in growth factors

Abstract Study question Does the use of platelet growth factors instilled into thin endometrium in oestrogen-replacement treatment cycles improve endometrial thickness? Summary answer The use of growth factors in thin endometrium improves endometrial growth What is known already Thin endometrium impairs implantation rates and IVF outcomes. To date there is no effective treatment to improve the proliferation. PRGF-Endoret is used in multiple clinical indications. The autologous collection of growth factors (PRGF), applied to the area to be treated, produces a controlled release of multiple molecules with regenerative capacity in the focus of the lesion. Study design, size, duration Prospective randomised clinical trial to determine the effects of PRGF-ENDORET therapy in patients with thin endometrium undergoing oestrogen treatment for embryo transfer. Twenty-two patients were included from March 2018 to May 2021. At the end of the trial, a complementary retrospective study was conducted analysing all the treatments of these patients without live birth(21) before and after participating in the study until December 2022. 15 embryotransfer in study group and 27 in control group. Participants/materials, setting, methods Patients of IVI Bilbao clinic with endometrium less than or equal to 5mm after 10 days of treatment. PRGF was prepared according to the PRGF-Endoret technique using the medical device developed by BTI Biotechnology Institute. The study group received three instillations of PRGF Endoret using a kitazato IUI cannula. The first instillation was performed with in situ activated coagulum and the 2nd and 3rd instillations with PRGF-rich supernatants that were previously stored at -20 °C. Main results and the role of chance The clinical trial showed a significant increase in endometrial thickness 1.3 ± 0.67 mm compared to the control group of 0.58 ± 0.51 mm. Prior to treatment the mean endometrial thickness was 4.29 ± 0.88 in the control group and 4.44 ± 0.40 in the study group. After randomisation the mean was 4.87 ± 0.76 in the control group and 5.74 ± 0.87 in the study group. 2 pregnancies only in the study group and 1 live birth. The retrospective study shows 0.7mm increase in mean endometrial thickness in the post-PRGF cycles in the study group patients. Of the 15 transfers that were performed a posteriori, there were implantation rate of 40% and a 20% live birth rate, 40% biochemical miscarriage and 20% clinical miscarriage, with a significant increase of 0.94mm compared to the endometrium of the instillation cycle. In the control group of patients who received a posteriori factors there was also a significant increase in thickness of 1.6mm compared to the study cycle with an implantation rate of 58.33% and a 33% live birth rate, 58.33 biochemical miscarriage and 25% clinical miscarriage. Comparing all the cycles of these patients before and after PRGF, no statistical significance was found, although there was an increase of 0.29mm. Limitations, reasons for caution The number of patients included was lower than initially planned, but once the statistical power was adjusted, its safety and efficacy was demonstrated. More studies should be done to demonstrate when to instil, how many times, when transfer, but it is clear that it is safe and effective. Wider implications of the findings The use of factors has been shown to increase endometrial thickness. It could be thought to open the door to favouring endometrial receptivity and therefore live birth. Trial registration number 2016-001716-38

On the Relations between Lithium-Ion Battery Reaction Entropy, Surface Temperatures and Degradation

Understanding and mitigating the degradation of batteries is important for financial as well as environmental reasons. Many studies look at cell degradation in terms of capacity losses and the mechanisms causing them. However, in this study, we take a closer look at how degradation affects heat sources in batteries, thereby requiring dynamic cooling strategies for battery systems throughout the battery life. In this work, we have studied and compared reversible (entropy-related) and non-reversible heat sources in a commercial LCO-graphite lithium-ion battery (LIB) alongside measuring the surface temperature as a function of the State of Health (SoH). In addition, we studied the effect of different thermal management strategies on both degradation and cooling efficiency. We found that entropic heating plays a major role in overall heat generation. This causes large variations in heat generation and battery temperature over both State of Charge (SoC) and charge versus discharge. The maximum battery temperature increases when the cell degrades as irreversible heat generation increases. Temperature variations over the cell thickness are substantial and increase drastically when the cell degrades. In addition, significant increases in thickness were observed as a result of cell degradation. Furthermore, cycling at elevated temperatures resulted in a larger thickness increase with significant gas production.

Mycophenolic acid directly protects podocytes by preserving the actin cytoskeleton and increasing cell survival

Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF) has an established role as a therapeutic agent in childhood nephrotic syndrome. While other immunosuppressants have been shown to positively affect podocytes, direct effects of MMF on podocytes remain largely unknown. The present study examines the effects of MMF’s active component Mycophenolic Acid (MPA) on the transcriptome of podocytes and investigates its biological significance. We performed transcriptomics in cultured murine podocytes exposed to MPA to generate hypotheses on podocyte-specific effects of MPA. Accordingly, we further analyzed biological MPA effects on actin cytoskeleton morphology after treatment with bovine serum albumin (BSA) by immunofluorescence staining, as well as on cell survival following exposure to TNF-α and cycloheximide by neutral red assay. MPA treatment significantly (adjusted p < 0.05) affected expression of 351 genes in podocytes. Gene Ontology term enrichment analysis particularly clustered terms related to actin and inflammation-related cell death. Indeed, quantification of the actin cytoskeleton of BSA treated podocytes revealed a significant increase of thickness and number of actin filaments after treatment with MPA. Further, MPA significantly reduced TNFα and cycloheximide induced cell death. MPA has a substantial effect on the transcriptome of podocytes in vitro, particularly including functional clusters related to non-immune cell dependent mechanisms. This may provide a molecular basis for direct beneficial effects of MPA on the structural integrity and survival of podocytes under pro-inflammatory conditions.

Enlarged rete pegs with excessive accumulation of melanosomes leading to darker aging spots revealed by histomorphological measurements of internal structures of the epidermis.

Various histological studies of facial pigmented spot sites such as solar lentigo have been reported, but few studies have used quantitative indices by histomorphometric analysis of the internal structure of pigmented spot sites using non-invasive methods. In the present study, to quantitatively elucidate morphological changes in the epidermis in male, darker-pigmented spots and female, light-pigmented spots, indices that characterize the internal structure of the epidermis in pigmented spot sites were measured using in vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The darkness of pigmented spots on the cheeks of 69 women and 43 men was analysed using image analysis software. The L* value was calculated from RGB values obtained from facial images. The internal structures of pigmented spots on the cheeks of 13 subjects were observed by CLSM. Various parameters were measured using CLSM images from the surface of the stratum corneum to the bottom of the dermal papillae, including the thickness of the epidermis, melanosome content, and shape of the dermal papillae. Mean ΔL* values between pigmented spots and non-pigmented areas of male subjects were significantly increased in the 40s and 50s compared with those of female subjects. Conspicuous pigmented spots increased in the 40s in male subjects and the 50s in female subjects. In CLSM observations, significant increases in the thickness of the epidermis and melanosome content were confirmed in pigmented spots compared with surrounding non-pigmented areas. In particular, melanosome content in the male subject group with dark-coloured pigmented spots increased significantly to about eight times that of non-pigmented areas, and more than double that of the male subject group with light-coloured pigmented spots. From the measurements of quantitative parameters, morphological changes in the epidermis were clearly related to the surface colour tone of pigmented spots. Darker pigmented spot sites tended to show longer rete pegs in the epidermis. Accumulation of melanosomes in epidermal basal cells could be considered to increase with the degree of elongation of rete pegs at pigmented spot sites and, thus, induce darker pigmented spots.

Pentacam corneal topography and densitometry features of PCOS patients

BackgroundTo evaluate corneal topography and densitometry features in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and compare them with healthy individuals.Methods53 eyes of 53 female patients diagnosed with PCOS and 53 eyes of 53 age-matched female volunteers were analyzed in the study. In addition to the detailed ophthalmological and gynecological examination, anterior segment analysis was performed using Pentacam. A complete analysis of aberrometric, keratometric, topometric, and, densitometric values between the groups was performed, and the results were outlined.ResultsAccording to the results, although Kmax-front, Kmean-front, ISV, IVA, IHA, BAD_D and PI-Avg values were slightly higher in PCOS group along with a slight thinning in the thinnest location, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups. Moreover, correlation analysis between PCOS clinical parameters and keratometric/topometric/aberrometric data were found to be almost normal. Yet, when Pentacam tomography maps of all cases are examined in detail, mild ectatic changes were observed in 5 cases in PCOS group. Furthermore, a significant increase in thickness across all densitometry values except anterior (10–12 mm), central (10–12 mm), and total (10–12 mm) was found in PCOS group.ConclusionsOur study showed that an intensification of corneal densitometry values ​​and various changes in keratometry data implying ectasia can be observed in patients with PCOS. Prospective studies with larger patient series are needed to reveal any potential relationship between PCOS and corneal abnormalities.

Comparative cytoarchitecture of the midbrain colliculi of defined age groups in the African giant pouched rat (Cricetomys gambianus)

Background: The rostral and caudal colliculi of mammalian midbrain are pivotal to vision and audition, respectively. Cytoarchitecture of these midbrain colliculi in neonate, juvenile and adult African giant pouched rats is dearth.&#x0D; Objective: This study compared the histology of the nuclei, neurons and laminations of the colliculi in these age groups.&#x0D; Methods: Thirty-six captive African giant pouched rats consisting of twelve neonates, juveniles and adults were used. Thickness of the histologic layers of the rostral colliculi and lengths of the central nucleus of the caudal colliculi were compared among the groups.&#x0D; Results: the rostral colliculus composed of an outermost stratum zonale, middle stratum griseum superficiale and innermost stratum griseum profundus; migratory immature neurons of radial glial cells were observed in the stratum zonale of neonates, which disappeared in juveniles and adults; the stratum griseum superficiale of neonates was characterized of already formed neurites, similar to those of the juveniles and adults. However, this layer in adults had more oligodendrocytes than in juveniles. There was significant increase in thickness of the stratum griseum superficiale and stratum griseum profundus, with increasing age (P &lt; 0.05). The caudal colliculus contained a central nucleus, dorsal and lateral cortices, with significant increase in the length of the central nucleus with increasing age (P &lt; 0.05); there was transformation of fibre shaft in the lateral cortex of neonates into a mixture of chain like and marshy matrix in the juveniles which completely disappeared in adults, indicative of mature lateral cortex in the later.&#x0D; Conclusion: The adult African giant pouched rat may have the best auditory and visual senses, followed by juvenile. The neonate has the least acuity of these senses.

Early patellofemoral cartilage and bone pathology in a rat model of noninvasive anterior cruciate ligament rupture

ABSTRACT Objective Anterior cruciate ligament rupture (ACLR) is a risk factor for the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). While PTOA in the tibiofemoral joint compartment is well-characterized, very little is known about pathology in the patellofemoral compartment after ACL injury. Here, we evaluated the extent to which ACLR induces early patellofemoral joint damage in a rat model. Methods Adult female Lewis rats were randomized to noninvasive ACLR or Sham. Two weeks post-injury, contrast-enhanced micro-computed tomography (µCT) of femoral and patellar cartilage was performed using 20% v/v ioxaglate. Morphometric parameters of femoral trochlear and patellar cartilage, subchondral bone, and trabecular bone were derived from µCT. Sagittal Safranin-O/Fast-Green-stained histologic sections were graded using the OARSI score in a blinded fashion. Results Cartilage and bone remodelling consistent with an early PTOA phenotype were observed in both femoral trochleas and patellae. ACLR caused osteophyte formation of the patella and pathology in the superficial zone of articular cartilage, including surface fibrillation, fissures, increased cellularity, and abnormal chondrocyte clustering. There were significant increases in thickness of patellar and trochlear cartilage. Loss of subchondral bone thickness, bone volume fraction, and tissue mineral density, as well as changes to patellar and trochlear trabecular microarchitecture, were indicative of catabolic bone remodelling. Several injury-induced changes, including increased cartilage thickness and trabecular spacing and decreased trabecular number were more severe in the patella compared to the trochlea. Conclusion The patellofemoral joint develops mild but evident pathology in the early period following ACL rupture, extending the utility of this model to the study of patellofemoral PTOA.

Class A Penicillin-Binding Protein C Is Responsible for Stress Response by Regulation of Peptidoglycan Assembly in Clavibacter michiganensis.

ABSTRACTThe cell wall peptidoglycan of bacteria is essential for their survival and shape development. The penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) are responsible for the terminal stage of peptidoglycan assembly. It has been shown that PBPC, a member of class A high-molecular-weight PBP, played an important role in morphology maintenance and stress response in Clavibacter michiganensis. Here, we reported the stress response strategies under viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state and revealed the regulation of peptidoglycan assembly by PBPC in C. michiganensis cells. Using atomic force microscopy imaging, we found that peptidoglycan of C. michiganensis cells displayed a relatively smooth and dense surface, whereas ΔpbpC was characterized by a “ridge-and-groove” surface, which was more distinctive after Cu2+ treatment. The peptidoglycan layer of wild type cells exhibited a significant increase in thickness and slight increase in cross-linkage following Cu2+ treatment. Compared with wild type, the thickness and cross-linkage of peptidoglycan decreased during log phase in ΔpbpC cells, but the peptidoglycan cross-linkage increased significantly under Cu2+ stress, while the thickness did not change. It is noteworthy that the above changes in the peptidoglycan layer resulted in a significant increase in the accumulation of amylase and exopolysaccharide in ΔpbpC. This study elucidates the role of PBPC in Gram-positive rod-shaped plant pathogenic bacterium in response to environmental stimuli by regulating the assembling of cell wall peptidoglycan, which is significant in understanding the survival of C. michiganensis under stress and the field epidemiology of tomato bacterial canker disease.IMPORTANCE Peptidoglycan of cell walls in bacteria is a cross-linked and meshlike scaffold that provides strength to withstand the external pressure. The increased cross-linkage in peptidoglycan and altered structure in VBNC cells endowed the cell wall more resistant to adversities. Here we systematically evaluated the stress response strategies in Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium C. michiganensis log phase cells and revealed a significant increase of peptidoglycan thickness and slight increase of cross-linkage after Cu2+ treatment. Most strikingly, knocking-out of PBPC leads to a significant increase in cross-linking of peptidoglycan in response to Cu2+ treatment. Understanding the stress resistance mechanism and survival strategy of phytopathogenic bacteria is the basis of exploring bacterial physiology and disease epidemiology.