Significant Increase In Prolactin Research Articles

Hormonal Dynamics in Response to Short-Term Hypoxia Exposure: Cortisol and Prolactin Regulation as Adaptive Mechanisms.

The better availability of altitude rooms in hotels and sports centers led to increased people speculating that "over-the-weekend" hypoxia might contribute to overall psychological and physical well-being. This study investigates the acute stress hormone response in management professionals following short-term exposure to normobaric hypoxia, amidst the increasing use of hypoxic conditions in stress-relief programs, which lack scientific validation. Twelve healthy male subjects, employees in management positions (mean age 34.72±7.43y), voluntarily agreed to participate in the within-subjects design study and were subjected to sleep and stay in normobaric hypoxia (simulating oxygen pressure at 2800m) twice, for at least 12h per exposure, over a total period of 48 hours to simulate popular "manager weekend hypoxia stays". The protocol included blood sampling 48 hours before intervention, on the morning of intervention, and immediately after finishing the hypoxia stay. We determined the concentrations of total testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S), prolactin, and cortisol. A significant increase in prolactin (p=0.021) and cortisol (p=0.039) concentrations and a decrease in DHEA-S to cortisol ratio (p=0.034) were observed. Short exposure to normobaric hypoxia induces alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and pituitary-gonadal axis showing significant stress response even though otherwise was expected due to participants' stressful jobs.

Enhancing oxytocin and prolactin levels to address oligogalactia through emotional management and massage in working mothers

Emotional management, combined with oxytocin massage and breast care, offers a comprehensive approach to boost prolactin release, enhance milk production, and improve breastfeeding outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of combining emotional management with oxytocin massage and breast care in increasing oxytocin and prolactin hormone levels to address oligogalactia in working postpartum mothers. A quasi-experimental study was conducted at Kudus Community Health Center, Kudus Regency, Central Java, Indonesia, from January to March 2024. A total of 93 postpartum mothers were randomly assigned to three groups: (1) emotional management with oxytocin massage; (2) emotional management with breast care; and (3) lactation education only. Blood samples were collected before and after the interventions to measure oxytocin and prolactin levels. The present study found that emotional management combined with oxytocin massage significantly increased oxytocin levels from 505.0±264.0 pg/mL to 600.0±231.3 pg/mL (mean difference: 103 pg/mL; p=0.002) and prolactin levels from 191.0±67.3 ng/mL to 233.0±86.8 ng/mL (mean difference: 27 ng/mL; p=0.001). The emotional management and breast care group showed a smaller increase in oxytocin (362.0±175.1 pg/mL to 418.0±185.1 pg/mL; mean difference: 23 pg/mL; p=0.048) and a significant increase in prolactin (195.0±48.8 ng/mL to 255.0±82.3 ng/mL; mean difference: 38 ng/mL; p=0.049). In contrast, the lactation education group showed no significant changes in oxytocin (p=0.756) or prolactin levels (p=0.341). In conclusion, emotional management combined with oxytocin massage significantly increased both oxytocin and prolactin levels, suggesting that integrating emotional management and oxytocin massage may be an effective strategy for postpartum lactation support.

The Effect of Antipsychotics on Prolactinoma Growth: A Radiological and Serological Analysis.

Many antipsychotic (AP) medications work by reducing dopamine levels. As hyperdopaminergia is known to cause psychosis, antipsychotics work to relieve these symptoms by antagonizing dopamine receptors and lowering dopamine levels. Dopamine is also a known negative modulator of the prolactin pathway, which allows for drug agents like dopamine agonists (DAs) to be incredibly effective in managing tumors that secrete excess prolactin (prolactinomas). While the effects of DAs on prolactinoma size and growth have been studied for decades, the effects of APs on prolactinoma size remain to be seen. We hope to investigate the effects of APs on prolactinomas by conducting a thorough PubMed search, including patients with diagnosed prolactinoma on concurrent AP therapy. Our search led to 27 studies with a total of 32 patients. We identified themes regarding seven antipsychotics: risperidone, haloperidol, amisulpride, thioridazine, aripiprazole, olanzapine, and clozapine. Risperidone, haloperidol, amisulpride, and thioridazine caused a significant increase in prolactin in most cases where they were used, and prolactin decreased after their discontinuation. For example, risperidone discontinuation resulted in a decrease in prolactin levels by an average of 66%, while haloperidol, amisulpride, and thioridazine discontinuation lowered prolactin by an average of 82%, 72%, and 89.7%, respectively. However, there were some exceptions in regard to risperidone, haloperidol, and thioridazine, where prolactin levels were not as severely affected. Aripiprazole, olanzapine, and clozapine all had significant reductions in prolactin levels when patients were switched from another antipsychotic, such as risperidone or haloperidol. The average percent decrease in prolactin when switched to aripiprazole was 67.65%, while it was 54.16% and 68% for olanzapine and clozapine, respectively. The effect of individual antipsychotics on prolactinoma size was difficult to ascertain, as imaging was not obtained (or indicated) after every antipsychotic switch, and many patients were taking dopamine agonists concurrently. Therefore, it would be difficult to ascertain which factor affected size more. Also, some patients received surgery or radiotherapy, which completely negated our ability to make any assertions about the effects of certain pharmacological agents. Although it is difficult to ascertain the role that antipsychotic medications play in the formation of prolactinoma, we have found that the cessation of certain antipsychotic medications may lead to a reduction in prolactin levels and possibly the presence of a measurable prolactinoma.

Omega 3 fatty acid improves sexual and erectile function in BPF-treated rats by upregulating NO/cGMP signaling and steroidogenic enzymes activities

Bisphenol F (BPF) is an environmental pollutant that has been implicated in sexual dysfunction. Omega 3 fatty acid (O3FA), on the other hand, is an antioxidant with the ability to improve fertility indices. However, no study has explored the possible ameliorative effect of O3FA on BPF-induced sexual dysfunction. Thus, the effect of BPF and/or O3FA on male sexual performance was investigated. Male Wistar rats were randomized into 6 groups, corn oil-treated, O3FA low and high dose (100 and 300 mg/kg), BPF-treated, BPF + O3FA low and BPF + O3FA high dose. BPF significantly impaired male sexual competence, evidenced by a reduction in motivation to mate, prolonged mount, intromission and ejaculation latency, and post-ejaculatory index. Furthermore, a reduction in mount, intromission, and ejaculation frequency were observed. Also, BPF caused a decrease in gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, nitric oxide (NO) cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD), dopamine, and acetylcholine esterase. Furthermore, it was accompanied by a significant increase in prolactin and estrogen and poor pregnancy outcomes. These observed BPF-led alterations were abolished by O3FA administration. This study showed that O3FA ameliorates BPF-induced sexual dysfunction by upregulating NO/cGMP signaling and steroidogenic enzymes activities.

FRI187 Increased Prolactin Secretion In Inferior Petrosal Sinus Sampling Following Desmopressin Administration In Patients With ACTH-Dependent Cushing’s Syndrome

Abstract Disclosure: M. Guay-Gagnon: None. N. Younes: None. A. La Fontaine: None. S. Larose: None. É. Thérasse: None. A. Lacroix: None. Background: Previous studies have described an increase in central prolactin (PRL) secretion in response to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) during inferior petrosal sinus sampling (IPSS) in a proportion of patients with Cushing’s disease (CD). Desmopressin is used during IPSS instead of CRH because of its wider availability, lower cost, and similar accuracy. It is unknown whether central PRL secretion can also increase after desmopressin as it does after CRH. Objective: Evaluate the central PRL response to desmopressin administration in patients with ACTH-dependent Cushing’s syndrome (CS) undergoing IPSS. Method: We conducted a retrospective study of patients who underwent IPSS in our center between January 2015 and May 2022. IPSSs using desmopressin were collected, as well as those using either CRH (1 mcg/kg IV bolus) or CRH + desmopressin for comparison. ACTH and PRL were measured in bilateral petrosal sinuses at −5, 0, and 3, 5, 10 minutes after a 10 mcg IV desmopressin bolus; simultaneous peripheral ACTH, PRL and cortisol were measured at -5, 0, 3, 5, 10, 30, 45 and 60 minutes. A >50% central PRL increase from the average of −5 and 0 minutes values to peak value was considered a positive response. Results: 30 IPSSs performed with desmopressin were included: 24 patients with CD and 6 patients with ectopic ACTH secretion (EAS). 73.3% were women and mean age was 48.2 ± 14.8 y.o. 12 patients with CD (50%) had a >50% PRL increase on at least one side. The peak PRL value and highest central/peripheral (C/P) ACTH ratio after desmopressin were ipsilateral in 10 out of 12 patients (83%). Among the 9 patients whose pathology was available, only one showed co-expression of ACTH and PRL on immunohistochemistry (IHC), along with GH. In contrast, among the 12 patients with no PRL response, 2 had ACTH and PRL co-expression, and 1 had PRL expression only. No somatic genetic USP8 analyses were performed. Among the 6 patients with EAS, none had a central or peripheral PRL response after desmopressin. 21 IPSSs with either CRH or CRH + desmopressin were collected. 14 out of 18 patients (77.8%) with CD had a >50% PRL increase after stimulation. For 10 out of these 14 patients (71.4%), peak PRL value and C/P ACTH ratio were ipsilateral. 2 out of 3 IPSSs with CRH or CRH + desmopressin in patients with EAS (one resected pulmonary neuroendocrine tumor and one occult EAS) had a >50% PRL increase after stimulation. Conclusion: In our study, 50% of IPSSs showed a significant central PRL increase after desmopressin in patients with CD, but none in patients with EAS. In IPSSs with CRH or CRH + desmopressin, a significant PRL increase was observed in 77.8% of patients with CD, and 2 out of 3 patients with EAS. On pathology, there was no correlation with PRL expression on IHC. Further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms for prolactin secretion following ACTH secretagogue administration and its potential clinical implications. Presentation: Friday, June 16, 2023

Does cardio-hepatic communication contribute to pregnancy-induced cardiac growth and its reversal?

Introduction: During pregnancy, the maternal heart undergoes physiological cardiac growth, which reverses following parturition; however, the underlying processes that contribute are largely unknown. Changes in both systemic and cardiac metabolism appear to be associated with cardiac growth, which could also contribute during pregnancy. We have shown that several cardiac metabolic transcripts and proteins and liver-derived metabolites are elevated during pregnancy and postpartum and are associated with cardiac growth. Therefore, the goal of this study was to examine the extent to which the cardio-hepatic signaling axis contributes to pregnancy-induced cardiac growth and reversal. Methods and Results: Timed pregnancy studies in 12-week-old FVB/NJ mice revealed that both heart weight (HW:TL; p < 0.0001) and liver weight (LIV:TL; p <0.0001) were highest in lactating 1-week post-birth (PB) mice versus mid-pregnant (8 d), late-pregnant (LP; 16 d), and non-pregnant (NP) mice. Interestingly, we also found that HW:TL ( p < 0.01) and LIV:TL ( p < 0.0001) were significantly reduced in non-lactating 1-week post-birth mice (PBNL) compared with PB mice. Hearts and livers both remained significantly larger, irrespective of lactation status, following parturition through 6 weeks post birth (PB) versus NP. Plasma proteomics revealed significant increases in prolactin at LP in addition to increases in liver-derived proteins including hepatocyte growth factors; however, these levels returned to NP levels by PB. Examination of the liver proteome from the same mice revealed significant increases in fatty acid and ketone body metabolism proteins. Cardiac and liver immunoblot analysis revealed significant reductions in Pdk4 between 1- and 3-week PB and PBNL groups that was reversed by 6-weeks postpartum and a significant increase in Pdk4 expression at 6 weeks postpartum, respectively. Interestingly, we see a sustained increase in cardiac Bdh1 expression that persisted at 6-weeks postpartum which could contribute to the sustained increases in HW:TL versus NP. Conclusion: Changes in both lactation status and metabolism are likely contributing to similar patterns of growth seen in the heart and liver during and following pregnancy. NIGMS COBRE Pilot project grant P30 GM127607; NIH R01 HL147844 (Hill/ Jones); Jewish Heritage Fund for Excellence Faculty Support; Jewish Heritage Fund for Excellence Research Enhancement Award; UofL School of Medicine Basic Science award; NIGMS IDeA state funded proteomics voucher. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Correlation of reproductive hormone levels and semen quality in diabetic patient

Because of the paucity of studies and inconsistencies regarding the impact of diabetes mellitus (DM) on semen quality, this disease is seldom looked for in infertile patients. This brief review shows the main sperm parameters in patients with DM and presents the mechanisms hypothesized to explain the changes observed in these patients. Various mechanisms may explain the sperm damage observed in patients with DM. The objective of this cross sectional study was to assess the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) type2 on pituitary gland hormones (FSH and LH) men. This study comprised a total of (35) subjects out of which (25) were normal. Fasting blood sugar, HbA1c, LH, FSH, TT, E2 and prolactin were measured in blood samples. The results obtained indicated a significant reduction of serum LH, FSH and TT in men with DM comparison to non-diabetics, also there were significant increase in prolactin and E2 in diabetic patients comparison to non-diabetics. The results of semen analysis (PH, sperm count, sperm motility and sperm morphology) for study groups w significantly decreased in diabetic patients compared to non-diabetic

A Meta-Analysis of Antipsychotic-Induced Hypo- and Hyperprolactinemia in Children and Adolescents.

Objective: Antipsychotic-related prolactin changes may expose children and adolescents to severe adverse reactions (ARs) related to pubertal development and growth. We therefore aimed to assess the effects of antipsychotics on prolactin levels and associated somatic ARs in children and adolescents. Methods: We systematically searched PubMed and CENTRAL for placebo-controlled randomized trials of antipsychotics in children and adolescents aged ≤18 years, reporting prolactin levels and related ARs. We conducted a random-effect meta-analysis and assessed risk of bias version 2 (ROB2). Results: Thirty-two randomized controlled trials with an average trial duration of 6 weeks, covering 4643 participants with an average age of 13 years and a male majority of 65.3%. Risk of bias across domains was low or unclear. The following antipsychotic compounds: aripiprazole (n = 810), asenapine (n = 506), lurasidone (n = 314), olanzapine (n = 179), paliperidone (n = 149), quetiapine (n = 381), risperidone (n = 609), and ziprasidone (n = 16) were compared with placebo (n = 1658). Compared with placebo, statistically significant higher prolactin increase occurred with risperidone (mean difference [MD] = 28.24 ng/mL), paliperidone (20.98 ng/mL), and olanzapine (11.34 ng/mL). Aripiprazole significantly decreased prolactin (MD = -4.91 ng/mL), whereas quetiapine, lurasidone, and asenapine were not associated with significantly different prolactin levels than placebo. Our results on ziprasidone are based on a single study, making it insufficient to draw strong conclusions. On average, 20.8% of patients treated with antipsychotic developed levels of prolactin that were too high (hyperprolactinemia), whereas only 1.03% of patients reported prolactin-related ARs. Data were highly limited for long-term effects. Conclusions: In children and adolescents, risperidone, paliperidone, and olanzapine are associated with significant prolactin increase, whereas aripiprazole is associated with significant decrease. Despite the significant changes in prolactin level, few ARs were reported. Study protocol on PROSPERO: CRD42018116451.

Measuring the concentration of some hormones in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

This study was conducted at the Women and Children’s Hospital in Al-Qadisiyah from 1/10/2021 to 2/1/2022, and 50 patients were followed up for women suffering from polycystic ovaries on the third day of the menstrual cycle, and compared to the control group, which included 50 normal cases, which were confirmed to be free. Of the chronic diseases such as heart disease, thyroid, diabetes and blood pressure, the concentration of hormones was measured for both infected and non-infected women, including PRL, LH and FSH. A significant increase in The results showed a significant increase in prolactin and FSH, LH was observed in women with PCOS compared to the control group.

Assessment of hormonal homeostasis in women with abnormal uterine bleeding and chronic stress

The objective: to study the concentration of estradiol, progesterone, follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones, testosterone, prolactin and cortisol in women with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) and of chronic psycho-emotional stress.Materials and methods. We examined 100 women of reproductive age with AUB and chronic stress (main group) and 50 patients with AUB without chronic stress (comparison group). 30 women without AUB and chronic stress were included in the control group. The AUB diagnosis was made on the basis of order No. 353 of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine dated April 13, 2016. The concentrations of estradiol, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, prolactin and cortisol were determined in blood serum in all the women in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle using the ELISA method.Results. In patients with AUB and chronic stress, a significant decrease of estradiol by 37.50% relative to healthy women, FSH – 44.42%, LH – 22.12%, progesterone – 38.23% and a significant increase in prolactin by 41.92% and cortisol – 82.96% were established. In the patients with AUB without chronic stress a significant decrease in estradiol level by 23.95%, FSH by 22.09% and progesterone by 21.91%, and a significant increase in cortisol by 21.55% were found. The concentration of testosterone in the main group and the comparison group, as well as changes in the levels of LH and prolactin in the patients of the comparison group, were insignificant relative to the control group. Conclusions. In women of reproductive age with abnormal uterine bleeding and chronic stress, there is a significant decrease in the concentration of estradiol, progesterone, follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones in the blood serum, an increase of prolactin and cortisol, and the absence of significant changes in testosterone level in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.

Effect of Metformin on Anthropometric Measurements and Hormonal and Biochemical Profile in Patients with Prediabetes.

Objectives Metformin is the most widely preferred first-line oral antidiabetic agent that results in clear benefits in blood sugar regulation and diabetes-related complications. This study is aimed at assessing the effect of metformin on anthropometric, hormonal, and biochemical parameters in patients with prediabetes or insulin resistance. Methods A prepoststudy was conducted among 52 patients with prediabetes or insulin resistance who met the inclusion criteria. Weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference were measured before and 12 months after metformin treatment. Serum concentrations of sex steroids, gonadotropins, and lipids were also assessed. Homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index and quantitative sensitivity check (QUICKI) index scores were calculated before metformin treatment and after 12 months of use. Results After 12 months of metformin treatment, female patients had significant reduction in weight, BMI, and waist circumference after adjusting for age. Metformin use for 12 months resulted in significant reduction in mean fasting blood glucose and HbA1c in females only. Total cholesterol decreased significantly among men only and serum HDL-C showed a significant rise among females only. Serum LDL-C and triglycerides did not change significantly in females and males. Our study did now significant changes in ACTH and cortisol levels in both females and males after metformin treatment. Metformin use resulted in significant increase in luteinizing hormone (LH) and progesterone levels in males, while it was associated with significant increase in prolactin, follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), and dehydroepiandrostenedione-sulphate (DHEA-S) levels and significant decrease in total testosterone level in females. Conclusion Metformin treatment in females with prediabetes reduces BMI, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, and HbA1c. The changes in the studied parameters differed significantly according to sex.

Long-Term Assessment of Lurasidone in Schizophrenia: Post Hoc Analysis of a 12-Month, Double Blind, Active-Controlled Trial and 6-Month Open-Label Extension Study.

IntroductionA post hoc analysis of a double-blind (DB) active control trial and an open-label extension (OLE) study was conducted to evaluate the long-term effects of lurasidone in patients with schizophrenia.MethodsIn the DB trial, patients were randomised to receive lurasidone or risperidone for 12 months. In OLE, all patients received lurasidone for an additional 6 months. Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were evaluated. Efficacy assessments included relapse rate (DB trial only), and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Clinical Global Impression–Severity scale, and Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale.ResultsIn the DB trial, patients with schizophrenia were randomised to lurasidone (n = 399) and risperidone (n = 190), of whom 129 and 84 continued into OLE, respectively. During the DB trial, incidence of TEAEs was similar for lurasidone (84.1%) and risperidone (84.2%). Lurasidone was associated with minimal changes in metabolic variables and prolactin levels, whereas risperidone was associated with clinically significant increases in prolactin and fasting glucose levels. The proportion of patients with metabolic syndrome was significantly lower in patients treated with lurasidone versus risperidone at the end of the DB trial (25.5% vs 40.4%; p = 0.0177). During OLE, patients switching from risperidone to lurasidone experienced a reduction in weight and prolactin levels; those continuing treatment with lurasidone experienced minimal changes in metabolic variables and prolactin. At the end of OLE, the proportion of patients with metabolic syndrome was no longer significantly different between groups (23.5% vs 31.5%; p = not significant). Efficacy outcomes were generally similar between groups during the DB trial, and were maintained during OLE.ConclusionLurasidone was generally well tolerated and effective in clinically stable schizophrenia patients over the long term. Lurasidone was also generally well tolerated and maintained effectiveness over 6 months in patients switching from risperidone. Patients switching from risperidone experienced improvements in metabolic parameters and prolactin levels. These findings confirm lurasidone’s long-term effectiveness and favourable metabolic profile in patients with schizophrenia.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00641745.

The Improvements in the Prolactin, Thyroid Hormones and Lipid Profiles that are Observed During Three Pregnancy Periods

This research was to explore improvements in lipid profile, TSH, T3, T4 and prolactin during threestage of the progress. Pregnancy leads to development in both hormones and biochemistries of thematernal blood. The study involved a control group of 20 non-pregnant women and 30 pregnant and.Automatic hormone analyzer1 and biochemistry automatic analyzer measured hormones, with thelipid profile2. Although T3, T4, TC and TG showed no significant increases in first (p? 0.05) comparedwith the control group, TC and TG increased significantly in the second phase and third stage of pregnancytrimesters and T3 and T4 significantly in the third phase of pregnancy quarter (p ?0.05) compared with thecontrol team (p ?0.05). The results demonstrate a significant increase in prolactin in three stage of pregnancy(p?0.05). No significant increase (p ? 0.05) in comparison with control groups was shown in LDL-C andHDL -C over all phases of the prolactin. Increased prolactin, thyroid hormones and the rise in lipid fractionsfollow normal pregnancy.

Estimation of Serum AdiponectinIrisin and Apelin in Iraqi Obese Women Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a status that impact a woman’s hormone levels.A total of (128) samples was divided into four groups (Obese with PCOS, low weight with PCOS ,Obese without PCOS ,and Healthy control) collected from Kamal Al-Samarraiehospital, Ministry-of Health in Baghdad-Iraq during the period of April 2017- August 2017. The aim of the study toevaluation from Serum AdiponectinIrisin and Apelin in Iraqi obese women patients with PCOS. The result shows The BMI of obese with PCOS patients and obese without PCOS was significantly higher (P<0.05) when compared to the values of the control group. No significant with other groups ,also Significant increase of Prolactin (p<0.05) in Obese with PCOS and low weight with PCOS groups in relation to Obese without PCOS and control groups. A non- significant elevation (p>0.05)when comparing between Obese without PCOS, and control groups. The levels of FSH , LH and Testosterone showed significantly change(p<0.05) in Obese with PCOS and low weight with PCOS groups when comparing with Obese without PCOS and control group. followed by no-significant with other groups ,also shows significant change(p<0.05)when comparing between Obese without PCOS and control group ,showed that adiponectin level showed a significant higher level in the control group ,Obese without PCOS group ,low weight with PCOS patients ,and Obese with PCOS patients . Oppositely, the results of the Irisin showed a significant higher level in the Obese with PCOS patients then the low weight with PCOS group followed by the Obese without PCOS and control group. While Apelin level recorded the highest level Obese with PCOS group.

Enjoying sad music: A test of the prolactin theory

Philosophers have long wrestled with the apparent paradox of the enjoyment of negative emotional portrayals in the arts. An example of this apparent paradox is the enjoyment among some listeners of nominally sad music. An experiment is reported in which 39 participants listened to sad and happy music while serum prolactin (PRL) concentrations were measured. The purpose of the experiment was to test an a priori theory, proposed by Huron, that liking sad music is mediated by elevated PRL levels. Contrary to the theory, sad music did not result in a significant increase in PRL; nor was the pleasure of listening to sad music associated with increased PRL. Nominally happy music did result in a decrease of PRL, especially for those participants who most prefer happy music over sad music. The effect was greatest for those who score high on a measure of loneliness. Consistent with other studies, the degree of liking sad music over happy music was found to correlate with trait openness to experience, although this effect was not echoed in PRL levels. Post-hoc analyses indicate that PRL decreases were most marked for male listeners and those who score high on a loneliness measure. In general, the results are not consistent with the theory proposed by Huron.

Estimation of the hepcidin level and some Biochemical parameters in patients of polycystic ovary Syndrome in Kirkuk city

Polycystic ovary Syndrome is a common disorder in the endocrine glands, which is characterized by the aggregation of small bags surrounded by theca internal layers bloated follicles .
 The level of hepcidin and some other biochemical parameters were examined in (60) patients In addition to (30) blood samples of healthy control .
 The results showed a significant decrease in hepcidin level as well as E2 and progesterone while there was a significant increase in prolactin and testosterone in polycystic ovarian syndrome patients Compared to healthy control. There was no correlation between hepcidin and all other parameters but there was some correlations among parameters used, there was positive correlations between FSH with LH and Testosterone as well as between E2 and Testosterone and between T4 and T3 .

Estimation of the hepcidin level and some Biochemical parameters in patients of polycystic ovary Syndrome in Kirkuk city

Polycystic ovary Syndrome is a common disorder in the endocrine glands, which is characterized by the aggregation of small bags surrounded by theca internal layers bloated follicles .
 The level of hepcidin and some other biochemical parameters were examined in (60) patients In addition to (30) blood samples of healthy control .
 The results showed a significant decrease in hepcidin level as well as E2 and progesterone while there was a significant increase in prolactin and testosterone in polycystic ovarian syndrome patients Compared to healthy control. There was no correlation between hepcidin and all other parameters but there was some correlations among parameters used, there was positive correlations between FSH with LH and Testosterone as well as between E2 and Testosterone and between T4 and T3 .
 
 http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.24.2019.069

Elevated reproductive toxicity effects of diclofenac after withdrawal: Investigation of the therapeutic role of melatonin.

Although there are several reports on the toxic actions of sodium diclofenac (DF), there is dearth information on its effect on the male reproductive system. Therefore, the study investigated the effects of DF and melatonin in male rats. Twenty rats were used in this study, which lasted for 6 weeks. The control group (vehicle treated) received normal saline (0.1 ml/day, p.o.). In the experimental groups, DF was administered during the first (group 2) and last (group 3) three weeks of the study. However, in group 4, melatonin was administered for 3 weeks, after 3 weeks of treatment with DF. DF and melatonin were administered at 1 and 10 mg/kg b.w./day (p.o.) respectively. The results showed that unlike melatonin, DF had no effect on gonadotrophins; however, it caused significant decreases in GNRH and testosterone, but a significant increase in prolactin. Melatonin attenuated the pro-antioxidant and pro-inflammatory effects of DF, which caused significant decreases in SOD, TAC, CAT, but significant elevations in LDH, MDA, uric acid and CRP. Moreover, the hormone reversed the adverse effect of DF on sperm count, sperm motility and sperm morphology. There were slight evidence of the precipitation of imbalance in lipid metabolism by DF and the antidyslipidaemic action of melatonin. Compared to DF, DF recovery showed more adverse effects on prolactin, testosterone, LDH, MDA, UA, CRP, semen parameters (except sperm motility), TC, LDL-c, HDL-c and phospholipid. The histological results agreed with the biochemical assays. In conclusion, the reproductive toxicity effects of DF seem to escalate after withdrawal; however, these effects could be attenuated by treatment with melatonin.

The effects of eight week yoga training on serum levels of Dehydroepiandrestrone sulfate and prolactin in women with multiple sclerosis

Background: The yoga training can affect positive impact on fatigue due to increase the force of muscle contraction. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of yoga training on serum levels of dehydroepiandrestrone sulfate and prolactin in women with multiple sclerosis.
 Methods: For this purpose, 24 female with MS (age of 36.75±6.10 year, weight 68.3± 15.26 kg and BMI 26.88±6.02 kg/m2) and EDSS <3.5 were selected. Subjects were randomly assigned to yoga (n=12) and control (n=12) groups. The experimental group perform eight weeks yoga training and three sessions per week. At the beginning of each session, the subjects perform warm up, stretching and Mvktasana Pavana and at the end of session, shavasana movements that was designed for relaxation. The control group perform only their daily activities. Serum levels of DHEA-S and prolactin assessed by ELISA kits. Statistical analysis of data was performed by ANOVA and independent t test at significance level of p≤0.05. 
 Results: The results of this study showed, a significant increase in prolactin in the experimental group than control group after eight weeks yoga training (p=0.001), But no significant changes in DHEA-S (p≥0.05). 
 Conclusions: Finally, the results of this study showed that yoga training can affect positive impact on fatigue and prolactin and it is possible due to increase the force of muscle contraction and the force developed muscles and hormonal systems of the body. Also serum levels of DHEA-S don’t show significant difference.

Exercise augments the nocturnal prolactin rise in exercise-trained men.

The objective of this study was to profile over a 24 h period the prolactin responses of exercise-trained men on a day involving rest with no exercise in comparison to a day involving exercise training sessions. This is a quasi-experimental design study using repeated measures determination of 24 h prolactin responses in exercise-trained men (n = 16; age = 27.3± 3.3 years (mean ± standard deviation)). Blood samples were taken hourly over a 24 h period on a day involving two intensive exercise training sessions (ED), and on a separate control day (CD) with no exercise activity. The order of the ED and CD was randomized. Physical activity and diet were controlled and replicated for the ED and CD. Blood specimens were handled, prepared and analyzed utilizing appropriate standard clinical practices. The data were analyzed with the Friedman analysis of variance and Nemenyi post hoc statistical procedure for repeated measures. On the CD, prolactin displayed a typical circadian rhythm with daytime values of the hormone being less than the nocturnal rise once sleep had begun (p < 0.05; 16:00-20:00 h > all other times). On the ED, prolactin responses were noticeably different from those of the CD. The morning and afternoon exercise sessions included significant increases in prolactin immediately at the end of the exercise sessions, being greater than corresponding CD time points (p < 0.01; 01:00 h and 10:00 h); also for the second hour (2 h) following the morning exercise session. On the ED there was a displayed circadian nocturnal response in the hormone with 16:00-24:00 h being elevated above the all nonexercise effected values for that specific day (p < 0.01). Finally, the ED nocturnal elevation for prolactin for 16:00-24:00 h was significantly greater than the same respective hours on the CD (p < 0.05). Findings clearly demonstrated that nocturnal prolactin responses are augmented in exercise-trained men on days when they perform exercise. The mechanisms inducing this adaptive response are unclear but warrant further investigation.