Rapid discharge protocols have gained progressive popularity even in thyroid surgery due to the superimposable risks of complications compared to inpatient management and for the subsequent increased surgical volume. The aim of this study is to evaluate results, benefits and complications' rates of a rapid discharge in postoperative day 1 (POD1 - overnight thyroidectomy) among patients submitted to total thyroidectomy at our surgical clinic. Single centre retrospective analysis of 729 patients submitted to total thyroidectomy between 2016 and 2024; 402 patients who are scheduled for discharge on POD 1 and 327 patients discharged after a minimum of 72 hours observation (POD 3). Data concerning postoperative complications (POC) at 24 hours, 10 and 30 days were collected. Patients' satisfaction about the rapid discharge protocol was also registered. We registered no significative differences between incidence of complications at 24h, 10-days or 30-days re-evaluations in POD1 and POD3 groups. Graves' Disease represents the main context in which early postoperative (24h) and overall complications occurred. The 94.6% of POD1 patients reported a global satisfaction in the rapid discharge scenario. POD1 patients are not exposed to additional postoperative risk with overnight thyroidectomy following total thyroidectomy, given accurate patient selection. Early and overall complications are more frequently observed in patients with Graves' disease. Overnight thyroidectomy, combined with thorough perioperative patient education, received widespread appreciation among our surgical cohort.

The emergence of COVID-19 in late 2019 necessitated rapid global responses across various sectors, including education. As traditional in-person classes were suspended worldwide, higher education insti-tutions swiftly transitioned to emergency remote learning, presenting educators with unprecedented challenges in curriculum adaptation and delivery. While online learning offered flexibility and interactive tools, technical barriers, pedagogical adjustments, and disparities in access posed significant obstacles. Our survey at Ludovika University of Public Service explored the impacts of digital education on teaching dynamics, student engagement, and overall effectiveness in comparison to traditional methods, reveal-ing mixed experiences and highlighting the need for enhanced protocols and standards in online educa-tion to ensure its quality moving forward. Our results indicate that while there were no significant dif-ferences between students' and instructors' perceptions regarding the depth of knowledge acquisition or support within the virtual learning environment, students reported significantly higher motivation and concentration levels during online education compared to instructors. Technical distractions during online education were also perceived as significantly greater by instructors than by students. Recom-mendations formulated at the conclusion of our study aim to optimise educational practices and ad-dress these findings at Ludovika University of Public Service's Faculty of Law Enforcement.

This article presents the first attempt at a prosopographical analysis of the medical staff of the Aleksan-drovskaya Provincial Zemstvo Hospital in Perm from 1870 to 1914. It draws on the author’s database, created through a frontal study of specialized zemstvo periodicals, office records, and archival materials. This article systematizes information on key indicators of the lives and activities of all 36 full-time physicians at the Ale-ksandrovskaya Hospital in Perm. The study identified five conventional groups of these specialists who served there during the zemstvo period (the last since 1914). The author analyzed several common characteristics in their collective biographies: significant average length of service, a high concentration of physicians with clini-cal training and a doctorate in medicine, and a small percentage of women. At the same time, significant dif-ferences were also found across all the groups examined, among which the uniqueness of the second group based on ethnicity stands out.

We planned to reveal the relationship between OPG (osteoprotegerin) level and right heart function in hypertensive patients with normal ejection fraction, using strain analysis, which is a sensitive method in demonstrating subclinical dysfunction. Between February and June 2018, 625 consecutive patients with a diagnosis of hypertension who applied to the cardiology out-patient clinic of our hospital were evaluated for our study and 175 eligible patients were included. The patients were divided into two groups according to their OPG level. Strain analysis was performed in the echocardiographic evaluation. The mean OPG value was 6.33 ± 1.87 pg/l. There were 93 patients (age 51.1 ± 8.5 years) in the low OPG group and 82 patients (age 54.6 ± 10.4 years) in the high OPG group. A significant difference was found between the two groups with regard to age (p = 0.016), statin use (p = 0.026), C-reactive protein level (p = 0.048), office systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p = 0.001) and office diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (p = 0.001). A significant difference was found between values of strain during reservoir phase (RASr) (p = 0.01), strain during conduit phase (RAScd) (p < 0.001) and peak strain rate during reservoir phase (pRASRcd) (p = 0.044). In multivariate regression analysis, age (OR: 1.162, 95% CI: 1.064-1.269, p = 0.001), office DBP (OR: 1.089, 95% CI: 1.020-1.161, p = 0.011) and RAScd (OR: 0.890, 95% CI: 0.815-0.972, p < 0.010) were found to be independent predictors of high OPG. In our study, we found high OPG level was inversely correlated with right atrial strain values and linearly associated with high blood pressure. In order to take advantage of the negative indicators of high OPG, positive results can be obtained in strain values of the right heart by indirectly reducing the afterload of the right heart. This can be done by reducing high systemic blood pressure and providing tight blood pressure control.

The monocyte/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio (MHR) and neutrophil/HDL-C ratio (NHR) are markers for inflammation and dyslipidaemia, which are important factors in atherosclerosis. Studies have linked MHR and NHR to the prediction, severity and prognosis of coronary artery disease. However, no study has explored their connection to plaque stability, specifically its calcific or soft/mixed content. Monocyte, neutrophil and HDL-C levels were examined in 99 patients who had coronary computed tomographic angiography (CTA) between January and August 2023. They were divided into three groups: a group of 42 healthy individuals (group 0) with no coronary artery plaque and an Agatson score of 0, an unstable plaque group (group 1) with 31 patients displaying mixed and/or soft plaque on CTA, and a stable plaque group (group 2) with 26 patients showing only calcific plaque. White blood cell (WBC), monocyte and neutrophil counts were significantly higher in group 1 patients compared to group 0 patients (group 0: WBC = 6.31 ± 0.97 × 103 cells/µl, monocytes = 0.40 ± 0.09 × 10³ cells/µl, neutrophils = 3.32 ± 0.81 × 10³ cells/µl; and group 1: WBC = 7.61 ± 1.95 × 10³ cells/µl, monocytes = 0.50 ± 0.11 × 10³ cells/µl, neutrophils = 4.19 ± 1.36 10³ cells/µl; p < 0.05). MHR and NHR were significantly higher in group 1 patients compared to group 0 patients (group 0: MHR = 0.0079 ± 0.0029, NHR = 0.063 ± 0.023 and group 1: MHR = 0.0102 ± 0.003, NHR = 0.085 ± 0.036, p < 0.05). The significant differences in MHR and NHR between the three groups were due to the differences between groups 0 and 1. MHR and NHR were significantly higher in group 1 patients, although there was no statistically significant difference between groups 1 and 2.

Rapid evaluation of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) attending the emergency service under emergency room conditions and using appropriate risk scoring would improve treatment success. Calcium levels accumulate in the tissue in people with coronary artery disease and this has been found to correlate with osteopontin levels in some studies. It is predicted that osteopontin level could be used as a biomarker to detect coronary artery calcification. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the use of osteopontin levels in the differential diagnosis of ACS in conjunction with cardiac troponin I (cTnI) levels, and HEART (history, ECG, age, risk factors, troponin) and thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) scores in patients with chest pain who attended the emergency service. This study was conducted as a prospective observational clinical study in the Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University. There was a total of 90 participants, including 60 patients and 30 healthy individuals in the control group. All participants' demographic information, electrocardiography (ECG) findings, cTnI level, TIMI and HEART score, and osteopontin level were evaluated. The patients' mean age was 51.61 ± 17.56 years and 63.3% (n = 57) were male. The body mass index (BMI) of the patients was 25.63 ± 4.67 kg/m2. Patients with chest pain [CP(+)] and high cardiac troponin I levels [cTnl(+)] were found to be older and to have higher HEART and TIMI scores than individuals with CP(+) and normal cardiac troponin I levels [cTnl(-)] and the healthy control group (p < 0.001). While the HEART score was zero in 22 (24.4%) of the patients, the TIMI score was zero in 42 (46.7%). In terms of gender distribution, vital signs and serum osteopontin levels, there was no significant difference between the patient groups (p > 0.05). It was found that patients with CP(+) and cTnl(+) had a higher rate of ECG abnormalities than the CP(+) and cTnl (-) group and the healthy control group (p = 0.13 and p < 0.001, respectively). In 65 (72.2%) of the patients, the ECG results were normal. ST-segment elevation was detected in 13 (14.4%) patients. In our study, cTnl levels were found to be positively correlated with age (r = 0.624), BMI (r = 0.291), HEART score (r = 0.794) and TIMI score (r = 0.805) (p = 0.001, p = 0.005, p = 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively). In our study, we discovered that osteopontin levels could not reach the differential diagnostic level for ST-elevation myocardial infarction or non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. No statistically significant difference was found in osteopontin levels between the groups (p > 0.05). While very positive results were obtained in this approach to the ACS diagnosis using HEART and TIMI scores in patients with chest pain who attended the emergency service and were diagnosed with ACS, no significant results could be obtained regarding the use of osteopontin levels as a biomarker. More comprehensive, multicentre studies involving a large number of appropriately selected patients are considered to be necessary.

Carotid intima-medial thickness (CIMT) is a non-invasive tool used to detect atherosclerosis and diagnose cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to determine whether pre-operative CIMT measurements correlated with intra- and postoperative outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. This retrospective, analytical cohort included 89 patients diagnosed with ACS who received CABG surgery. Patients were divided into two cohorts: group 1: normal CIMT < 0.07 cm and group 2: abnormal CIMT ≥ 0.07 cm. B-mode ultrasound was used to measure the CIMT in all patients. Pre-, intra- and postoperative data and complications were recorded for each patient. The study included 77 (86.5%) males and 12 (13.5%) females. Pre-operative mean body mass index was significantly higher (p = 0.03) in group 2 than in group 1. Group 2 had a significantly increased incidence of diabetes (p = 0.008) and hypertension (p = 0.009), and increased NT-proBNP levels (p = 0.02). Intra- and postoperative outcomes between the groups were comparable, with no significant differences. The study showed no correlation between abnormal CIMT and increased adverse intra- and postoperative patient outcomes. Therefore, the results of this study show CIMT should not be considered a tool to predict adverse events in patients undergoing CABG surgery.

Heart failure is a major cause of global morbidity and mortality. Studies in laboratory animals have shown the direct protective effects of α-klotho on the cardiovascular system although it has limited expression in the heart. The association between α-klotho and cardiovascular disease is still controversial in different clinical studies. We designed a cross-sectional study in order to investigate the association between serum α-klotho level and the prevalence of heart failure in the American general population. The data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), which included 11 271 participants aged 40-80 years. Serum α-klotho level was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and divided into four quartiles for further analysis. Heart failure status was obtained from self-reported questionnaires. To estimate the association between α-klotho level and prevalence of heart failure, multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted. Interaction and stratified analyses were performed to evaluate the potential modifiers. After adjusting for multiple covariates, a per-standard deviation increase in serum α-klotho level was associated with a decrease in prevalence of heart failure [odds ratio (OR): 0.76, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.68-0.85). The ORs for participants in quartiles 2 to 4 were 0.77 (95% CI: 0.58-1.01), 0.70 (95% CI: 0.52-0.93) and 0.71 (95% CI: 0.53-0.95), respectively, compared with those in quartile 1. Stratified analysis revealed significant gender and racial differences. We revealed an independent association between serum α-klotho level and the prevalence of heart failure in the American general population. The association was not always consistent and varied according to gender and race.

We aimed to explore the predictive values of stress hyperglycaemia (SHG) and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels on admission for long-term recovery of cardiac function in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). A total of 210 AMI patients were randomly selected. The levels of SHG and HbA1c were measured on admission, and all patients were treated with PPCI and followed up for one year. According to the recovery status of cardiac function during follow up, the patients were divided into a good recovery group and a poor recovery group. At one year after treatment, there were statistically significant differences in the levels of SHG (6.75 ± 0.69 vs 7.81 ± 0.92 mmol/l) and HbA1c (5.13 ± 0.25 vs 5.91 ± 0.39%) between the good and poor recovery groups (p < 0.05). The levels of SHG and HbA1c were associated with long-term recovery of cardiac function (p < 0.05). The receiver operating characteristic curves were plotted, and the area under the curves of SHG and HbA1c for predicting the long-term recovery of cardiac function were > 0.70. The levels of SHG and HbA1c were closely associated with longterm recovery of cardiac function after PPCI in AMI patients, displaying high predictive values.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, with dyslipidaemia being one of the major risk factors. Point-of-care testing (POCT) allows for the rapid measurement of serum lipids. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of serum lipid measurement by the Fujifilm™ NX700 POCT compared to a gold-standard clinical laboratory method (Medpace, Leuven, Belgium). This was a prospective, observational study conducted at the Lipid Clinic at Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital from July to September 2022. Participants were known to have a lipid disorder, most commonly, familial hypercholesterolaemia. Samples sent for lipid measurement by standard laboratory methods were simultaneously measured by the Fujifilm™ NX700 POCT. Lipograms evaluating total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and calculated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were obtained from 115 participants. No statistically significant difference was noted between the parameters tested on the different platforms. The Fujifilm™ NX700 POCT correctly identified > 91% of serum lipid results as normal or abnormal, as defined by NCEP-ATP III criteria, and exhibited good sensitivity and specificity for each parameter. Lin's concordance correlation coefficient demonstrated a strong correlation for all parameters; TC (ρc = 0.9861), HDL-C (ρc = 0.95919), LDL-C (ρc = 0.98134) and TG (ρc = 0.92775). Bland-Altman plots identified low bias and a good level of agreement between the two test methods. The Fujifilm™ NX700 POCT compared favourably with gold-standard laboratory methods in the determination of serum lipid measurements, allowing for rapid screening at the primary healthcare level.

BackgroundAlthough about 45% of the risk of dementia could be modifiable, nearly 80% of the population still believe dementia is a normal part of aging. Dementia prevention awareness campaigns could be low‐cost feasible strategies to promote dementia risk reduction. Nonetheless, what are their real impacts and what strategies may work better have not been analyzed. Thus, this was the aim of our study.MethodA systematic review of literature published up to July 2024, with no language or publication time restrictions was conducted. Studies in any population, using any research design, and assessing the effect of a dementia prevention awareness strategy were included. The literature search was conducted through five databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Lilax, Scielo). Duplicate documents were removed using EndNote, and relevant studies were selected through blinded screening by two independent reviewers and using an AI (ASReview). Results were analyzed using a narrative synthesis and studies' risk of bias.ResultFrom 3,898 articles retrieved, 16 studies comprising a total of 34,441 participants fulfill inclusion criteria and were included. Campaigns were tested mostly in Europe (43.8%), Australia (31.3%), and United States (17.6%), and included people from all ages (<24y: 50.0%, 24‐59y: 87.5%, >60y: 81.3%). Most of the studies were quantitative (cross‐sectional:3; pre‐posttest:9; RCT:2). The most used awareness strategies were web pages (50.0%), community talks (43.8%), and printed material (37.5%). In the group of studies using cohort designs (pre‐posttest and RCTs: 11), most of the studies found an increase in population’ knowledge about risk factors or protective behaviors (n:7/8), intention to change behavior (n:2/2), and knowledge about dementia (n:1/1). However, no consistent results were observed in dementia risk‐reduction awareness (n:3/6) and no studies assessed health behavior change. Positive results are seen most often at short‐term and using instructive strategies (MOOC, talks). One study assessed people at risk of dementia, with no significative differences. Overall, studies’ risk of bias was high.ConclusionDementia prevention awareness campaigns could increase knowledge about dementia risk factors across the lifespan. Nevertheless, the effect on dementia risk‐reduction awareness and behavioral change is uncertain, and more high‐quality studies targeting populations at risk of dementia are needed.

Does tendon healing after isolated supraspinatus tendon repair influence clinical outcomes?

Background. Nailfold videocapillaroscopy (NVC) is a validated, non-invasive tool for evaluating microvascular ab-normalities, increasingly explored in interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) with suspected autoimmune fea-tures. However, data on capillaroscopic patterns across ILD subtypes, especially in Caucasian popu-lations, are limited. Objectives: To compare NVC findings in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (IPAF), and connective tissue disease-associated ILD (CTD-ILD), and to assess correlations with autoantibody status—particularly myositis-specific antibodies (MSA – Jo-1, KS, PL7/PL12, NXP-2, MDA-5). Materials and Methods. Fifty-nine Caucasian ILD patients underwent NVC during routine evaluation. Based on multidiscipli-nary diagnosis, they were classified as IPF (n=9), IPAF (n=10), or CTD-ILD (n=40), further subdivided into systemic sclerosis (SSc, n=20) and non-SSc CTD-ILD (n=20). A validated 6-item semiquantitative scoring system (range 0–3 per item, max 18) was used; individual items are listed in Table 1. Clinical data included demographics and autoimmune serology (ANA, ENA, MSA). Statistical comparisons employed ANOVA and Student’s t-test. Results. Total capillaroscopic scores differed significantly across diagnostic groups: CTD-ILD (6.1±3.09), IPAF (4.6±3.31), and IPF (3.4±1.74) (p=0.0042). Within CTD-ILD, SSc patients showed higher scores than non-SSc (7.4±2.87 vs 4.8±3.22; p=0.0105). A four-group comparison confirmed this trend (p=0.0042). Among individual items, only “loss of capillaries” differed significantly across groups (p&lt;0.0001), with highest scores in SSc. Subsequently, the total capillaroscopic score was analyzed in relation to autoimmune serology: it was not significantly different between MSA+ and MSA- pati-ents (5.21±3.51 vs 5.51±3.17; p=0.7805). After excluding the 9 patients with IPF, the comparison between MSA+ and MSA- subjects still revealed no significant difference in total score (5.21±3.51 vs 5.95±3.25; p=0.5052). Conclusions. Nailfold videocapillaroscopy reveals distinct microvascular alterations among ILD subtypes, with sig-nificantly higher scores in CTD-ILD—particularly in SSc—compared to IPAF and IPF. While no signifi-cant differences emerged in relation to MSA, the observed gradient in capillaroscopic severity across autoimmune categories underscores the potential value of NVC as a complementary tool in the early diagnostic workup of ILD, especially in identifying autoimmune-driven forms and possibly refining IPAF classification. These findings support the integration of capillaroscopy into multidiscip-linary ILD assessment, where it may assist in detecting early autoimmune features and guiding im-munological testing. Moreover, expanding the cohort in future studies may help uncover more ro-bust associations between NVC findings and specific autoantibody subsets, particularly MSA.

The process of speech production is very complex because conceptual content must be transformed in a language form and articulated in a physical, primarily acoustic signal which can activate sensory abilities of a listener, who will use the physical speech signal to discover the meaning initiated by the entire communi cative process. Since the productive and perceptual abilities of people are coordi nated and enable an efficient communication and exchange of information, the speaker tries to produce a fluent speech. However, because of the complexity of speech communication and biological imperfection of humans, it is only natural for speech to sometimes contain certain disfluencies. The non-phonemic sound /ǝ/ is one such example. This research encompassed 20 subjects who were inter viewed on the Zagreb Radio’s Prvi program [First Programme] and Omladinski radio [Youth Radio]. The analysis contained 200 seconds of speech per partici pant, deemed as formal in Prvi program and informal in Omladinski radio, and was conducted through the Praat computer programme for speech analysis. The research indicated a significant difference in the number of occurrences of the non-phonemic sound, appearing 147 times in formal and 330 times in informal speech. The average duration of the sound production shows no significant dif ference: 0.354 s in formal and 0.316 s in informal speech. The difference in the number of occurrences was statistically significant and the difference in the aver age duration was not.

Plum (Prunus domestica) is one of the most widespread species of fruit trees in Asia and South-East Europe. There are large quantities of fruit wood trees without suitable usage in world. The aim of this research was to examine biometrical and chemical properties of the plum wood and its application in the pulp and paper industry. Five normal plum trees were randomly selected from Shahriyar province, Iran. A log cut down at stem (breast height) and branch for each of trees. The pith parts of cross-section were removed to examine the chemical (according to the TAPPI standard) and biometrical properties (according to the Franklin method). Results indicated that there were significant differences between stem and branch samples in fiber diameter and lumen diameter. Types of wood (branch and stem) had not significant differences on the chemical properties and fiber length, cell wall thickness and morphological properties. Among all of studied properties, the lignin, cellulose, fiber diameter, fiber lumen diameter, cell wall thickness and flexibility coefficient in branch wood is higher than stem wood. Although Runkel and flexibility coefficients of stem and branch fibers are lower than the accepted standard, but because of closing amount of lignin, extractive composition and fiber length to hardwood species, it can solve some of the problems of the lack of raw materials for paper production.

Introduction: Peri joint infections (PJI) are terrible complications that result in high morbidity and a significant financial impact on healthcare costs. Management of PJI requires a multidisciplinary approach. Debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention (DAIR) with or without modular components exchange is attractive as it prevents the unnecessary removal of implants. Methods: It was a single-center, observational, descriptive, and retrospective study, carried over a period of 7 years. DAIR was defined as successful if not followed by a revision surgery. the recovery is considered by the absence of and biological signs of infection during the follow up period. The necessity of re-revision or removal of the prothesis represents a failure of the DAIR. Results: We included 15 patients. The mean age in our series was 69,8. The mean delay of infection onset was 24.8 days. Debridement and irrigation were used in all cases, while modular components were changed in 9 cases which represents 60% of cases. Intraoperative samples were positive in 11 patients which represents 73%. Staphylococcus aureus was the most implicated germ. The outcome was considered favourable in 11 patients which represents 73% of the cases. Patients who had modular components had higher success rates (78% vs 67%) without a significative difference. A delay higher than 3 weeks led to a higher percentage of unfavourable outcomes without a significative difference. Conclusion: Multidisciplinary approach should be implemented to achieve favourable outcome. DAIR with modular components exchange is considered as an effective option for patients developing an early PJI.

Radiogenomics and lipid metabolism are complementary aspects in studying clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). The GTPase of immunity-associated proteins (GIMAP) gene family, known for its role in lymphocyte survival and immune regulation, has recently been linked to specific radiogenomic features. This study aimed to determine whether GIMAP expression correlates with radiological markers of lipid metabolism, such as tumor and liver attenuation on non-contrast computed tomography (CT) and abdominal fat distribution. Genomic and imaging data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA) were analyzed in a cohort of 205 ccRCC patients. Both traditional and AI-assisted statistical methods (Welch’s t-test with FDR-BH correction, equivalence testing, and robust winsorization) showed no signifi-cant differences between GIMAP-positive and GIMAP-negative tumors. Average tumor attenuation was similar (36.6 vs. 34.6 HU, p=0.180), as were total, visceral, and subcutaneous fat areas (all p&gt;0.13), along with liver attenuation measures (all p&gt;0.5). These results suggest no meaningful link between GIMAP expression and CT-based lipid metabolism indicators, supporting the idea that GIMAP mainly reflects immune rather than metabolic aspects of tumor biology. CT lipid markers are unlikely to be reliable indicators of GIMAP expression. Future radiogenomic models should incorporate both immune and metabolic factors to improve patient classification in ccRCC.

Safety and efficacy of P2Y12 inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes patients with KDIGO stage IV-V renal disfunction not on dialysis: a subanalysis of the CORALYS registry.

Electromyographic Evaluation of Vocal Folds in Patients With Laryngeal Paralysis Referred for Injection Laryngoplasty.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common across both sexes and age demographics, resulting from bacterial infection of the urinary system, and their severity has intensified due to the increase in bacterial resistance to antibiotics. This study aimed to isolate and identify the causes of UTI in Basra, Iraq, and to clarify their antibiotic resistance pattern. 140 mid-stream urine sa m ples were collected from patients with symptoms of infection at Al Fayha Teaching Hospital and Al-Sadr Teaching Hospital. The bacterial strains were identified biochemically and confirmed using the VITEK system, which was used to detect the ant i biogram pattern of bacterial identification. Of the 140 samples collected from November 2022 to March 2023, 101 samples showed positive growth. The infection rate among females (55.3%) was higher than males (44.6%), with no significant diffe r ences. Females showed higher infection rates than males across all age groups, except for individuals over 60 years of age, where the proportion of infected males exceeded that of females. The present investigation revealed that the predominant gram-positive bacterium was Staphylococcus aureus , with a frequency of 25. 7 %, followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis at 18. 4 %. Among the Gram-negative bacteria, E scherichia coli (23. 9 %) was the predominant species, followed by Pseudomonas aerug i nosa (11.9%). The majority of gram-positive isolates were resistant to cefoxitin, benzylpenicillin, oxacillin, erythromycin, and fusidic acid. Gram-negative bacteria exhibit elevated resistance to ticarcillin, piperacillin, and ciprofloxacin. S. aureus was the predominant isolate, and linezolid, nitrofurantoin, and tigecycline were identified as the most efficacious antibiotics against gram-positive bacteria, with 100% sensitivity.