Significant Differences In Temperature Research Articles

Heterogeneity of Surface Heat Exchange of Slopes and Potential Drivers of the Initiation of Thaw Slump, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

In the mountainous permafrost area, most thaw slumps are distributed in north or northeast-facing shady slope areas. It is commonly known that there is a heterogeneity in permafrost between different slope aspects, but there has been a lack of detailed measured data to quantitatively evaluate their relationships, and in-depth understandings on how the slope aspects are linked to the distribution of thaw slumps. This study examined the heterogenous thermal regime, soil moisture content, and surface radiation at two slope sites with opposing aspects in a warming permafrost region on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). The results indicate that similar air temperatures (Ta) were monitored on the two slopes, but there were significant differences in ground temperature and moisture content in the active layer from 2016 to 2021. The sunny slope exhibited a higher mean annual ground surface temperature (Ts), and over the five years the mean annual temperature at the top of permafrost was 1.3–1.4℃ warmer on the sunny slope than the shady slope. On the contrary, the near-surface soil moisture content was about 10–13% lower on the sunny slope (~22–27%) than the shady slope (~35–38%) during the thawing season (June–September). Radiation data indicate that significantly higher shortwave downward radiation (DR) appeared at the sunny slope site. However, due to the greater surface albedo, the net radiation (Rn) was lower on the sunny slope. Slope aspect also affects the ground ice content due to its influence on ground temperature, freeze-thaw cycles, and soil moisture. Shady slopes have a shallower burial of ice-rich permafrost compared to sunny slopes. The results highlight greatly different near-surface ground thermal conditions at the two slope sites with different aspects in a mountainous permafrost region. This helps identify the slope-related causes of increasing thaw slumps and provides a basis for predicting their future development.

Establishment of a Rat Model of Capillary Leakage Syndrome Induced by Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation After Cardiac Arrest.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) after cardiac arrest (CA) is one of the main causes of capillary leakage syndrome (CLS). This study aimed to establish a stable CLS model following the CA and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA-CPR) model in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. We conducted a prospective, randomized, animal model study. All adult male SD rats were randomly divided into a normal group (group N), a sham operation group (group S), and a cardiopulmonary resuscitation group (group T). The SD rats of the three groups were all inserted with 24-G needles through their left femoral arteries and right femoral veins. In group S and group T, the endotracheal tube was intubated. In group T, CA induced by asphyxia (AACA) was caused by vecuronium bromide with the endotracheal tube obstructed for 8 min, and the rats were resuscitated with manual chest compression and mechanical ventilation. Preresuscitation and postresuscitation measurements, including basic vital signs (BVS), blood gas analysis (BG), routine complete blood count (CBC), wet-to-dry ratio of tissues (W/D), and the HE staining results after 6 h were evaluated. In group T, the success rate of the CA-CPR model was 60% (18/30), and CLS occurred in 26.6% (8/30) of the rats. There were no significant differences in the baseline characteristics, including BVS, BG, and CBC, among the three groups (P>0.05). Compared with pre-asphyxia, there were significant differences in BVS, CBC, and BG, including temperature, oxygen saturation (SpO2), mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), white blood cell count (WBC), hemoglobin, hematocrit, pH, pCO2, pO2, SO2, lactate (Lac), base excess (BE), and Na+ (P<0.05) after the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in group T. At 6 h after ROSC in group T and at 6 h after surgery in groups N and S, there were significant differences in temperature, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), SpO2, MAP, CVP, WBC, pH, pCO2, Na+, and K+ among the three groups (P<0.05). Compared with the other two groups, the rats in group T showed a significantly increased W/D weight ratio (P<0.05). The HE-stained sections showed consistent severe lesions in the lung, small intestine, and brain tissues of the rats at 6 h after ROSC following AACA. The CA-CPR model in SD rats induced by asphyxia could reproduce CLS with good stability and reproducibility.

Effects of Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers on the Immune System of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Challenged Hamsters

The severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019 observed in patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus disease have created controversy as to why this was the case and the role of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and angiotensin enzyme inhibitors was not ruled out as a contributing factor. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and ARBs on respiratory immunity. The study used a Syrian hamster as an animal model to study the effects of ARBs and ACEIs on the immune system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-challenged hamsters; fever was a response variable. The hamsters were randomly separated into three groups of six. One group was administered enalapril, another with losartan, and the last group was administered water for 30 days. After 30 days, the hamsters were inoculated with 0.2 mL of 1.5 × 108 cfu/mL of P. aeruginosa. After 18 h from the inoculation time, the temperature was taken every 2 h for 36 h. The temperature in all groups ranged from 35.5°C to 37.2°C with an average of 36.1°C and there was no mortality recorded at the end of 14 days. The results were analyzed using Dunnett multiple comparisons analysis of variance using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 27. There were no significant differences in temperature between hamsters treated with enalapril or losartan and those treated with water (control). In addition, no hamster developed fever. In conclusion, enalapril and losartan may not negatively affect the respiratory immunity. Effects of ACEIs and ARBs on the immune system of P. aeruginosa challenged hamsters.

The use of infrared thermography for non-invasive detection of bleeding and musculoskeletal abnormalities in patients with hemophilia: an observational study

BackgroundIn patients with hemophilia (PwH), bleeding often occurs in joints and muscles, and early detection of hemorrhage is important to prevent the onset and progression of mobility impairment. Complex-Image analysis such as ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging are used to detect bleeding. On the other hand, no simple and rapid method to detect the active bleeding has been reported. Local inflammatory responses occur when blood leaks from damaged vessels, and the temperature at the site of active bleeding could be expected to increase in these circumstances, leading to an increase in surrounding skin temperature. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether the measurement of skin temperature using infrared thermography (IRT) can be used as a diagnostic aid to detect active bleeding.MethodsFifteen PwH (from 6 to 82 years old) complaining of discomfort such as pain were examined. Thermal images were obtained simultaneously at the affected sides and comparable unaffected sides. The average skin temperature of the affected side and of the unaffected side were measured. The temperature differences were calculated by subtracting the average skin temperature at the unaffected side from the affected side.ResultsIn eleven cases with active bleeding, the skin temperature at the affected side was more than 0.3 °C higher (0.3 °C to 1.4 °C) compared to the unaffected side. In two cases without active bleeding, there were no significant differences in skin temperature between the affected and unaffected sides. In two cases with previous rib or thumb bone fracture, the skin temperature at the affected side was 0.3 °C or 0.4 °C lower than that of the unaffected side, respectively. In two cases with active bleeding in which longitudinal evaluation was conducted, the difference in skin temperature decreased after hemostatic treatment.ConclusionThe analysis of skin temperature deference using IRT was a useful supportive tool to readily assess musculoskeletal abnormalities and bleeding in PwH as well as to determine the success of the hemostatic treatment.

Effect of elevation and slope orientation on pedogenesis of late Holocene volcanic ash on a tropical high mountain in central Mexico

The influence of climate on pedogenesis is elevation dependent, but little is known on the influence of slope orientation. This investigation focuses on the development of soils formed on Holocene (1100 and 5600 years old) volcanic ash deposits along an elevation gradient from 3000 to 4300 m a.s.l. on a high mountain in central Mexico. Soil profiles were analyzed on both N- and S-facing slopes at 3000, 3400, 3800, 4000 and 4300 m a.s.l. To determine the effect of climate (dependent on elevation and slope orientation) on pedogenetic processes, other factors such as age and type of parent material, landform position, and slope angle were kept constant. Soil temperature was recorded at 10 cm depth at each site for one year. Significant differences in temperature were found along the elevation gradient and between N-facing and S-facing slopes. Selective extractions of Fe, Al, and Si (using dithionite, oxalate, and pyrophosphate) indicate vitric properties on the 1100-year-old tephra (modern soil) throughout the elevation gradient, while the soil formed on the 5600-year-old tephra (buried by the 1100 year-old tephra) shows andic properties. The orientation of slopes has favored two evolutionary trajectories in the 1100-year-old soil: short-range-order minerals dominate on S-facing slopes, and organo-metallic complexes on N-facing slopes. The lower preservation of ash and pumice layers on S-facing slopes suggests that they have experienced geomorphic instability at centennial scales. The pedogenetic and stratigraphic differences observed between N- and S-facing slopes can be extrapolated to similar valleys and volcanic mountains.

Knee skin temperature response of patients with bilateral patellofemoral syndrome before and after heat and cold stress

Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome is characterized by the presence of pain in the front area of the knee, which occurs when performing common activities such as climbing stairs, and bending the knees, among others. The objective of this research was to evaluate the detection capability of infrared thermography in patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome, in the baseline state, as well as after the application of thermal stress. The investigation was conducted in 48 patients, who were subdivided into four groups (n = 12). Two subgroups were healthy patients and two with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome. For the diagnosis of the syndrome, a manual evaluation was performed using the Zohlen test and Q angle measurement. Subsequently, cold stress was applied for 10 min to a healthy subgroup and an experimental subgroup. The remaining two subgroups were subjected to heat stress for 15 min. Thermographic images of the lower extremities were acquired at seven time points, at baseline, immediately after application of thermal stress and then every 3 min until 15 min were completed. It was observed that patients presented Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome bilaterally. After statistical analysis, it was found that there were no significant differences in baseline temperature between the groups. However, for heat stress, a higher temperature was observed in the group with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (p < 0.05) in the recovery period, and in the case of cold stress, only a lower temperature in the left knee immediately after the application. In conclusion, it is not possible to detect patellofemoral syndrome bilaterally in the baseline state by thermography and neither is it evident in cold stress. However, after heat stress, thermal recovery is lower for the PFPS group, so it would be susceptible to detection.

Introduction of ultra-high-field MR brain imaging in infants: vital parameters, temperature and comfort

BackgroundBrain MRI in infants at ultra-high-field scanners might improve diagnostic quality, but safety should be evaluated first. In our previous study, we reported simulated specific absorption rates and acoustic noise data at 7 Tesla. MethodsIn this study, we included twenty infants between term-equivalent age and three months of age. The infants were scanned on a 7 Tesla MRI directly after their clinically indicated 3 Tesla brain MRI scan. Vital parameters, temperature, and comfort were monitored throughout the process. Brain temperature was estimated during the MRI scans using proton MR spectroscopy. ResultsWe found no significant differences in vital parameters, temperature, and comfort during and after 7 Tesla MRI scans, compared to 3 Tesla MRI scans. ConclusionsThese data confirm our hypothesis that scanning infants at 7 Tesla MRI appears to be safe and we identified no additional risks from scanning at 3 Tesla MRI.

Exploring the Genetic Variation of Stripe Rust Foliar and Head Infection in Egyptian Wheat as an Effect of Climate Change

Wheat stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis Westend f. sp. tritici; Pst) is a severe disease that affects wheat-growing areas worldwide. In the last few years, Pst head infection (PstHI) was recorded to cause severe yield damage in Egypt. Little information is known about PstHI. In the current study, a set of 34 Egyptian cultivars were evaluated for their Pst foliar infection (PstFI) and PstHI in two growing seasons (2021 and 2022) in Egypt. High genotypic variations in PstFI and PstHI were found. A very weak correlation was found between the resistance to PstFI and PstHI in both growing seasons. Therefore, the resistance to each symptom might be controlled by different genetic systems. The effect of PstFI and PstHI on kernel traits was investigated. PstHI was found to significantly reduce kernel width and weight in heavily diseased years. Therefore, a significant reduction in wheat yield and quality is expected in case of severe PstHI. Three Egyptian genotypes were resistant to PstFI and PstHI in both growing seasons. These genotypes could help in improving the resistance to both symptoms. However, due to the low genetic distance among them, looking for additional sources of resistance is recommended. In 2021, higher head infection was found compared with 2022. Highly significant differences in maximum temperature, minimum temperature, maximum dew point, and average dew point were found between the two growing seasons. Out of these four factors, dew point and ambient temperature were found to be possible reasons for increasing PstHI. Furthermore, 51 isolines carrying different resistance genes were included in the evaluation. At least ten stripe rust resistance genes were found to be effective against PstFI and PstHI. These ten genes should be included in future breeding programs to improve Pst resistance and understand the effect of climate change on Pst.

How Sterile Are Our Operating Rooms? A Comparison of Air Quality During Primary TKA and THA

Introduction: Airborne Biologic Particles (ABPs) are a potential risk factor for infection following total joint arthroplasty. Factors such as temperature and humidity may affect the number of ABPs which can increase the risk of infection. Comparisons of ABP count between Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) and Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) have yet to be made. Our study examines the differences in ABP count between primary THA and TKA procedures. Methods: We analyzed all primary TJA procedures done within the same OR at an academic institution from April 2019 to June 2020. All procedures between the dates of March 15, 2020 – May 4, 2020 were excluded to avoid COVID-related confounding. Intraoperative measurements of temperature, humidity, and ABP count per minute were recorded. A report containing surgical data from the same time was generated using the institution’s Electronic Health Records (EHR) system and cross-referenced to the intraoperative measurements using procedure start and end times. ABP was calculated as an average ABP count per minute. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate differences in variables of interest. P-values were calculated using t-test for continuous variables and chi square for categorical values. Results: A total of 168 cases were included in the study, comprised of 98 (58.3%) primary THA and 70 (41.7%) primary TKA. No significant differences in room temperature or particle counts across all particle sizes were found between THA and TKA groups. Similarly, time spent in the room was not significantly different between THA and TKA. The only variable that was significantly different between the two groups was average relative humidity, with higher humidity in the THA group (46.9% + 7.56 vs 44.4% + 8.02, p=0.008). Conclusion: There were no significant differences in temperature or particle count between primary THA and primary TKA procedures, suggesting OR air quality was similar between the two procedure types. Further investigation including additional variables such as OR size, airflow patterns, and different procedure types should be performed to better characterize the role of ABPs in air quality and infection risk.

Influence of solar radiation on the surface loss of the painted statues in Grotto No. 3 of Maijishan Grottoes, China

The embedded hygrothermal environment of cultural heritages (solar radiation, temperature, humidity, etc.) plays a significant role in their conservation and survival, especially in the case of outdoor ones. The surface loss of painted statues is often related to fluctuations in the surface temperature caused by the ever-changing solar radiation; however, the quantitative relationship between them remains unclear. To clarify, in this paper, hygrothermal monitoring and numerical simulation were conducted on painted statues with an age of over 1400 years in the World Heritage Maijishan Grottoes. The results showed that the ruined eaves have led to significant differences in solar radiation intensity and surface temperature between the upper and lower statues, with maximum values of 598.7 W/m2 and 13.6 °C, respectively, corresponding to surface loss rates of nearly 15% and 50%. Under the influence of direct insolation, the thermal stress on the statue surface increased with decreasing height, resulting in a difference of 10.8 kPa between the highest and lowest points. Taking the tensile strength of clay (10 kPa) as a threshold of thermal stress, the yearly number of events exceeding this threshold at the upper and lower rows were 2819 and 3173, respectively. Overall, direct insolation has a significant effect on the temperature changes on painted statue surfaces, thus leading to greater thermal stress and greater degrees of surface loss. For heritages in open or semi-open environments, it is necessary and effective to evaluate their preservation conditions based on the threshold and then propose suitable conservation methods for preventive protection.

Influence of Pore Surface Structure and Contents on Shock-Induced Collapse and Energy Localization

The majority of computational efforts in the shockwave driven collapse of porosity focus on idealized pore geometries and structures. These give significant insight into the physical mechanisms in play, but omit some potentially important effects of real energetic materials. To address this, we simulate pore collapse in 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) for four types of pore surfaces and fillings: an idealized cylindrical pore, a pore surface coated with polymer, a melted/amorphous pore surface, and a pore filled with gas molecules. We find that these perturbations to the pore structure result in only minor changes to the highly complex collapse mechanisms. However, significant differences in hotspot temperature are observed, with peak temperatures ranging over several hundred Kelvin. The polymer-coated system has the most effect, lowering the hotspot temperature by 300 K, and also limiting the manifestation of intramolecular strain energy that is known to induce mechanochemistry.

A comparative analysis of sampling methodologies for assessing abundance and distribution of young-of-the-year groundfishes in nearshore soft-sediment habitats

Groundfishes are important species for commercial, recreational, and tribal fisheries along the Pacific Coast of the United States. Understanding the abundance and distribution of these fishes is necessary for successful fisheries management. Many groundfish species spend at least part of their life cycle in nearshore habitats. However, assessing groundfish species assemblages in nearshore habitats can be limited by the relatively small size of young-of-the-year and subadult life history stages, which may not be quantitatively retained with traditional survey gears. In addition, portions of the innermost nearshore (<55 m water depth) can be inaccessible to vessels employed in trawl surveys. To help improve the fishery-independent data informing the current understanding of nearshore assemblages, we compared catches resulting from two different but spatially overlapping surveys. One is the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) West Coast Groundfish Bottom Trawl Survey (WCGBTS), which is representative of a typical groundfish survey in USA and EU continental shelf habitats. The other is an ad-hoc beam trawl survey along the Newport Hydrographic (NH) Line – an oceanographically well-monitored sampling line off the Pacific Coast. Our objectives were to evaluate the representativeness of nearshore fish communities in the WCGBTS and to assess if additional nearshore sampling would enhance the WCGBTS. For the purposes of this study, “nearshore” is defined as the continental shelf shoreward of 200 m depth. Examining fish catches and environmental variables from both surveys, we found significant differences in fish assemblages, oxygen, temperature, and salinity based on depth, season, year, and survey type. The WCGBTS is designed and well-suited for sampling subadult and adult groundfishes in trawlable habitat. However, year-round sampling of the beam trawl survey allows it to capture ephemeral environmental conditions better than the WCGBTS. The gear type and sampling location make the beam trawl survey better suited than the WCGBTS for sampling smaller individuals and species that live at shallower depths. The beam trawl survey caught 69 unique species or taxa groups within the comparative data subset, whereas the WCGBTS caught 83. The three most commonly occurring species in the beam trawl survey were Pacific sanddab (Citharichthys sordidus), English sole (Parophrys vetulus), and speckled sanddab (Citharichthys stigmaeus), while the WCGBTS most commonly caught rex sole (Glyptocephalus zachirus), Dover sole (Microstomus pacificus), and spotted ratfish (Hydrolagus colliei). Of the fish with measured lengths, the catch from the beam trawl survey had a mode standard length of 2 cm, contrasted with the mode length (total length, fork length, anal length, and natural length combined) of 22 cm for the WCGBTS. We found that there is a transition in species assemblages right where the WCGBTS ends (about 55 m). Thus, while the surveys overlap in some capabilities, this analysis shows that the beam trawl survey or a similar nearshore survey would complement the WCGBTS, providing an enhanced characterization of groundfish assemblages.

Clustering of Deceased Patients with COVID-19 in Iran Based on Clinical Features in Hospitalization

Background: Effective clinical care and identifying susceptibility to COVID-19-related mortality requires rapid recognition of risk factors and their relations with disease outcomes. This study aimed to cluster and identify various subgroups of COVID-19 patients and examine the relationship between these subgroups and the causes of death.&#x0D; Methods: This retrospective study assessed the risk factors contributing to COVID-19 patients’ death (n = 128) by evaluating deceased patients' demographic, clinical, and laboratory features and clustering various subgroups of individuals to investigate any correlation.&#x0D; Results: The mean age of deceived patients was 69.7 years, and the majority of them were male (65.6%). The levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, lactate dehydrogenase, and C-reactive protein were high at admission and increased during the hospitalization. Shortness of breath (68%) and cough (62.5%) were the most common symptoms, and hypertension (50.8%) was the most common comorbidity among deceased patients. The clustering quality based on the underlying disease and symptoms was not acceptable. However, clustering based on vital signs showed significant differences in body temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate and oxygen saturation (P&lt;0.001). Furthermore, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) was significantly higher in patients with weaker vital signs than those with better vital signs (15.36% vs. 0.0% P = 0.002).&#x0D; Conclusion: Older age, male sex, hypertension, and high inflammatory markers might be the risk factors for COVID-19-related mortality. Furthermore, considering that patients with poor vital signs were susceptible to develop DIC, prevention of these consequences might be helpful in COVID-19 management.

손 냉각과 압박이 조합된 항암 치료용 장갑이 손의 혈관 수축 및 국소 감각에 미치는 영향

This study investigated the combined effects of wrist compression and hand cooling on cutaneous vasoconstriction of the hands to develop chemotherapy gloves that alleviate side-effects of anti-cancer treatments. Eight healthy young females (23 ± 3 y in age, 162 ± 4 cm in height, 60 ± 8 kg in weight, 22.6 ± 3.0 kg•mSUP-2/SUP in body mass index, 29.0 ± 6.6 % body fat) participated in the following three experimental conditions: cooling only with 14℃ (CO), cooling & intermittent compression (CIC), and cooling & continuous compression (CCC). The results showed 1) no significant differences in finger skin blood flow(%) or finger skin temperature among the three conditions, 2) no significant difference in hand skin temperature between the CO and CCC or CIC conditions, and 3) no significant differences in overall thermal sensation or thermal comfort among the three conditions. However, subjects felt more wrist and hand pressure and tingle sensations in the CIC (pressure phase) and CCC conditions than in the CO condition (P0.001). In conclusion, we did not find any synergistic effects on hand skin vasoconstriction from adding wrist compression to hand cooling, and the pressure and tingling sensations were deteriorated by adding the compression band. Therefore, we suggest cooling the hands at 14oC during cancer treatments, rather than adding compression with cooling.

Oxidative response of sheep to transcervical applications.

This study aimed to investigate the stress-related changes that may occur in sheep following non-surgical cervical line passage. A total of 20 sheep underwent transcervical transition, and their heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, and blood samples were collected at specific time points: 1 h prior to the procedure, immediately after the procedure, and at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 h post-procedure. The study found that there was a statistically significant decrease in body temperature immediately after the procedure (p < .05); however, there were no significant differences in body temperature at other time points (p > .05). Respiratory rate remained similar throughout the study, and no significant differences were observed (p > .05). On the other hand, there was a significant increase in heart rate at the 1-h mark after the procedure (p < .05), which subsequently decreased to a similar level as the control group at the 4-h mark after the procedure (p > .05). The cortisol levels increased significantly after the application (p < .05) but decreased to a level similar to the control after 1 h (p > .05). The level of nitric oxide increased significantly in the first hour (p < .05) and decreased by the 5th hour (p < .05). There was a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and total oxidant capacity (TOC) levels 2 h after the application (p < .05), but this increase ceased at the 4th and 5th hours for MDA (p > .05) and at the 3rd, 4th and 5th hours for TOC (p > .05). The total antioxidant capacity decreased after the 2nd hour of application (p < .05) but remained similar at the fourth and 5th hours (p > .05). In conclusion, based on the cortisol data, transcervical manipulations create short-term stress. Therefore, it may be necessary to use various antioxidants before such procedures to reduce the effects of oxidative stress.

Distribution of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in seasonal low-oxygen marine ranching in northern Yellow Sea, China.

Seasonal low-oxygen in marine ranching in the northern Yellow Sea has been one of the major environmental problems in coastal waters in recent years. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are important nutrients, which are susceptible to the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO). This article studied the effects of low-oxygen on nutrients represented by N and P fractions in marine ranching in the northern Yellow Sea. The results showed that there were significant layer differences in temperature and salinity during the low-oxygen period. In the seawater, the nutrient distribution in the death disaster zone of sea cucumbers and the non-disaster zone was similar, and DO had a strong positive correlation with dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN). In the sediment, significant regional differences existed in nutrient concentration, and the concentration of total phosphorus (TP) decreased significantly with the increase in DO content. The results showed that the sources and sinks of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients were inconsistent in this zone, and migration and transformation of the existing form of nitrogen with the seasonal changes in the water environment was a main factor for N distribution. This study extended the understanding of the effects of seasonal low-oxygen on N and P.

Efecto del riego deficitario en plantas de Helianthus annuus L. en contenedores

In order to evaluate changes related to plant physiology, infrared thermography has been chosen as a non-invasive complement. The research objective was to analyze the effect of deficit irrigation on Helianthus annuus L. plants in containers by means of IR thermography in a controlled experimental population at the University of Seville. The experiment consisted of three irrigation treatments to sunflower plants; one treatment received full irrigation (C-100) and two treatments received deficit irrigation: 70 % (R-70) and 50 % (R-50). A randomized block design was used. In the initial stage, polystyrene seedling trays of 54 cells (square) were used for the cultivation of sunflowers. The dimension of the trays was 700 x 400 x 70 mm. The cell size was 65 x 70 mm and the capacity was 135 cm3. For the development stage, plastic pots with a capacity of 4 L and a dimension of 21 x 16.4 cm were used. The sunflower plants used in this study did not exhibit significant differences in temperature and physiological analyses as a function of the irrigation treatment applied. However, there was a strong tendency for the plants to better resist water stress under a restrictive irrigation of 70%.

Relationship between perioperative cardiopulmonary bypass time, platelet count, fibrinogen level, rotational thromboelastometry data, antithrombin level, and blood loss volume and the effects of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest: An observational study.

We hypothesized that perioperative fibrinogen level, platelet count, and rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) data values decrease in proportion to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time, particularly in patients who underwent deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA). A total of 160 patients were enrolled and divided into the following three groups depending on CPB time: <2-h, 2- 3-h, and >3-h groups. Blood samples were obtained during CPB weaning. Platelet count, ROTEM data, fibrinogen level, and antithrombin level were determined. For propensity matching, we selected 15 patients who underwent DHCA and 15 patients who did not undergo DHCA and used propensity scores to match CPB time and other characteristics. The <2-h, 2-3-h, and >3-h groups included 74, 63, and 23 patients, respectively. No significant differences in platelet count and fibrinogen level were observed between the groups. Antithrombin level and amplitude of clot firmness at 10min in the EXTEM and FIBTEM tests were lowest in the >3-h group. Similarly, blood loss volume and transfusion volume were highest in the >3-h group. Significant differences in platelet count, ROTEM data, lowest esophageal and bladder temperatures, and transfusion volume were observed between patients who underwent DHCA and patients who did not undergo DHCA. The longer the CPB time, the greater the perioperative blood loss volume and transfusion volume, particularly if CPB time is greater than 3hours. Sub-group analysis revealed that DHCA affects perioperative platelet count and function as well as blood loss volume.

Drosophilids with darker cuticle have higher body temperature under light

Cuticle pigmentation was shown to be associated with body temperature for several relatively large species of insects, but it was questioned for small insects. Here we used a thermal camera to assess the association between drosophilid cuticle pigmentation and body temperature increase when individuals are exposed to light. We compared mutants of large effects within species (Drosophila melanogaster ebony and yellow mutants). Then we analyzed the impact of naturally occurring pigmentation variation within species complexes (Drosophila americana/Drosophila novamexicana and Drosophila yakuba/Drosophila santomea). Finally we analyzed lines of D. melanogaster with moderate differences in pigmentation. We found significant differences in temperatures for each of the four pairs we analyzed. The temperature differences appeared to be proportional to the differently pigmented area: between Drosophila melanogaster ebony and yellow mutants or between Drosophila americana and Drosophila novamexicana, for which the whole body is differently pigmented, the temperature difference was around 0.6 °C ± 0.2 °C. By contrast, between D. yakuba and D. santomea or between Drosophila melanogaster Dark and Pale lines, for which only the posterior abdomen is differentially pigmented, we detected a temperature difference of about 0.14 °C ± 0.10 °C. This strongly suggests that cuticle pigmentation has ecological implications in drosophilids regarding adaptation to environmental temperature.

Numerical investigation of double-walled direct absorption evacuated tube solar collector using microencapsulated PCM and nanofluid

In the present study, the thermal performance of direct absorption solar evacuated tube collectors utilizing CuO nanofluid, CuO/Al2O3 binary nanofluid, and CuO nanofluid combined with microencapsulated phase change material (MPCM) is investigated. The impact of base fluid types (water and ethylene glycol (EG)), nanofluid volume fraction, and flow velocity, are analyzed by the numerical simulation of the collector. Also, two models (single-phase and mixture) are used for simulating the MPCM slurry. Due to the insignificant difference between the results of the single-phase and two-phase models, the single-phase model is recommended to reduce computational time. It is found that the most significant differences in outlet temperature occur using 0.06 % Al2O3+ 0.002 % CuO/water nanofluid and 0.06 % Al2O3+ 0.002 % CuO/EG nanofluid which are equal to 28.34 K, and 36.64 K, respectively. The collector efficiency using binary nanofluids is higher than using CuO nanofluids in both water- and EG-based nanofluids. Results indicate that combining MPCM and CuO nanofluid increases the collector efficiency by 4.53 % and lowers the heat loss by 5.84 %. The simultaneous application of MPCM and CuO nanofluid has the highest efficiency among all working fluids.