Significant Differences In Color Research Articles

Assessment of Surface Roughness, Color, and Bonding Efficacy: Self-Adhesive vs. Conventional Flowable Resin

This in vitro study aimed to analyze the surface roughness (Ra) and color stability (ΔEab, ΔE00) following simulated mechanical brushing and to evaluate the microtensile (μTBS) of self-adhering resin flowable (SARF) to dentin. The selected materials were Constic, Yflow AS, and Tetric N flow (TNF/control). Thirty composite resin cylinders were fabricated for surface property evaluation. Ra and color were assessed both before and after simulated brushing. The thresholds of 50:50% perceptibility and acceptability of color differences in the evaluated resins were assessed. For μTBS analysis, fifteen molars were selected, sectioned to expose flat dentin surfaces, and restored according to the manufacturers’ instructions for microtensile testing. There were statistically significant differences in Ra among the groups, with Constic exhibiting the highest Ra value (0.702 µm; p < 0.05), whereas Yflow AS presented the lowest Ra value (0.184 µm). No statistically significant difference in color was observed among the groups (p > 0.05). The 50:50% perceptibility and acceptability thresholds were set at 1.2 and 2.7 for ΔEab and 0.8 and 1.8 for ΔE 00. All the results fell within the acceptable limits. The mean μTBS values of Constic, Yflow AS, and TNF were 10.649 MPa, 8.170 MPa, and 33.669 MPa, respectively. This study revealed increased Ra and comparable color stability among all the tested composite resins after abrasion. However, the SARF exhibited lower μTBS compared to conventional using an adhesive system.

Analysis Shelf Life And Hedonic Test Original Kemojo With Purple Sweet Potato Kemojo

Kemojo is a traditional Riau cake formed like a frangipani flower, with a soft, green inner texture, non-porous, dense, but slightly dry outside, and a brownish hue. Kemojo is a traditional cuisine that includes wheat flour, eggs, granulated sugar, margarine, coconut milk, and pandan leaves. It is frequently served at weddings, circumcisions, fasting, and Eid. The purpose of this study was to examine the shelf life and hedonic test of traditional kemojo cake with purple sweet potato kemojo cake in terms of color, aroma, texture, and taste. The approach used is a hybrid method, which integrates qualitative and quantitative data. According to the study, the original kemojo cake and purple sweet potato kemojo cake have a shelf life of 3 days at room temperature (23˚C to 29˚C) with a closed ivory box. The hedonic test analysis results for the original kemojo cake and purple sweet potato kemojo cake were collected by administering a questionnaire to 50 consumer panelists and comparing the t-count to the t-table. If the t-count exceeds the t-table, then the hypothesis is accepted. If the t-count is less than the t-table, Ho is rejected. Specifically, color 3.256 ≥ 2.009, aroma 1.373 ≤ 2.009, texture 3.107 ≥ 2.009, and taste 697 ≤ 2.009. The data analysis results reveal a significant difference in color and texture preferences between the original kemojo cake and the purple sweet potato kemojo cake. The aroma and taste of the classic kemojo cake and the purple sweet potato kemojo cake are comparable.

Effect of Oscillating Magnetic Fields (OMFs) and Pulsed Electric Fields (PEFs) on Supercooling Preservation of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Fillets.

Salmon, rich in protein and omega-3 fatty acids, has a short shelf life of 1 to 3 days when stored at 2 to 8 °C. Freezing, used for long-term preservation, often results in ice crystal formation. Ice crystals can cause structural damage, leading to cell wall rupture, which can affect the texture and cause nutrient loss. Ultimately, this process reduces the overall quality of the salmon. Supercooling, which cools food below its freezing temperature without forming ice crystals, offers an alternative. This study investigated the effects of oscillating magnetic fields (OMFs) and pulsed electric fields (PEFs) on ice crystal formation during salmon supercooling. The results showed that using OMFs and PEFs in supercooling reduced the storage temperature of salmon, maintaining a similar thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value to that of frozen and refrigerated samples. There was no significant difference in meat color between the fresh and frozen samples, and drip loss weight was comparable between the fresh and supercooled samples. The microbiological counts were the lowest in the supercooled samples compared to the frozen and refrigerated ones. These findings suggest that supercooling storage with OMFs and PEFs can mitigate quality degradation in salmon typically associated with freezing.

New Insights Regarding the Use of Relevant Synthetic Compounds in Dentistry.

Worldwide, synthetic compounds are used for both in-office and at-home dental care. They are a valuable resource for both prophylactic and curative treatments for various dental problems, such as tooth decay, periodontal diseases, and many more. They are typically preferred due to their broad range of actions and ability to produce targeted, rapid, and long-lasting effects. Using a 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash is capable of reducing the plaque index from 47.69% to 2.37% and the bleeding index from 32.93% to 6.28% after just 2 weeks. Mouthwash with 0.1% OCT is also highly effective, as it significantly lowered the median plaque index and salivary bacterial counts in 152 patients in 5 days compared to a control group (p < 0.0001), while also reducing the gingival index (p < 0.001). When povidone-iodine was used as an irrigant during the surgical removal of mandibular third molars in 105 patients, it resulted in notably lower pain scores after 2 days compared to a control group (4.57 ± 0.60 vs. 5.71 ± 0.45). Sodium hypochlorite is excellent for root canal disinfection, as irrigating with 1% NaOCl completely eliminated the bacteria from canals in 65% patients. A 0.05% CPC mouthwash proved effective for perioperative patient care, significantly decreasing gingival bleeding (p < 0.001) and suppressing Streptococcus levels even one week post-surgery. Lastly, a 6% H2O2 paint-on varnish and 6% H2O2 tray formulations successfully bleached the teeth of 40 patients, maintaining a noticeably whiter appearance up to the 6-month follow-up, with significant color differences from the baseline (p < 0.005). Synthetic compounds have a large research base, which also provides a greater awareness of their mechanism of action and potential adverse effects. For a better understanding of how they work, several methods and assays are performed. These are protocolary techniques through which a compound's efficacy and toxicity are established.

VOC Characterization of Byasa hedistus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) and Its Visual and Olfactory Responses during Foraging and Courtship.

Color and odor are crucial cues for butterflies during foraging and courtship. While most sexual dimorphic butterflies rely more on vision, our understanding of how butterflies with similar coloration use different signals remains limited. This study investigated the visual and olfactory behavioral responses of the similarly colored butterfly Byasa hedistus during foraging and courtship. While visiting artificial flowers of different colors, we found that B. hedistus exhibits an innate color preference, with a sequence of preferences for red, purple, and blue. The frequency of flower visits by B. hedistus significantly increased when honey water was sprayed on the artificial flowers, but it hardly visited apetalous branches with honey water. This proves that locating nectar sources by odor alone is difficult in the absence of floral color guides. During courtship, males are active while females hardly chase; only two models were observed: males chasing males and males chasing females. The courtship process includes four behaviors: slowing approach, straight chasing, hovering, and spinning. B. hedistus cannot distinguish between sexes based on color, as there is no significant difference in color and shape between them. Twenty-three VOCs (>1%) were identified in B. hedistus, with 21 shared by both sexes, while ketones are specific to males. These VOCs are principally represented by cineole, β-pinene, and linalool. When cineole was added to butterfly mimics, many butterflies were attracted to them, but the butterflies did not seem to distinguish between males and females. This suggests that cineole may be the feature VOC for identifying conspecific groups. Adding β-pinene and linalool to mimics induced numerous butterflies to chase, hover, spin around, and attempt to mate with them. This suggests that β-pinene and linalool are crucial cues indicating the presence of females.

WDFF-Net: Weighted Dual-Branch Feature Fusion Network for Polyp Segmentation With Object-Aware Attention Mechanism.

Colon polyps in colonoscopy images exhibit significant differences in color, size, shape, appearance, and location, posing significant challenges to accurate polyp segmentation. In this paper, a Weighted Dual-branch Feature Fusion Network is proposed for Polyp Segmentation, named WDFF-Net, which adopts HarDNet68 as the backbone network. First, a dual-branch feature fusion network architecture is constructed, which includes a shared feature extractor and two feature fusion branches, i.e. Progressive Feature Fusion (PFF) branch and Scale-aware Feature Fusion (SFF) branch. The branches fuse the deep features of multiple layers for different purposes and with different fusion ways. The PFF branch is to address the under-segmentation or over-segmentation problems of flat polyps with low-edge contrast by iteratively fusing the features from low, medium, and high layers. The SFF branch is to tackle the the problem of drastic variations in polyp size and shape, especially the missed segmentation problem for small polyps. These two branches are complementary and play different roles, in improving segmentation accuracy. Second, an Object-aware Attention Mechanism (OAM) is proposed to enhance the features of the target regions and suppress those of the background regions, to interfere with the segmentation performance. Third, a weighted dual-branch the segmentation loss function is specifically designed, which dynamically assigns the weight factors of the loss functions for two branches to optimize their collaborative training. Experimental results on five public colon polyp datasets demonstrate that, the proposed WDFF-Net can achieve a superior segmentation performance with lower model complexity and faster inference speed, while maintaining good generalization ability.

The Effects of Different Doses of Canthaxanthin in the Diet of Laying Hens on Egg Quality, Physical Characteristics, Metabolic Mechanism, and Offspring Health.

Currently, there is a dearth of in-depth analysis and research on the impact of canthaxanthin on the production performance, egg quality, physical characteristics, and offspring health of laying hens. Furthermore, the metabolic mechanism of cantharidin in the body remains unclear. Therefore, to solve the above issues in detail, our study was conducted with a control group (C group), a low-dose canthaxanthin group (L group), and a high-dose canthaxanthin group (H group), each fed for a period of 40 days. Production performance was monitored during the experiment, in which L and H groups showed a significant increase in ADFI. Eggs were collected for quality analysis, revealing no significant differences in qualities except for yolk color (YC). The YC of the C group almost did not change, ranging from 6.08 to 6.20; however, the trend in YC change in other groups showed an initial intense increase, followed by a decrease, and eventually reached dynamic equilibrium. By detecting the content of canthaxanthin in the yolk, the YC change trend was found to be correlated with canthaxanthin levels in the yolk. The content of unsaturated fatty acid increased slightly in L and H groups. Following the incubation period, the physical characteristics and blood biochemical indices of chicks were evaluated. It was observed that the shank color of chicks in the L and H groups was significantly higher than that in the C group at birth. However, by the 35th day, there were no significant differences in shank color among the three groups. Further investigation into the metabolic mechanism involving canthaxanthin revealed that the substance underwent incomplete metabolism upon entering the body, resulting in its accumulation as well as metabolic by-product accumulation in the yolk. In summary, this study highlighted the importance of understanding canthaxanthin's role in production performance, egg quality, and offspring health, providing valuable insights for breeders to optimize feeding strategies.

Characterization of a short-term processing technology of black garlic with low 5-HMF content

Black garlic, a deep-processed product of garlic, is widely favored in various Asian countries. Traditional black garlic production typically takes 60–90 days, resulting in low production efficiency and the formation of potentially harmful levels of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). In this study, we implemented a novel production process capable of producing short-term black garlic (SBG) with significantly reduced levels of 5-HMF within just 8.6 h. A comparative analysis was conducted to investigate the quality disparities between SBG and commercially black garlic (CBG), encompassing assessments on color, physicochemical properties, characteristic components, in vitro antioxidant capacity, and volatile compounds. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in color between SBG and CBG. SBG exhibited higher levels of protein, reducing sugar, and polyphenols. 5-HMF, allicin, and S-allyl-l-cysteine (SAC) were selected as characteristic ingredients of black garlic. The concentration of 5-HMF in SBG was only 5.6% compared to CBG. SAC content in SBG was 2.3 times higher than in CBG and 11.3 times higher than in fresh garlic, while allicin was not detected in SBG samples. When comparing black garlic extracts at the same concentration, the antioxidant capacity of SBG was found to be stronger than that of CBG. Key flavor compounds identified in CBG included diallyl tetrasulfide, 5-methyl-2-furanmethanethiol, allyl methyl sulfide, dimethyl tetrasulfide, diallyl disulfide, diallyl sulfide, and dimethyl trisulfide. In contrast, key flavor compounds identified in SBG were 2-acetylthiophene, allyl methyl sulfide, 5-methyl-2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde, 2-acetylthiazole, dimethyl trisulfide, diallyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide. Compared to CBG samples, the aroma profile of SBGs exhibited a more pleasant scent with reduced pungency.

Sensory Evaluation of Vacuum-Packed Rice Eel (Monopterus albus) Fillet Marinade

This study focused on the formulation of a good marinate substitute for vacuum-packed fillets. Treatment marinates are vinegar (T1), lemon juice (T2), calamansi juice (T3), and sweet orange juice (T4), with the same amount of salt, garlic powder, white pepper, and chili powder. Acceptability was determined by its sensory attributes such as taste, odor, color, texture, and Acceptability Composite Index. Results revealed that T 2 (rice eel fillet marinated with 75 ml lemon juice is the most acceptable treatment among the four treatments. In the sensory acceptability, there are no significant differences in the product's hedonic odor, taste, and texture among the four treatments. However, there is a significant difference in the hedonic color of the product among the 4 treatments. Different marinades can be developed for rice eel to improve its taste and acceptability in terms of color, aroma, and texture.

Characterization of sodium caseinate derived from various sources: Unraveling the relationship between structure and functional properties

In this study, the structural and functional properties of laboratory-prepared sodium caseinate (L-SC) from yak Qula with three different sources of commercial products: yak milk, Qula, and milk sodium caseinate products (YM-SC, YQ-SC, M-SC) were compared. The physicochemical properties of different samples were analyzed, indicating significant fat content and color differences. The SDS-PAGE showed predominant protein subunits in the 25 kDa–35 kDa range, with M-SC having the highest κ-casein content and the least aggregation. M-SC exhibited the smallest particle size, lowest surface hydrophobicity (H0) and surface tension at the oil-water interface, with excellent functional properties, whereas YQ-SC exhibited contrast. FTIR suggested that the effect may be attributed to the decreased α-helix and β-sheet structure, and reduction in H0 and protein aggregation, resulting in a notable enhancement in protein solubility and surface activity. After optimizing the alkali extraction conditions and drying method, L-SC showed a reduced particle size of 135.0 nm, significantly improved foaming properties while the prepared emulsion had good stability and smaller d4,3. In addition, the relationship among the indicators was verified by the correlation analysis. These results could provide more information for the manufacturing of sodium caseinate in the food industry.

Disparities in Body Color Adaptability and Ambient Light Color Preference between Wild and Hatchery-Reared Marbled Rockfish (Sebastiscus marmoratus).

Hatchery rearing significantly influences the phenotypic development of fish, with potential adverse effects for the post-release performance of hatchery-reared individuals in natural environments, especially when targeted for stock enhancement. To assess the suitability of releasing hatchery-reared fish, a comprehensive understanding of the phenotypic effects of captive rearing, through comparisons with their wild conspecifics, is essential. In this study, we investigated the divergence in body coloration between wild and hatchery-reared marbled rockfish Sebastiscus marmoratus. We examined the selection preferences for different light colors and assessed the impact of different ambient light colors on the morphological color-changing ability of juvenile marbled rockfish. Our findings revealed significant differences in body color between wild and hatchery-reared marbled rockfish. The hue and saturation values of wild marbled rockfish were significantly higher than those of their hatchery-reared counterparts, indicative of deeper and more vibrant body coloration in the wild population. Following a ten-day rearing period under various light color environments, the color of wild marbled rockfish remained relatively unchanged. In contrast, hatchery-reared marbled rockfish tended to change their color, albeit not reaching wild-like coloration. Light color preference tests demonstrated that wild juvenile marbled rockfish exhibited a preference for a red-light environment, while hatchery-reared individuals showed a similar but weaker response. Both wild and hatchery-reared marbled rockfish displayed notable negative phototaxis in the presence of yellow and blue ambient light. These results highlight the impact of hatchery rearing conditions on the body color and morphological color-changing ability, and provide insight into light color selection preferences of marbled rockfish. To mitigate the divergence in phenotypic development and produce more wild-like fish for stocking purposes, modifications to the hatchery environment, such as the regulation of ambient light color, should be considered.

Color Matching of Single-Shade Composite Resin by Various Pulp Capping Materials in Anterior Teeth

This study aimed to compare color matching between single-shade composite resin-restored teeth with various pulp capping materials and the dentin surrounding the restoration through instrumental analysis and visual evaluation of the color difference. Fifty maxillary right central incisor acrylic resin teeth were prepared with standardized Class III cavities on the proximal surfaces. These teeth were divided into five groups: restored with single-shade composite resin only; Ultra-Blend™ plus followed by single-shade composite resin; TheraCal PT™ followed by single-shade composite resin; Endocem&lt;sup&gt;®&lt;/sup&gt; MTA premixed followed by single-shade composite resin; and Well-root PT™ followed by single-shade composite resin. The color difference (ΔE&lt;sub&gt;ab&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;) between the restored area and the center of the resin teeth was measured using a spectrophotometer. No significant color difference was observed in groups restored with only single-shade composite resin, Ultra-Blend™ plus, and TheraCal PT™. The visual evaluation revealed that Ultra-Blend™ plus exhibited the best color matching score, whereas the Endocem® MTA premixed and Well-root PT™ groups showed significantly lower color matching scores than the single-shade composite resin-only group. When opting for single-shade composite resin usage for anterior tooth restorations with the aim of reducing chair time, pulp capping materials UltraBlend™ plus and TheraCal PT™ provide esthetically pleasing results.

Transcriptomic Analysis of Green Leaf Plants and White-Green Leaf Mutants in Haworthia cooperi var. pilifera.

Haworthia cooperi var. pilifera is a succulent plant with ornamental value. The white-green leaf mutant (wl) showed a significant difference in leaf color from the wild-type plant (WT). In this study, we integrated the transcriptomes of wl and WT plants to screen differentially expressed genes related to leaf color variation. The results of transcriptome analysis showed that 84,163 unigenes were obtained after de novo assembly and the NR database annotated the largest number of unigenes, which accounted for 57.13%, followed by NT (43.02%), GO (39.84%), Swiss-Prot (39.25%), KEGG (36.06%), and COG (24.88%). Our finding showed that 2586 genes were differentially expressed in the two samples, including 1996 down-regulated genes and 590 up-regulated genes. GO analysis predicted that these differentially expressed genes (DEGs) participate in 12 cellular components, 20 biological processes, and 13 molecular function terms and KEGG analysis showed that metabolic pathways, plant-pathogen interaction, glycerophospholipid metabolism, endocytosis, plant hormone signal transduction, and ether lipid metabolism were enriched among all identified pathways. Through functional enrichment analysis of DEGs, we found that they were involved in chloroplast division and the biosynthesis of plant pigments, including chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanin, and transcription factor families, which might be related to the formation mechanism of leaf color. Taken together, these results present insights into the difference in gene expression characteristics in leaves between WT and wl mutants and provide a new insight for breeding colorful leaf phenotypes in succulent plants.

A lightweight white blood cells detection network based on CenterNet and feature fusion modules

White blood cells (WBCs) detection is significant to the diagnosis of many diseases. However, the detection accuracy can be influenced by the significant differences in color, size and morphology of WBCs in the images. In this paper, an improved CenterNet with smaller model size, fewer parameters, and lower computational complexity is proposed for the WBCs accurate detection. Firstly, the lightweight backbone GhostNetv2 is selected to reduce the model size, parameters and computational complexity of the network. Then, a feature pyramid network with the efficient channel attention (ECA) attention mechanism and the multi-scale feature extraction modules is constructed to enhance the capability of feature extraction and focus more on WBCs. Finally, the heatmap loss function is modified by proposing an improved mean squared error loss function to enhance the fitting ability between the predicted values and the ground truth of the heatmap. Experimental results show that the model size of the proposed lightweight CenterNet is only 19.9 MB, and the mAP.5 is 97.36%. The model size is reduced by 84% while the mAP.5 and FPS are increased by 0.7% and 10.4 compared to the original CenterNet. Moreover, the detection accuracy of the proposed lightweight CenterNet is comparable to the existing mainstream networks and its detection performance on different datasets is good, while the model size, parameters and computational complexity of the network is significantly reduced, and can be used for WBCs detection effectively.

Effect of BaTiO3 as a filling material with adjustable dielectric properties on improving the radio frequency heating uniformity in red jujubes

The non-uniformity of radio frequency (RF) heating is a major obstacle to develop successful large-scale disinfestation processes for agricultural products with large particles. To effectively improve the RF heating uniformity in red jujubes, the chemical material of BaTiO3 (BT) with different volume percentages was added into food-grade silicone (FGS) to form FGS/BT composite particles with various dielectric properties. The various FGS/BT composite particles were filled inside the rectangular container of red jujubes and used to evaluate the effect of matching degree of their dielectric constants on the RF heating uniformity. The results showed that the dielectric constant of the composite increased from 3.41 ± 0.14 to 8.31 ± 0.15 as the BT volume percentage increased from 0% to 20% at 25 °C and 27.12 MHz. Compared with FGS, the filled FGS/BT composite with a BT volume percentage of 20% not only improved the heat conduction but also optimized the temperature distributions among red jujube particles, which reduced the heating uniformity index in the top, middle, and bottom layers by 40%, 32%, and 27%, respectively. As the electrode gap increased from 160 mm to 180 mm, the heating rate and uniformity index in FGS/BT filled samples decreased significantly (p < 0.05). There was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in color and textural properties between the treated and control samples. This study provided the effective filling materials with matched dielectric constant in the RF treatment of red jujubes and a feasible method to further improve the RF heating uniformity in large-size agricultural products.

Abstract 1458: Anti tumoral role of PDX1 on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma aggressiveness

Abstract Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents a very aggressive type of pancreatic cancer (9% survival rate at 5 years). PDX1 is an important transcription factor for embryonic development of the pancreas, endocrine lineage differentiation and the maintenance of mature beta cells. Notably, in PDAC patients, the expression of PDX1 is downregulated in tumor cells compared to adjacent non-tumoral tissue. Interestingly, increasing tumor PDX1 expression has been shown to enhance the overall survival rate in PDAC patients. Therefore, our aim was to analyze the role of PDX1 on tumor aggressiveness of PDAC cells. To induce PDX1 expression, PANC1 cells were treated with BRD7552 (a PDX1 inducer) for 9 days. Overexpression of PDX1 was confirmed by Western Blot analysis and no cytotoxic effects were observed by MTT or Trypan Blue exclusion assays on treated cells compared to control. Wound healing and transwell migration assays showed a significant reduction in the migration rate compared to the control group. A higher proportion of cells in G1 phase was observed in treated cells compared to control by propidium iodide staining followed by flow cytometry assay. Furthermore, the cell confluence assay showed a significant reduction in proliferation rate in treated cells compared to control, but no differences were observed on the proportion of KI67+ and PH3+ cells by immunostaining. To assess the in ovo effects of BRD7552, treated PANC1 cells were implanted onto the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryos and tumor growth was measured at different stages observing a significant reduction in tumor growth in PANC1 cells compared to control between days 3 and 8 post implantation. No significant differences in morphology or color were observed between treated and control implanted cells. Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed reduced invasion of treated cells into the chorioallantoic membrane compared to control. In conclusion, the overexpression of PDX1 affects cell cycle, reduces proliferation rate and inhibits migratory potential in vitro. Moreover, in an in ovo model this overexpression diminished tumor growth and invasion in PANC1 cells. In conclusion, the overexpression of PDX1 induced by BRD7552 drives pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma to a less aggressive tumoral phenotype. Citation Format: Jimena Mosna, Federico Garde, Marcelo Stinson, Candela Pastore, Pablo Sanchis, Abel Carcagno. Anti tumoral role of PDX1 on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma aggressiveness [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 1458.

Influence of γ irradiation on the optical and colour characteristics of the polyvinyl alcohol/polyvinyl pyrrolidone blend film

With the aid of a solution casting technique, we created a blended film made of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). Gamma doses (5-40 kGy) were applied to samples of the synthetic PVA/PVP film. UV spectroscopy and the CIE colour alterations procedure were used to investigate the impact of the γ dose on the optical features of the synthesized film. The direct optical bandgap (Eg), affected by cross-linking, destroyed the crystalline structure and formed the amorphous regions, dropped from 2.53 to -2.08 eV with the increase in γ dose to 40 kGy. Thus, the PVA/PVP film's compact structure increases. The films displayed a transition which was directly allowed as the ϵ'' vs. hν plots revealed Eg approximately equal to the values derived from Tauc's equation. The colour variances, between the unaltered and irradiated films, were also identified. Significant colour differences could be seen in the pure PVA/PVP film.

Color stability of pressed lithium disilicate ceramics under repeated firings evaluated by different methods.

The aim of this study was to determine and compare color differences of pressed lithium disilicate ceramic specimens after repeated firing cycles. An additional objective was to determine and evaluate correlation of CIEDE2000 values analyzed by X-Rite Color i5 Spectrophotometer, VITA EasyShade Advance 4.0 and Adobe Photoshop. Tile specimens (N=36) with 8 x 10 x 1.5mm dimensions were prepared by IPS e.max Press lithium disilicate MT Monochromatic ingots and IPS e.max Multi Press lithium disilicate Multichromatic ingots. Specimens were exposed to 7 repeated firing cycles. Color analysis was performed after the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th, and 7th firing cycles. CIE L*a*b* values were measured by X-Rite Color i5 Spectrophotometer, VITA EasyShade Advance 4.0 and Adobe Photoshop. CIE DE*2000 (ΔE*00) was calculated to estimate color differences. Linear regression and multiple comparison analysis (Tukey's HSD test) showed a statistically significant (p<.001) color difference ΔE*00 after multiple firing cycles. Statistically significant differences (p<.05) were also noted in different shade groups and between different instruments used for shade evaluation. Moreover, significant differences (p<.05) were found in interactive effects between different shades tested by different instrument, different shades tested after multiple firing cycles and different instruments after multiple firing cycles. Lithium disilicate material shows significant color differences after repeated firing cycles tested by three color analysis instruments. Measuring instruments used to evaluate CIE L*a*b* color values showed significant differences in color values analysis, which may lead to altered level of interpretation, particularly to determine perceptibility and clinical acceptability thresholds.

The Effect of Aging on Artificial Saliva at Different pH Values on the Color Stability of New Generation Denture Base Materials.

New-generation denture base materials are used successfully in denture fabrication; however, the effect of saliva pH change on the color stability of materials is unknown. The purpose of this in vitro study is to evaluate the color stability of new-generation denture base materials after immersion in artificial saliva with different pH values (3,7,14). Disc-shaped samples (Ø 10 mm x 2 mm) were prepared from three different denture base materials (1 pre-polymerized polymethylmethacrylate [PMMA], 1 graphene-reinforced PMMA, and heat-cure polymethyl methacrylate resin) (n=10). After polishing, color coordinates were measured using a PCE-CSM 5 colorimeter programmed in the CIE system (L* a* b*). The samples were kept in artificial saliva at different pH values and 37°C for 21 days. At the end of 21 days, color coordinates were measured again. The suitability of the measurements for a normal distribution was examined with the Kolmogro-Smirnov test. Whether color measurements obtained at different pH levels differed according to groups was examined with the Kruskal-Wallis test. The correlation between the CIEDE2000 and CIELab color difference formulas was examined by correlation analysis. The highest color difference occurred in heat-cure samples at pH 3 (p<0.001). The color difference at different pH values was least observed in pre-polymerized PMMA samples. Significant color differences occurred in the graphene-reinforced pre-polymerized PMMA group at pH 7 (p<0.001). It was observed that color differences occurred in all groups. Dentures made of new-generation CAD/CAM PMMA, which are less exposed to color differences, can be recommended for elderly patients with systemic diseases who are frequently exposed to pH changes in the oral cavity. Color differences on denture surfaces over time negatively affect aesthetics. Since pH changes cause changes on the prosthesis surface, it may be recommended for these patients to fabricate dentures from new-generation CAD/CAM PMMA resins, which are less deformable.

EVALUATION OF BAKING QUALITY OF BREAD FROM COMPOSITE MIXTURE OF WHEAT FLOUR AND P-GLABRA SEED FLOUR

Pachira glabra is one of the abundant underutilized plants in the tropics. The seeds were processed into flour. A sample of the flour were evaluated for physicochemical composition, functional properties, baking test and the bread produced were subjected to sensory analysis. The results of proximate analysis showed that P. glabra flour had significantly higher total fat content, Crude fiber and total ash content (P&gt;0.05), but with lower values of other components when compared with the white wheat flour. The anti – nutrient properties of P. glabra flour such as; Tannins, Phytates, Oxalates and Alkaloids were obtained to be; 3.29, 6.99, 3.74 and 1.98 mg/100g respectively. The functional properties of P. glabra flour had significantly higher in WAC, and swelling capacity (P&gt;0.05), but with lower values of forming capacity and OAC, both the two samples had the same value of bulk density. P. glabra flour may find its use in food industry. The volume of the bread obtained after baking test showed a decrease of bread volume with an increase in P. glabra flour substitution. The results of Sensory evaluation gotten from the panelist were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and there was significant difference in colour, aroma and overall acceptability but no significant difference in taste, and texture.