Data regarding changes in the arterial vascular wall after the deployment of suture-mediated vascular closure devices (VCD) at the femoral site in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary angiography (CAG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are sparse. This study investigated the occurrence of structural vascular changes or adverse vascular complications at the access site in the short term after the deployment of a suture-mediated intravascular VCD. Ninety-three patients (72% males) with a mean age of 62 ± 11 years were enrolled. Duplex sonography was conducted at the access site at baseline, 24 hours and 30 days after femoral puncture in patients with successful VCD deployment. Vessel diameter, flow velocities, the severity of atherosclerosis, and the intravascular or perivascular tissue alterations in both the right common femoral artery (RCFA) and right external iliac artery (REILA) were assessed. Vascular complications were documented. There were no significant changes regarding the diameter of the RCFA in the transverse and longitudinal view, peak systolic velocity (PSV) of the RCFA, PSV ratio of the RCFA to REILA, the resistive index of the RFCA and the severity of arterial wall abnormalities before femoral puncture, the day following VCD deployment and 30 days after (p = NS for all) in the general population and in patients with diabetes mellitus, on oral anticoagulants or with mild peripheral artery disease (p = NS for all markers). Device failure was observed in four cases. Few (4.4%) patients had vascular complications, which included exclusively major or minor haematomas, most of which did not persist at the 30-day follow up. The use of a suture-mediated VCD was safe and was not associated with adverse vascular wall changes at the femoral access site 30 days after deployment in patients undergoing CAG and/or PCI.

BackgroundAlthough engagement in multiple healthy lifestyles could reduce the risk of dementia, most people refer never have talked about dementia prevention with their healthcare providers. Nudge‐based interventions have demonstrated efficacy in changing real‐life clinical practices. Nonetheless, its effects to modify healthcare providers and patients practices toward dementia prevention has not been tested yet. This was the aim of our study.MethodA pragmatic cluster‐randomized trial was conducted from April to November 2024 in seven senior centers in Chile. People 60 years or older with cognitive impairment but no dementia were included. Participants in the control centers (n:4) received usual care (physical, social, and cognitive group activities leaded by healthcare providers, two times per‐week) and talks for healthcare providers about dementia’ general aspects. Participants and healthcare providers in the intervention centers (n:3) received the same usual care and talks plus a nudge‐based intervention encouraging AD preventive practices with positive aging images through posters in the centers’ facilities, informative tryptic, and a webpage. Main outcome was a composite healthy brain behaviors score comprising physical, social, dietary, and cardiovascular behaviors. Secondary outcomes were knowledge, healthcare providers practices, and patients’ global cognitive score. Intention‐to‐treat analysis using linear mixed models comparing average treatment effects (ATEs) from baseline over follow‐up were conducted.ResultA total of 210 participants were included, with mean age 74.8(SD:7.0) and 80.5% women. After 6 months, participants assigned to intervention (n:101) demonstrated larger improvements in the composite healthy brain behaviors score (ATE of SD:0.15, 95%CI:0.02–0.28, p:0.021; a 95.4% improvement compared with control group), refer knowing ways to prevent dementia (intervention‐baseline:32.7%, intervention‐follow‐up: 61.4%, p:0.002; control‐baseline:49.1%, control‐follow‐up:50.9%, p:0.997), a healthcare provider talked about dementia prevention (intervention‐baseline:9.9%, intervention‐follow‐up:21.8%, p <0.001; control‐baseline:7.3%, control‐follow‐up:5.5%, p:0.973), and the number of people receiving risk factors management recommendations from healthcare providers (intervention‐baseline:53.5%, intervention‐follow‐up:73.3%, p:0.018; control‐baseline:65.5%, control‐follow‐up:70.9%, p:0.821). No differences in global cognition scores were observed, but the intervention group presented a reduction in cases with scores compatible with moderate cognitive impairment.ConclusionComplementing real‐life clinical practice with positive AD prevention nudge‐based information can lead to significative changes in healthy brain behaviors practices from both patients and healthcare providers.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprising Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is a chronic relapsing gastrointestinal inflammatory disorder, whose underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Novel cell death modalities such as ferroptosis and pyroptosis are implicated in its pathogenesis. This study employed bibliometric analysis to elucidate research trends in IBD and novel forms of cell death. A total of 682 records were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection on 20 June 2024, using relevant keywords. Bibliometric analysis and visualisation were conducted with tools including Citespace, VOSviewer, the bibliometrix R package, Scimago Graphica, and an online bibliometric platform. Topic modelling was performed via the latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) algorithm, and burst detection was applied to forecast emerging research trends. Over the past 20 years, there has been a remarkable increase in research output and influence in this field. The number of publications grew exponentially after 2019, and the median impact factor of highly cited papers also showed an upward trend. China and the United States were the major contributors. Chinese Academy of Sciences and Zhejiang University had the highest publication volumes among institutions. Key authors like Zhang Caiying and Markus F. Neurath were identified. Nature, Cell, and Gastroenterology were the most influential journals. Research focus evolved from traditional inflammatory mechanisms to diverse cell death mechanisms. Ten themes were identified through topic modelling, with their significance changing over time. MeSH and gene/protein/pathway analyses highlighted the importance of necroptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis. Biclustering analysis explored specific research topics, and 22 gene/pathway/protein named entities with significant research potential were identified by burst detection. This is the first bibliometric analysis of novel cell death in the context of IBD. It offers a holistic overview of research dynamics, trends, and hotspots in this field, which can enhance the comprehension of the field modalities and offer valuable guidance for future research. Future studies should focus on the interactions between different cell death forms and accelerate the translation of basic research findings into clinical applications.

A Dynamic modern business environment is characterized by frequent and numerous market changes. A signif icant change in marketing field occurred following the introduction of Internet a few decades ago, in the term of digital marketing. Digital marketing topic has been studied from various perspectives by scholars in the recent years as an effect of Internet usage advances. The Internet has also fundamentally changed the para digm of today's business communications, altered the way in which information is shared, and set an enormous influence on marketing strategy. There are prior studies on the relationship between new technology adoption and firm performance, as well as business model innovation and firm performance. Most of these studies confirmed that there is a significance correlation between both new technology adoption and business model innovation as well as new technology adoption and firm performance, of which some of them emphasize on the adoption to the Internet or e-commerce. This paper investigates empirically in one integrated research model on the relationship between mentioned variables to firm performance, which the scope of digital marketing includes not only the use e-commerce but also the digital advertising. The survey was undertaken in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia, to 215 firms in the field of consumer shopping goods. The outcome reveals that there is a direct impact of business model innovation to firm performance, but in contrary, the impact of digital market ing adoption on firm performance is not significant. This study also found that the relationship between digital marketing adoption and firm performance is fully mediated by business model innovation. The policy maker, e-commerce platform companies and digital marketing agencies, can use this study to educate and support local businesses for digital marketing usage, in a structured fashion, since it provides the insight on the issues of these firms in adopting it including the requirement to innovate the business model.

Disclosure: S. Keritum: None. J. kenmoe: None. A. Shrestha: None. H. Ghumman: None.Background: Malignant pheochromocytomas are rare catecholamine-secreting tumors with significant clinicalimplications. Limited data exist on their incidence trends and potential sex-based disparities. This study investigates the incidence of malignant pheochromocytomas and differences by sex inthe United States using SEER data from 2000 to 2021. Methods: A retrospective analysis of malignant pheochromocytoma cases from the SEER database wasconducted. Incidence rates were calculated per 100,000 person-years for males and females.Joinpoint regression was used to analyze temporal trends and identify signif icant changes inincidence over the study period. Results: From 2000 to 2021, the overall incidence of malignant pheochromocytomas remained stable at0.06 per 100,000 person-years for both males and females. From 2000 to 2019, no significantchanges in incidence were observed. However, a sharp and statistically significant rise inincidence was noted from 2019 to 2021 across both sexes. No significant sex-based disparities inincidence rates were identified throughout the study period. Conclusions: The incidence of malignant pheochromocytomas remained stable over two decades but showeda notable increase from 2019 to 2021, with no disparities observed between males and females.These findings highlight the importance of further research into potential drivers of this rise,including advancements in diagnostic technologies and changes in disease awareness.Understanding these trends is critical for improving early detection and management strategiesfor this rare malignancy. Figure 1: Incidence of Malignant Pheochromocytoma by Sex 2000-2021Presentation: Saturday, July 12, 2025

Galectins (Gals) are mammalian lectins with affinity for β-galactosides, which drive the immune response through several mechanisms. The specific role of Gal-8 in the development of inflammation remains controversial, as it has been shown to induce either T cell proliferation or regulation in different models. During the acute phase of Trypanosoma cruzi infection, a characteristic splenomegaly is induced that is associated with both antigen-specific and non-specific polyclonal lymphocyte proliferation. This splenomegaly resolves as the infection transitions to the chronic phase. While the pathogenesis of Chagas disease is not yet fully understood, it is widely accepted to involve both parasite persistence and the host immune response. In this study, C57BL/6J and Gal-8-deficient (KO) mice infected with the Ac strain were analyzed during the chronic phase (4 months post-infection). Notably, infected Gal-8KO mice failed to resolve the T. cruzi-induced acute phase splenomegaly. Despite this, parasitemia, spleen parasite load, and survival rates were comparable between the two groups, suggesting that Gal-8 is not involved in parasite control. The observed differences in spleen cellularity were primarily attributed to T lymphocyte proliferation, while B cells exhibited no significative changes in total cell number, proliferation levels and production of total and parasite-specific antibodies. Overall, our results reveal that Gal-8 plays an anti-inflammatory role during chronic T. cruzi infection and is critical in controlling splenomegaly, a process for which no associated regulatory molecules have been identified to date.

Modern approach to the resection of carotid region schwannoma: the utility of continuous intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring

Virtual cardiac histology: Towards a radiodensitometric characterization of left ventricular cardiac muscle in healthy and pathological conditions.

Introduction&nbsp;: The development of dental arches and the interception of transverse discrepancies in mixed dentition are essential for balanced facial growth. While conventional interceptive devices are highly effective, they have limitations in acting teeth and arches simultaneously. Today, the use of clear aligners has emerged as an alternative that may overcome these limitations. Our study aims to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and predictability of aligners in the development of dental arches in patients with mixed dentition. Method : A retrospective clinical study was conducted on 19 young patients in the mixed dentition phase who underwent early treatment with clear aligners. The quantity of maxillary expansion was analyzed in both the anterior and posterior regions to assess the effectiveness and predictability of the aligners. Additionally, we examined the various sagittal and vertical malocclusions, as well as dental misalignment, that were corrected in parallel with arch development Result: The analyses show significant arch development, with the highest score in the anterior region. Harmonization of dental arches was observed and significative changes in dental misalignments and malocclusions Discussion&nbsp;: Clear aligners appear to be a promising option for arch development in mixed dentition. Although their effectiveness depends on several factors, including digital planning of tooth movements and patient compliance, this approach offers improved comfort and reasonable treatment durations. Further studies are needed to optimize protocols and enhance the predictability of outcomes. Conclusion&nbsp;: This retrospective study provides an opportunity to explore the clinical outcomes achieved with clear aligners, which could contribute to their use in the field of early interceptive orthodontics

Athletes' success in sports is linked not only to good physical, technical and tactical preparedness, but also to psychological fitness. In sports psychology there are two basic types of psychological preparation, namely general psychological preparation and special psychological preparation. Just as comprehensive physical preparation is the basis for an athlete's special, technical, tactical fitness, so comprehensive psychological preparation is the basis for an athlete's mental toughness both during the training and competing. Regardless of the stressors, the athletes with higher levels of mental toughness can overcome more easily the negative effects of stress. In order to gain mental toughness skills, it is necessary to develop basic psychological skills at the same time as starting sports activities, and this process should continue in parallel with the entire training process. The aim of the study: to explore the intervention benefits of autogenous training (AT) techniques for improving the psychological skills of young women volleyball players. Research method: a survey was employed for obtaining the athletes' feedback. Results: Statistically significant changes were found in the self-assessment of athletes' well-being after autogenous training. The self-assessment results show that athletes reach different AT acquisition levels as the result of a two-month AT intervention: 7.7% of athletes do not have difficulty with AT techniques, for 30.8% AT come easy, but not always, 53.8% of athletes sometimes manage to feel warmth in different parts of the body, relax, concentrate, focus attention on breathing and repetition of the target formulas, but for 7.7% of athletes the acquisition results of AT techniques are poor.

The COVID-19 pandemic has essentially accelerated the pace of the teaching transformation. Mixed (also hyflex) class teaching has become indispensable in medical, engineering, teacher and other fields of education when only online teaching is not enough to ensure the continuity of the instruction. The research aim is to identify scenarios of mixed class teaching underpinning the elaboration of implications for higher education. The present research used both - theoretical and empirical methods. The theoretical methods included the analysis of scientific literature, theoretical modelling, systematisation, synthesis, comparison, and generalisation. The empirical study carried out in June 2021 was exploratory. Data were collected through the analysis of published studies. The collected data were processed via content analysis. The present research allows concluding that teaching has undergone significant changes in different historical periods. The findings of the empirical study facilitate the conclusion on the existence of two scenarios of mixed class teaching, namely HOT (Here or There) and COIL (Collaborative Online International Learning). Both scenarios are oriented to students’ learning, teaching in these scenarios is neither segmented nor structured. The novel contribution of the research is revealed in the implications on mixed class teaching for higher education. Future research work was proposed.

Sport provides opportunities for adolescents to develop psychological skills. To realize this potential, sport facilitators must actively create a culture that develops adolescent athletes. Psychological skills training and biofeedback training have been effective at developing psychological skills in adult athletes. However, little research has focused on the effects of psychological skills training and biofeedback training in adolescent athletes. This study tests the efficacy of a pilot community outreach program to promote psychological skills development in adolescent soccer players from a travel soccer team (n = 21). During the 2-week intervention, researchers taught participants psychophysiological content related to self-awareness, emotional intelligence, and decision making. The psychological skills training sessions included active learning activities, group discussions, and reflection. Throughout the sessions, researchers used biofeedback to demonstrate and train participants in psychophysiological concepts. The 2-week intervention gave participants opportunities each day to monitor and reflect on their psychological performance state. Program evaluation data showed descriptive improvements in the ability to focus, control arousal, reduce stress, and control emotions. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests revealed significant positive changes occurred for decision-making self-efficacy. The intervention and efficacy of this study support applied practitioners’ integration of biofeedback and psychological skills training to improve adolescents’ self-awareness, emotional intelligence, and decision making.

IntroductionTranscatheter ablation is the standard treatment for atrioventricular (AV) nodal re-entrant tachycardia (AVNRT). Studies of irrigated flexible-tip catheters’ (IFTC) use in this substrate are scarce, highlighting the need for further research. The aim of our study is to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of using IFTC in AVNRT using 3D anatomical mapping (3D-AM).MethodsDescriptive analysis of consecutive patients undergoing AVNRT ablation between October/21-May/24.ResultsWe analyzed 61 patients referred for AVNRT ablation (90.2% 1st procedure, 9.8% 2nd), 29% male, mean age 52.5±14.9 years. 100% were in sinus rhythm at the moment of the procedure, 5.8% were on antiarrhythmic drugs (3 betablockers, 1 propafenone, 1 amiodarone and 1 flecainide). ECG findings and electrophysiological study parameters previous and after the ablation are sumarized in Table 1, highlighting no significative change in the PR interval, AV Wenckebach point and nodal effective refractory period.AVNRT was inducible in 96.7%, although 62.3% needed isoproterenol infusion. A jump in AV conduction was observed in 93.4%. Typical AVNRT was the most frequently induced (91.8%), whereas slow-slow and fast-slow AVNRT were less frequent (3.3% each). We were able to recognize slow path potentials in 16.3% of our patients, but the ablation approach was anatomical using 3D-AM with zero fluoroscopy objective, a decapolar coronary sinus catheter and an IFTC (17mL/min irrigation speed). Ablation parameters are summarized in Table 2. Two patients required fluoroscopy for procedural safety: one had a His bundle pacing pacemaker (PM) and another a coronary sinus diverticulum.During ablation, 93.4% developed slow junctional beats. Acute success (non-inducibility) was reached in 100% but 54% still had dual AV node physiology. Isoproterenol infusion after ablation was used in 82% of the procedures. In 4 patients cavotricuspid isthmus ablation for atrial common flutter was added. No intraprocedural complications were registered, no AV block or lengthening in the PR interval. Two patients had a PM implantation for symptomatic sinus node dysfunction known before the procedure (time to implant 32 ± 43.8 days).Mean follow-up was 9 [5-12] months. Two recurrences were registered, both the day after the procedure. Symptomatic palpitations without documentation of tachyarrhythmias were frequent but reduced during follow-up (22.9% at 3, 12.5% at 6 and 7.7% at 12-months follow-ups). No deaths of cardiovascular hospitalization or access to emergency room were registered during follow-up.ConclusionsPatients who underwent ablation for AVNRT using IFTC and 3D-AM demonstrated a success rate of 100% with no AV block or lengthening in the PR interval neither during the procedure nor during the follow-up, with recurrence and complication rates comparable with published high-volume series, proving its safety and success in this substrate.Table 1 Table 2

Septorhinoplasty is a complex facial surgery that involves osteotomy, a procedure that can lead to complications such as postoperative edema, ecchymosis, and potential changes in intraocular pressure (IOP). However, there is limited research on how different osteotomy techniques, such as conventional osteotomy versus ultrasonic bone cutting, affect IOP.This study aimed to compare the effects of conventional osteotomy and ultrasonic bone cutting on IOP in patients undergoing septorhinoplasty. We hypothesized that ultrasonic osteotomy would result in less change in IOP compared to conventional osteotomy.Prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study conducted at a tertiary referral hospital in Türkiye. The study adhered to the CONSORT guidelines for randomized trials.Sixty patients undergoing septorhinoplasty were randomly assigned to either the conventional osteotomy group or the ultrasonic osteotomy group. IOP was measured preoperatively, on postoperative day 1, and on postoperative day 7 using noncontact tonometry. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 25.0 with repeated measures analysis.No significant difference in IOP was observed between groups on postoperative day 7. However, the conventional osteotomy group showed a significant increase in IOP on postoperative day 1 (p < 0.001), with a subsequent decrease by day 7. The ultrasonic osteotomy group showed no significant IOP change.Ultrasonic bone cutting for osteotomy in septorhinoplasty results in more stable IOP compared to conventional osteotomy, making it potentially safer for patients at risk of glaucoma. Further studies with longer follow-ups are required to confirm these findings.

Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.), commonly known as Cempasúchil, is a significant symbol of Mexico's Day of the Dead celebrations. However, once the festivities conclude, the flowers and petals are frequently discarded as waste, contributing to environmental pollution. Cempasúchil was dehydrated using an active mixed-type solar dryer to address this issue. This method establishes an environmentally friendly, easy-to-use, cost-effective, and practical preservation technique for rural communities. The maximum drying temperature was 69.65 °C, and the maximum solar irradiance was 1080.60 W/m2. The initial moisture content began at 87.35% and finished at 4.93%. The initial colorimetric parameters were: lightness 65.44, a 32.43, b 78.38, Chroma 84.83, and Hue angle 67.53°. The antioxidant activity of the marigold flower was 93.51%, ascorbic acid 27.86 mg/100 g, total phenols content 28.06 mg GAE/g dry mass (gallic acid equivalents), total flavonoids content 6.34 QE/g (quercetin equivalent) and carotenoid content 2.07 mg/g. After drying it was observed an increment in vitamin C (from 27.86 to 75.675 mg/100 g), carotenoids content (from 2.073 to 18.947 mg/100 g.), and antioxidant activity (from 93.513 to 98.178%). No significative changes in total phenols content with a value of 28.488 QE/g for dried marigold samples and flavonoid content from 6.348 QE/g and 6.622 QE/g were observed. Dried flowers and petals can be used in practical applications, such as in agriculture. They serve as a natural insecticide, providing an alternative for pest management, and can also act as a fertilizer, enhancing the soil's physical, chemical, and biological conditions.

Colon cancer is a frequent malignancy, and surgery is still the primary therapy for people with colon cancer. Other treatments, including radiation, chemotherapy, and biologic therapy, may be utilized as a supplement. Chemotherapy, a prominent treatment for colon cancer, has failed to provide positive outcomes. This necessitates the development of more effective and less harmful treatment drugs. Coptisine was discovered to inhibit the development of colon cancer cell line HCT-116 in vivo, decrease the growth of HCT-116 cells, and cause apoptosis in vitro in colon cancer. Coptisine (COP) has shown antitumor activity in colon cancer, but its molecular mechanism and its molecular targets have not been fully understood. In this study, the biological behavior was verified in vitro. The targets of Huanglian alkaloids on colon cancer were predicted, and the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed. The core targets of safranine for colon cancer were extracted and analyzed by GO and KEGG enrichment to identify the possible molecular mechanisms of safranine treatment. Western blot was used to detect the changes of related pathway proteins in colon cancer cells. The differential expression of hub genes in colon cancer was analyzed using the GEPIA2 website. The binding ability of safranine to the target was verified by molecular docking. Finally, the targets were preliminarily verified by q-PCR analysis. Coptisine can inhibit the survival, migration, and proliferation of colon cancer cells DLD1 and HCT-116. Based on network pharmacology, ninety-one targets for colon cancer were screened. ESR1, ALB, AR, CDK2, PARP1, HSP90AB1, IGF1R, CCNE1, and CDC42 were found in the top 10. Enrichment analysis showed that these targets were mainly related to pathways in cancer, FC γ R-mediated phagocytosis, prostate cancer, progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, the oestrogen signal pathway, proteoglycan in cancer and the PI3K-Akt signal pathway. WB results showed that after the treatment of colon cancer DLD1 cells with coptisine, the expression of P-AKT and AKT decreased, that of its downstream protein Bcl-2 decreased, and that of BAX increased. Differential expression analysis of hub genes showed that CCNE1, CDK2, HSP90AB1, and CHEK2 were upregulated in colon cancer samples, and molecular docking showed that these targets had a good ability to bind to coptisine. After the treatment of colon cancer DLD1 cells with coptisine, q-PCR results showed that CCNE1 and HSP90AB1 were significantly downregulated, while CDK2 and CHEK2 had no significant changes. Coptisine may be a candidate drug for the treatment of colon cancer, and its therapeutic effect may be related to the cancer pathway and PI3K-Akt signalling pathway. CCNE1 and HSP90AB1 may be potential targets of coptisine in the treatment of colon cancer.

Analysis of the Immediate Effects of the LaxVox Technique on Digital Videokymography Parameters in Adults With Voice Complaints.

The pandemic caused by the spread of Coronavirus had brought sig-nificant changes to academic institutions. One notable change is the reliance to technology in conducting online synchronous class in the form of video-conferencing. The changes brought about by the pan-demic have been accompanied by a rise in different psychological issues such as anxiety. Given that most studies conducted in the Phil-ippines focus on the effects of COVID-19 on college students’ learning processes and mental health, further exploration is needed to better understand students’ experiences with video conferencing platforms in online synchronous classes. To achieve the purpose of the study, phenomenological approach and applied interpretative phenomeno-logical analysis were utilized. The findings revealed four main themes: on the use of technology, intrapersonal awareness of anxiety, interpersonal awareness of anxiety, and on coping with anxiety. These findings are valuable for academic institutions in developing policies to manage students’ anxiety related to videoconferencing. Academic institutions are encouraged to go beyond focusing solely on the academic outcomes of the students and revisit traditional frame-works and integrate mental health considerations. Development and validation of psychometric instruments to accurately measure video-conferencing-related anxiety is recommended. Conducting meta-analyses of existing research can help identify patterns and underly-ing factors influencing student anxiety in virtual learning environ-ments.

Pregnancy- including hypertension(PIH), also known as preeclampsia, is one of the major causes of maternal and fetal death. This study was carried out on 30 pregnant women with preeclampsia and 30 healthy pregnant women as control ranging in age mean ±SD (28.84±3.55) years , BMI (76.80±9.78) Kg/m2 and gestation age(30.82±0.75)week. The aim of this research was studied the plasma Metanephrine level and other biochemical parameters such as Hemoglobin(Hb), serum Protein, S. Albumin, Globulin, Albumin/Globulin ratio (Alb/Glu. ratio), S.Glutamate Pyruvate aminotransferase (GPT), S.Glutamate Oxaloacetate aminotransferase(GOT). The obtained results have been compared with 30 healthy pregnant women as control group. The result showed that there was significant increase in mean value of Hb in group A(pregnant women with preeclampsia) when compared to group B(healthy pregnant women). The present study showed no significant changes was observed in the level of S. Protein, globulin, Alb./Glu. ratio, GPT and GOT as compared to control group. While Albumin showed a significant decrease in group A(pregnant women with preeclampsia) when compared with group B(healthy pregnant women) and significant increase in the levels of metanephrine, metanephrine/protein ratio, metanephrine/Alb ratio in group A (pregnant women with preeclampsia) to group B(healthy pregnant women).The present study conclude that the increase in the levels of metanephrine, metanephrine/protein ratio, metanephrine/Alb ratio in pregnant women with preeclampsia may be used as a marker to evaluate the development of disease. The current study recommend to take more case and measurement metanephrine in plasma and urine.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2) is one of the biggest unsolved global problems of the 21st century for which there has been no definitive cure yet. Like other respiratory viruses, SARS-COV-2 triggers the host immunity dramatically, causing dysfunction in the immune system, both innate and adaptive, which is a common feature of COVID-19 patients. Evidence shows that in the early stages of COVID-19, the immune system is suppressed while it is overactive in severe patients characterized by excessive and prolonged inflammatory responses called "Cytokine Storm". There are many elements in the immune system that undergo alterations as the disease progresses. Some significant changes in the innate immune system following infection with SARS-COV-2 include delayed or inhibited interferon type 1 production by the infected cells leading to elevated virus replication, excessive recruitment of activated monocytes and macrophages, decrease in eosinophil population (eosinopenia), consequent decrease in CD8+T lymphocyte proliferation, natural killer (NK) cell dysfunction, and increase in neutrophil infiltration (neutrophilia) and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. Moreover, hallmark alterations in the adaptive immune system in this process cause an overall decrease in the T lymphocyte number (lymphopenia) and changes in the activity of some lymphocyte subsets and a number of B cells. This review delves into the mentioned changes in the immune system following SARS-COV-2 infection and the implications thereof to guide the development of immunotherapies for patients with COVID-19.