Significant Changes In Body Composition Research Articles

Different Changes in Adipokines, Lipid Profile, and TNF-Alpha Levels between 10 and 20 Whole Body Cryostimulation Sessions in Individuals with I and II Degrees of Obesity.

Obesity is associated with chronic inflammation. While cold therapy influences the pro/antioxidative status of an individual, by affecting adipokine levels and the lipid profile, the effect of body mass index (BMI) on the response to cold exposure is unclear. We analyzed the link between BMI and the differences in effects of whole-body stimulation, depending on the number of treatments, on specific physiological parameters in men. Twenty-seven non-active men were divided into three groups: N (n = 9, BMI < 24.9), IOb (n = 9, BMI 30.0–34.9), and IIOb (BMI ≥ 35.0). The subjects participated in 20 3-min cryochamber sessions (−120 °C), 1/day, 5 days/week. Body composition was analyzed before and after treatment. Blood adiponectin (ADP), leptin (LEP), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) levels, and the lipid profile were analyzed three times: at baseline and up to 2 h after 10 and 20 sessions. The 20 treatments caused significant changes in body composition. Between 10 and 20 whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) sessions, a significant decreased was observed in the LEP and TNF-alpha levels. No significant changes in the lipid profile were noted. However, a positive tendency to regain the metabolic balance in adipose tissue was apparent in the IOb group in the tested period (decreased TG levels, increased HDL levels or the HDL/LDL ratio, and significantly decreased visceral adiposity index levels). Collectively, for people with obesity increasing the number of treatments above the standard 10 should be recommended.

Changes in weight and body composition after initiating insulin therapy and their relationship with metabolic control during the first year of type 1 diabetes in adults. InLipoDiab1 Study

Introduction. As in the general population, an increase in the incidence of overweight has been observed in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1DM). Nevertheless, weight gain in this group may contribute to the deterioration of the metabolic management. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the body weight and body composition after initiating insulin therapy and to assess their relationship with the metabolic management during the first year of T1DM in adults.Material and Methods. The prospective analysis included 139 adults patients with newly diagnosed T1DM, treated with Intensive functional insulin therapy (IFI) from the onset of the disease (age 26.3 ± 5.9 years). Patients were assessed at the time of the diagnosis and after 12 months. Metabolic parameters, including the HbA1c and lipid profile were investigated. The group was divided according to weight gain during the follow-up period.Results. Weight gain was observed in 68.3% of participants (n = 95). In most cases an increase in body fat was found (41% vs 59% p = 0.01). Changes in the body weight corresponded to significant changes in body composition. Conversely, HbA1c decreased during the follow-up in all groups. The highest reduction was observed in a group with “excessive weight gain”. Additionally, a significant increase in high density lipoproteins was observed in each group. However, weight gain was not accompanied by a deterioration of the lipid profile.Conclusions. Weight gain is a considerable problem among adults with newly diagnosed T1DM and is connected mainly with an increase of adipose tissue above the normal range. Changes in the body weight, associated with body composition changes, did not result in the dysfunctions of the metabolic management.

Effect of Cycle-Based High-Intensity Interval Training and Moderate to Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training in Adolescent Soccer Players.

Cardiorespiratory fitness, anaerobic power, and lower extremity strength are essential for soccer players at all levels. An effective program should be developed to improve physical strength for adolescent soccer players who need to combine academic and technical training. This study analyzed the impact of short-term high intensity interval training (HIIT) training and traditional moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) on adolescent soccer players. Participants included 56 adolescent soccer players who were divided into HIIT and MICT groups. The training program was conducted 3 times a week for 4 weeks using cycle ergometer. Each session included the same resistance training program, and the characteristics of HIIT and MICT were applied to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and anaerobic power. Body composition analysis, graded exercise test for peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak), Wingate anaerobic power test, and isokinetic knee strength test were performed. VO2 peak was improved in HIIT and MICT, but anaerobic threshold and heart rate recovery significantly improved in the HIIT group. Wingate anaerobic peak power had increased significantly in sets 1, 2, and 3 in the HIIT group, but showed significant improvement only in set 1 in the MICT group. The isokinetic strength improved significantly in the HIIT group at 60°/s and in the MICT group at 240°/s. There was no significant change in body composition in either group. In conclusion, short-term HIIT administered to adolescent soccer players effectively improved cardiorespiratory fitness in HIIT and MICT groups. While HIIT increased anaerobic threshold and power, MICT effectively improved muscle endurance. Short-term intensive training can be considered a time-efficient training strategy.

Evaluation of the metabolic status and sarcopenia in the long-term period after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and mini-gastric bypass surgery

INTRODUCTION. Bariatric operations lead to changes in body composition. The desired fat loss may be accompanied by decrease of muscle mass, thus raising the risk of sarcopenia.The OBJECTIVE was to evaluate the long-term results of surgical treatment of morbid obesity and concomitant comorbid conditions, as well as a decrease of muscle mass in the pre - and long-term postoperative period.METHODS AND MATERIALS. This prospective randomized controlled blind trial included the results of treatment of 241 patients. Patients were divided into 2 groups depending on the type of surgical treatment. The first group consisted of 116 people who underwent RYGB; the second group included 125 patients who underwent OAGB/MGB. 83 patients from the first group and 95 patients from the control group at the preoperative stage and 24 months after the operation randomly underwent bioelectrical impedance with the determination of skeletal muscle mass (SMM) and skeletal muscle mass index (SMMI)=SMM/Height2. The calculated SMMI index for men normally corresponds to &gt;10.76 kg/m2; moderate sarcopenia SMMI=8.51–10.75 kg/m2; the SMMI index of ≤8.5 kg/m2 corresponds to severe sarcopenia. For women, this index is normally ≥6.76 kg/m2; moderate – 5.76–6.75 kg/m2; severe sarcopenia ≤5.75 kg/m2. Bioelectrical impedance were performed on a «AVS-01 Medass» bioelectrical impedance body composition analyzer (Russia). RESULTS. The difference in changes in the results of anthropometric indicators, as well as laboratory indicators of diabetes compensation within 24 months in both groups was statistically insignificant (p&gt;0.05). According to bioelectrical impedance data, the incidence of sarcopenia in patient groups was as follows: the initially normal ratio of muscle mass to the square of growth in meters, i.e. normal SMMI in 71 (85.5 %) patients in the group with RYGB, and in 78 (85.7 %) patients in the group with OAGB/MGB. Moderate sarcopenia was detected in 12 (14.5 %) patients with RYGB and 13 (14.3 %) patients with OAGB/MGB. 24 months after the operation, SMMI was distributed as follows – Norm in 59 (71.1 %) patients of the study group and 47 (51.6 %) patients in the control group. Moderate sarcopenia was found in 16 (19.3 %) patients in the group of patients with RYGB, and in 29 (31.9 %) cases in the group of patients with OAGB/MGB. Severe sarcopenia was observed in 8 (9.6 %) patients of the first group and 15 (16.5 %) patients of the second group (p=0.0001).CONCLUSIONS. Bariatric bypass surgery results in significant changes in body composition 24 months after surgery. Bioelectrical impedance allows to effectively detect these changes. The desired weight loss is associated with a significant decrease in skeletal muscle mass, mineral mass. Thus, patients after bypass surgery are at risk of sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is more pronounced in patients after OAGB/MGB than after RYGB.

Eight weeks of Pilates exercise improved physical performance of overweight and obese women without significant changes in body composition and serum myokines

Eight weeks of Pilates exercise improved physical performance of overweight and obese women without significant changes in body composition and serum myokines

Effect of Isometric Tongue Lifting Exercise on Oral Function, Physical Function, and Body Composition in Community-Dwelling Older Individuals: A Pilot Study

Introduction: It is known that oral frailty is one of the risk factors for physical frailty. Therefore, early detection, appropriate treatment, and prevention of oral frailty are really important. Tongue lifting exercise has been identified as a well-known method for improving decreased tongue pressure, one of the factors for oral frailty. However, few reports have investigated how tongue-strengthening exercises affect physical function and body composition. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of isometric tongue lifting exercises on oral function, physical function, and body composition. Methods: Participants were 49 elderly people aged 68–79 years, who had previously participated in the “Itoshima Frail Study.” Participants performed isometric tongue lift exercises for 3 months. Oral function (tongue pressure and oral diadocokinesis), physical function (grip strength, open-eyed one-leg standing, sit-to-stand motion time, 5-m gait speed, and 3-m Timed up and go [TUG]), and body composition were measured at baseline and post-intervention, and the extent of changes in each item was statistically analyzed. Furthermore, participants were divided into physical frailty/pre-frailty and robust groups based on the Japanese version of the frail scale proposed by [BMC Geriatr. 2015 Apr;15:36] and were compared in terms of the extent of changes in each item baseline and the post-intervention. Results: After the intervention, oral function increased significantly together with a significant improvement in physical function, open-eyed one-leg standing time, sit-to-stand motion, and 3-m TUG. For body composition, visceral fat level and basal metabolic rate decreased significantly. Although no significant change in body composition was observed in the physical frailty/pre-frailty group after the intervention, significant improvements in several items were observed in the robust group. Conclusion: Isometric tongue lifting exercise can effectively improve oral function. Furthermore, it might affect physical function and body composition.

The Effect of Remote Training during Covid-19 Quarantine on Body Composition Changes in Collegiate Football Players

Previous research has shown that following a structured training plan can result in significant changes in body composition in elite football players. However, the effect on body composition changes after athletes complete the same training plan remotely with limited resources needs further investigation.

Hospitalization for COVID-19 is associated with significant changes in body composition

Background & aimsCOVID-19 is a severe viral infection of the respiratory tract and has become a worldwide pandemic. Months after the initial infection several people report persistent limitations in daily life. Previous studies have identified body composition as a predictor of clinical progression in cases of COVID-19. However, body impedance measurements were limited to baseline and not repeated in serial measurements. In this study we analyzed the impact of a moderate oxygen-dependent COVID-19 infection on body composition during hospitalization.MethodsWe enrolled 12 consecutive patients hospitalized due to an oxygen-dependent SARS-CoV-2 infection. Body impedance analysis was performed within 24 h of admission and repeated on day 3 ± 1 as well as on the day of discharge. Endpoints were any significant changes in body composition.ResultsMedian age of enrolled patients was 70.6 years with a BMI of 30.8 kg/m2. Patients were hospitalized for 14 days. Median oxygen demand was 3 l/min, 2 patients required mechanical ventilation. Body water and fat remained unchanged during the study period. We observed a significant decrease of phase angle (−0.6, p < 0.01) and body cell mass (−2.3%, p < 0.01) with an increase in extracellular mass on day 3. Values returned to baseline along recovery.ConclusionWe found a significant reduction in body cell mass and phase angle during the active infection with slow regression towards hospital discharge. Future studies are needed to clarify if nutrition and training programs during and after COVID-19 might limit these changes and have a positive impact on clinical course and rehabilitation.

Metabolic effects of high-intensity interval training and essential amino acids.

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) promotes positive cardiometabolic and body composition changes. Essential amino acids (EAA) may support changes associated with HIIT, but evaluation of potential synergistic effects is lacking. The purpose of this study was to compare independent and combined effects of HIIT and EAA on total body composition and metabolism in men and women considered overweight/obese; an exploratory aim was to evaluate the modulatory effects of sex. Sixty-six healthy adults (50% female; Age: 36.7 ± 6.0 years; BMI: 32.0 ± 4.2kg/m2) completed 8 weeks of: (1) HIIT, 2 days/weeks; (2) EAA supplementation, 3.6g twice daily; (3) HIIT + EAA; or (4) control. Body composition, resting metabolic rate (RMR), substrate metabolism (respiratory exchange ratio; RER), and cardiorespiratory fitness were measured at baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks; cardiometabolic blood markers were measured at baseline and 8 weeks. Differences between groups were assessed by linear mixed models covaried for baseline values, followed by 95% confidence intervals (CI) on adjusted mean change scores. There were no significant changes in body composition (p > 0.05) for any group. Changes in RER, but not RMR, occurred with HIIT (mean change; [95% CI]: - 0.04; [- 0.07, - 0.02]) and EAA (- 0.03; [- 0.06, - 0.01]) after 8 weeks. Cardiorespiratory fitness increased following 8 weeks of HIIT (+ 5.1ml/kg/min [3.3,6.8]) and HIIT + EAA (+ 4.1ml/kg/min [1.0,6.4]). Changes with HIIT + EAA were not significantly different from HIIT. There were no changes in cardiometabolic markers (p > 0.05) and no sex interaction (p > 0.05). HIIT is efficacious for promoting positive changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and resting substrate metabolism in adults considered overweight/obese. Addition of EAA did not significantly enhance HIIT-induced adaptations. ClinicalTrials.gov ID#NCT04080102.

Effect of starvation on the cold tolerance of adult Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

AbstractThe spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, is an invasive pest in Europe and North America. Access to resources may be challenging in late fall, winter and early spring and flies may suffer from food deprivation along with cold stress in these periods. Whereas a plethora of studies have been performed on the overwintering capacity of D. suzukii, the effects of starvation on the fly's cold tolerance have not been addressed. In the present study, young D. suzukii adults (reared at 25°C, LD 12:12 h) were deprived of food for various periods (0, 12, 24 and 36 h), after which chill coma recovery time, critical thermal minimum, as well as acute and chronic cold tolerance were assessed. Additionally, the body composition of adults (body mass, water content, total lipid, glycerol, triglycerides, glucose and proteins) before and after starvation periods was analysed to confirm that starvation had detectable effects. Starved adults had a lower body mass, and both lipid and carbohydrate levels decreased with starvation time. Starvation slightly increased critical thermal minimum and affected chill coma recovery time; however, these changes were not gradual with starvation duration. Starvation promoted acute cold tolerance in both sexes. This effect appeared faster in males than in females. Food deprivation also led to enhanced survival to chronic cold stress. Short-term starvation was thus associated with significant changes in body composition in D. suzukii, and these alterations could alter some ecologically relevant traits related to cold tolerance, particularly in females. Our results suggest that food deprivation during short time (&lt;36 h) can promote cold tolerance (especially survival after a cold stress) of D. suzukii flies. Future studies should address the ecological significance of these findings as short food deprivation may occur in the fields on many occasions and seasons.

Effect of metformin therapy on muscle mass and strength in patients with and without diabetes. Meta-analysis of 15 studies

Aim. To assess the parameters reflecting sarcopenia (body composition, muscle strength, muscle function) in order to determine the effectiveness of metformin in patients with sarcopenia.Material and methods. Systematic searches of clinical trials were carried out in MEDLINE databases through PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), ResearchGate from January 1990 to March 2019. For statistical processing, the R language with the RStudio software was used. The following packages were used: googlesheets4, tidyverse, meta, dmetar, metafor. The metaanalysis included 391 patients with both established for the first time and existing long-term type 2 diabetes (T2D), with prediabetes, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), as well as patients without impaired glucose metabolism. In comparison groups (194 patients who received metformin and 197 patients who received placebo), the effect of metformin on lean body mass (LBM), fat mass, muscle strength and muscle function was assessed, which made it possible to indirectly evaluate the potential effect of metformin on sarcopenia.Results. The use of metformin in patients with different glucose metabolism (type 2 diabetes, IGT, prediabetes) did not lead to significant changes in body composition (on average, LBM increased by 0,9 kg (MD, 0,8815; CI (-0,11; 1,87), p=0,0818), fat mass decreased by 0,7% (MD, -0,6856; CI (-1,54; 0,17), p=0,1170), but muscle strength significantly increased by 0,5 kg (SMD, 0,5241, CI (0,2265; 0,8217), p=0,0006).Conclusion. Meta-analysis has confirmed that the use of metformin has an effect on muscle strength, which makes it possible to consider it for sarcopenia treatment. Unfortunately, a small number of studies have not allowed to analyze the effect of metformin on a number of characteristics: muscle strength, muscle function (walking speed, functional tests). At the moment, a much larger prospective study is needed to form a final opinion on the rationale of metformin therapy in patients with sarcopenia.

Body mass index, physical activity, and physical fitness of adolescence.

Background: Adolescents experience growth and significant changes in body composition which influence physical activity and response to sport or exercise. The level of physical fitness in adolescent girls is usually lower than that of boys, due to differences in body composition and levels of physical activity. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between fat mass percentage, body composition, physical activity, and physical fitness.Design and Methods: This study used an analytical observational, and cross-sectional design with total samples consisting of 70 male and female students aged 14-15 years. They were selected through simple random sampling, and the data collected were anthropometric measurements, body composition, physical activity and physical fitness. In addition, the Pearson correlation test was used for data analysis.Results: The results showed that 68.57% of participants had a normal body mass index, 74.3% had moderate physical activity, and 44.28% had fat mass percentage including an obesity category and, 54.29% had low physical fitness. Furthermore, the Pearson test showed a significant relationship between physical activity, body mass index and fat mass percentage with physical fitness.Conclusions: An increased fat mass percentage is associated with decreased levels of physical fitness. Furthermore, a good determinant of low physical fitness in obese conditions is the percentage of fat mass rather than BMI.Significance for public healthPhysical fitness plays a role in maintaining physical and mental health. It is associated with fat mass percentage, body mass index, and physical activity. Low physical activity supported by a high percentage of fat mass and a high body mass index reduces physical fitness, which causes a decrease in work productivity while increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. This study describes the relationship between energy intake, body mass index, percentage fat mass, physical activity, and physical fitness in schoolchildren aged 13-14 years.

Body composition and handgrip strength in patients with prediabetes: A case-control study from Haryana, North India

Background and aimsPrevious studies suggest that body composition and handgrip strength are significantly altered in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Only few studies are available in prediabetic individuals. The aim is to study the change in body composition in adult individuals with prediabetes and compare it with age and sex-matched normoglycemic individuals. Methods100 diagnosed cases of prediabetes and 100 age and sex-matched normoglycemic controls were recruited in the study. Body composition was assessed with Omron HBF 510w and Slim guide skinfold caliper. Handgrip strength was assessed with Camry digital dynamometer. ResultsOut of 100 subjects with prediabetes; 53 were female and 47 were male. In this study, there was higher mean body fat percentage (29.37 ± 5.65 vs 25.46 ± 5.27) and visceral fat (11.21 ± 1.92 vs 7.27 ± 2.82) in individuals with prediabetes compared to normoglycemic individuals. Also, there was a lower mean of skeletal muscle percentage (27.21 ± 4.32 vs 31.19 ± 4.63) and handgrip strength (29.61 ± 6.38 vs 33.75 ± 6.8) in individuals with prediabetes compared to normoglycemic individuals. In this study, body fat percentage was positively correlated (r = 0.3385) with prediabetes. The skeletal muscle percentage (r = −0.40721) and handgrip strength (r = −0.301) were negatively correlated with prediabetes. ConclusionsIt can be concluded that there is a significant change in body composition and handgrip strength in the individuals with prediabetes, and changes in body composition and handgrip strength can be included as a primary care strategy to motivate lifestyle modifications.

The Impact of COVID-19-Related Lockdown on Diet and Serum Markers in Healthy Adults.

Due to limited data about the impact of lockdown on health status, the present study aimed to investigate the impact of COVID-19-related lockdown on changes in dietary habits, physical activity and serum markers in healthy adults. A total of 38 asymptomatic adults aged from 23 to 59 with a normal BMI (22.5 kg/m2) participated in baseline and post-lockdown measurements that included dietary and physical activity assessment, anthropometric measurements and blood samples; and the lockdown survey which included dietary assessment and questionnaires about changes in lifestyle and physical activity. A decreased diet quality during lockdown was observed (Healthy Eating Index reduced from 64.59 to 61.08), which returned to near baseline post-lockdown. Energy intake decreased during lockdown (p = 0.002) and returned to baseline post-lockdown. Despite lower physical activity levels during lockdown (p = 0.035), we observed no significant changes in body composition. However, we observed a significant increase in serum glucose (p = 0.005), total cholesterol (p = 0.003), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (p = 0.049) post-lockdown. Increase in serum glucose levels was pronounced in subjects with higher increase in energy intake (p = 0.039), increased omega-6 fatty acids intake (p = 0.016), those who were exposed to several risky contacts (p = 0.018, compared to those with less risky contacts) and those who were not active in nature (p = 0.008, compared to those active in nature). Increased serum LDL was correlated to decreased monounsaturated fatty acids intake (p = 0.028). Within the limits of this preliminary report, changes in serum markers observed among healthy subjects point to a possible impact of COVID-19-related lockdown on adults’ health to be confirmed in larger groups.

The Effect of Kefir Supplementation on Improving Human Endurance Exercise Performance and Antifatigue.

Kefir is an acidic, carbonated, and fermented dairy product produced by fermenting milk with kefir grains. The Lactobacillus species constitutes an important part of kefir grains. In a previous animal study, kefir effectively improved exercise performance and had anti-fatigue effects. The purpose of this research was to explore the benefits of applying kefir to improve exercise performance, reduce fatigue, and improve physiological adaptability in humans. The test used a double-blind crossover design and supplementation for 28 days. Sixteen 20–30 year-old subjects were divided into two groups in a balanced order according to each individual’s initial maximal oxygen uptake and were assigned to receive a placebo (equal flavor, equal calories, 20 g/day) or SYNKEFIR™ (20 g/day) every morning. After the intervention, there were 28 days of wash-out, during which time the subjects did not receive further interventions. After supplementation with SYNKEFIR™, the exercise time to exhaustion was significantly greater than that before ingestion (p = 0.0001) and higher than that in the Placebo group by 1.29-fold (p = 0.0004). In addition, compared with the Placebo group, the SYNKEFIR™ administration group had significantly lower lactate levels in the exercise and recovery (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in the changes in the gut microbiota. Although no significant changes in body composition were found, SYNKEFIR™ did not cause adverse reactions or harm to the participants’ bodies. In summary, 28 days of supplementation with SYNKEFIR™ significantly improved exercise performance, reduced the production of lactic acid after exercise, and accelerated recovery while also not causing any adverse reactions.

Establishing a proof of concept for the effects of low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet (LCHFD) and physical activity on body composition in type 2 diabetes

Overweight and obesity are both a risk factor for developing and exacerbating type 2 diabetes (T2D). While the most common diet used to treat overweight and obesity focus on high-carbohydrate, low-fat, energy deficit diets, recently, low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets (LCHFD) have become popular in targeting obesity. This proof-of-concept study attempted to determine if an LCHFD could improve body composition variables, or if a concurrent treatment of LCHFD and physical activity would create an interference effect in individuals with T2D. Overweight and obese with T2D (n = 39) were assigned into either a 16-week combined physical activity and LCHFD group (ConG), LCHFD-only group (DieG) or control group (NonG). No statistically significant (p > 0.01) changes were found in body mass in the ConG (2.0%, F = 0.039, P = 0.846) and DieG (2.5%, F = 0.188, P = 0.669); for body mass index in the ConG (2.2%, F = 0.046, P = 0.832) and DieG (2.3%, F = 0.098, P = 0.758.); and waist-to-hip ratio in the ConG (0%, F = 0.002, P = 0.968) and DieG (0%, F = 0.023, P = 0.882). However, clinically significant changes were observed in HbA1c in the ConG male group (23% decrease); percentage body fat for the ConG (16.7%, F = 1.682, P = 0.208, g = 0.534) and DieG (13.0%, F = 0.638, P = 0435, g = 0.361); for waist circumferences in the ConG (5.4%, F = 0.686, P = 0.416, g = 0.341) and DieG (6.3%, F = 1.327, P = 0.264, g = 0.520); and for hip circumference in the ConG (5.8%, F = 0.993, P = 0.329, g = 0.410) and DieG (7.0%, F = 2.668, P = 0.119, g = 0.737). Results indicate that moderate clinically significant changes in body composition are achievable with LCHFD and/or daily walking in obese adults living with T2D. However, more robust research is required to determine the effects of LCHFD, with or without concurrent physical activity, on obesity and other diabetic complication markers.

Weight, Shape, and Body Composition Changes at Menopause.

Obesity and overweight are associated with increased risks of cardiovascular and metabolic disease and overall poor health outcomes. Menopause is associated with significant changes in body composition and the accumulation of peri-abdominal or visceral fat. Changes in energy expenditure and spontaneous activity have been noted. These mid-life changes can add further to the burden of obesity and its associated risks. An understanding of the role of estrogen, gonadotrophins, gut hormones, sleep deprivation and the microbiome is still rudimentary, but research will ultimately provide further targets for more effective management. This narrative review will explore the pathogenesis of body composition changes at menopause, the impact on health outcomes and therapeutic and management options.

Effect of Long-term Regular Yoga on Physical Health of Yoga Practitioners.

Background:Yoga is a physical, mental, and spiritual discipline. The effect of yoga on mental health has been studied extensively in India but less in the context of physical health.Objective:The objective was to explore the effect of long-term regular yoga on physical health of yoga practitioners.Materials and Methods:It was an interventional study. Inclusion criteria were students who enrolled for 1-year diploma course at the yoga center. Exclusion criteria were nonregular yoga practitioners during the course. Physical health parameters considered for assessment before and after the yoga course were pulmonary function tests, maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) using Bruce treadmill test, flexibility, body composition analysis, and hemoglobin level. Paired sample t-test and Chi-square test were used for statistical analysis.Results:The aerobic capacity improved significantly in terms of mean (standard deviation [SD]) forced vital capacity (P < 0.001), forced expiration volume at the end of the first second (P < 0.001) as well as peak expiratory flow rate (P = 0.04). The mean (SD) flexibility score improved significantly (P < 0.001). Similarly, the endurance improved significantly in terms of mean (SD) Vo2 max (< 0.001) and treadmill time (P < 0.001). There was no significant change in body composition and hemoglobin level.Conclusions:Regular yoga practitioners demonstrated the improvement in pulmonary functions, cardiorespiratory fitness, endurance, and flexibility.

Secular Changes in Body Build and Body Composition in Czech Preschool Children in the Context of Latent Obesity.

Changes in lifestyle can be significantly reflected in growth and development. Adaptations to reduced levels of physical activity, together with non-corresponding nutritional intakes, can result in body build and body composition changes at an early age. The present cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the secular trend of modifications of body composition and body mass index (BMI) in Czech preschoolers over the last two to three decades. Boys and girls (386 boys and 372 girls) aged 4 to 6 years in 2014–2019 were measured. Outcome data were compared with the reference sample of preschoolers from 1990: 911 boys and 896 girls. Body height, BMI, and percentage of body fat, muscle, and bone mass were evaluated. Height and BMI have not changed. Body fat increased in both genders (p < 0.01), and contrarily, a significant reduction of muscle and skeletal mass was revealed (p < 0.001). Significant changes in body composition and unchanged BMI indicate the development of latent obesity during the last few decades. Due to latent obesity in a recent cohort, the differences in the prevalence of overweight and obesity markers according to BMI and fat percentage were tested. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher by 7.2% in boys, and by 6.5% in girls, as compared to children evaluated according to only their BMI results. Secular changes in preschoolers’ physical builds over the last 25 years are not reflected in body height and BMI, but in body composition. Insufficient development of active, lean body mass proportionally compensated by increased fat mass was also indicated.

Short-Term Precision Error of Body Composition Assessment Methods in Resistance-Trained Male Athletes.

Athletic populations require high-precision body composition assessments to identify true change. Least significant change determines technical error via same-day consecutive tests but does not integrate biological variation, which is more relevant for longitudinal monitoring. The aim of this study was to assess biological variation using least significant change measures from body composition methods used on athletes, including surface anthropometry (SA), air displacement plethysmography (BOD POD), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS). Thirty-two athletic males (age = 31 ± 7years; stature = 183 ± 7cm; mass = 92 ± 10kg) underwent three testing sessions over 2 days using four methods. Least significant change values were calculated from differences in Day 1 Test 1 versus Day 1 Test 2 (same-day precision), as well as Day 1 Test 1 versus Day 2 (consecutive-day precision). There was high agreement between same-day and consecutive-day fat mass and fat-free mass measurements for all methods. Consecutive-day precision error in comparison with the same-day precision error was 50% higher for fat mass estimates from BIS (3,607 vs. 2,331g), 25% higher from BOD POD (1,943 vs. 1,448g) and DXA (1,615 vs. 1,204g), but negligible from SA (442 vs. 586g). Consecutive-day precision error for fat-free mass was 50% higher from BIS (3,966 vs. 2,276g) and SA (1,159 vs. 568g) and 25% higher from BOD POD (1,894 vs. 1,450g) and DXA (1,967 vs. 1,461g) than the same-day precision error. Precision error in consecutive-day analysis considers both technical error and biological variation, enhancing the identification of small, yet significant changes in body composition of resistance-trained male athletes. Given that change in physique is likely to be small in this population, the use of DXA, BOD POD, or SA is recommended.