Signal Strength Parameters Research Articles

Buzzfindr: Automating the detection of feeding buzzes in bat echolocation recordings.

Quantification of bat communities and habitat heavily rely on non-invasive acoustic bat surveys the scope of which has greatly amplified with advances in remote monitoring technologies. Despite the unprecedented amount of acoustic data being collected, analysis of these data is often limited to simple species classification which provides little information on habitat function. Feeding buzzes, the rapid sequences of echolocation pulses emitted by bats during the terminal phase of prey capture, have historically been used to evaluate foraging habitat quality. Automated identification of feeding buzzes in recordings could benefit conservation by helping identify critical foraging habitat. I tested if detection of feeding buzzes in recordings could be automated with bat recordings from Ontario, Canada. Data were obtained using three different recording devices. The signal detection method involved sequentially scanning narrow frequency bands with the "Bioacoustics" R package signal detection algorithm, and extracting temporal and signal strength parameters from detections. Buzzes were best characterized by the standard deviation of the time between consecutive pulses, the average pulse duration, and the average pulse signal-to-noise ratio. Classification accuracy was highest with artificial neural networks and random forest algorithms. I compared each model's receiver operating characteristic curves and random forest provided better control over the false-positive rate so it was retained as the final model. When tested on a new dataset, buzzfindr's overall accuracy was 93.4% (95% CI: 91.5%- 94.9%). Overall accuracy was not affected by recording device type or species frequency group. Automated detection of feeding buzzes will facilitate their integration in the analytical workflow of acoustic bat studies to improve inferences on habitat use and quality.

Design of a Frequency Controller System for UHF Radio Wave Receiver Device

Frequency is fundamental in data communication for transmitter and receiver stations. The most common problem found in the data communication is the signal quality measurement. A LoRa module, as one of the wireless devices with UHF (Ultra High Radio) frequencies, has extended range frequencies and signal strength parameters (RSSI, Received Signal Strength Indicator). RSSI parameter on signal bandwidth and the distance between stations. However, there is no supporting research in terms of the RSSI quality and short-distance variations. In line with this, this study aims to design a frequency control system of a LoRa module and to investigate the effect of short-distance and frequency differences on RSSI. The system consists of a transmitter, a LoRa SX1278 module, and push buttons as frequency control buttons. The system's performance was tested by receiving data over various distances from 0 to 1.25 m. The results show that the system works efficiently in controlling the frequency (ranging from 433 – 525 MHz) with good flexibility and accuracy. The system maintained an RSSI level > -120 dBm using a constant power supply and varied distances. The highest RSSI level is found at the shortest distance (0.2 m) with a higher frequency (525 MHz). There is a significant correlation between distance, frequency variations, and RSSI levels (R2 > 0.75). It can be concluded that the LoRa SX1278 module can be used as a short-distance-based data communication with moderate quality (average RSSI levels are about 80 - 120 dBm). Higher frequencies provide better RSSI levels due to increased transmission energy.

End‐to‐end demonstration for CubeSatellite quantum key distribution

AbstractQuantum key distribution (QKD) provides a method of ensuring security using the laws of physics, avoiding the risks inherent in cryptosystems protected by computational complexity. Here, the authors investigate the feasibility of satellite‐based quantum key exchange using low‐cost compact nano‐satellites. The first prototype of system level quantum key distribution aimed at the Cube satellite scenario is demonstrated. It consists of a transmitter payload, a ground receiver and simulated free space channel to verify the timing and synchronisation (T&S) scheme designed for QKD and the required high loss tolerance of both QKD and T&S channels. The transmitter is designed to be deployed on various up‐coming nano‐satellite missions in the UK and internationally. The effects of channel loss, background noise, gate width and mean photon number on the secure key rate (SKR) and quantum bit error rate (QBER) are discussed. The authors also analyse the source of QBER and establish the relationship between effective signal noise ratio (ESNR) and noise level, signal strength, gating window and other parameters as a reference for SKR optimisation. The experiment shows that it can tolerate the 40 dB loss expected in space to ground QKD and with small adjustment decoy states can be achieved. The discussion offers valuable insight not only for the design and optimisation of miniature low‐cost satellite‐based QKD systems but also any other short or long range free space QKD on the ground or in the air.

Development of a GSM-RC Automated Device for Measuring Mobile Communication Signal Strength and Meteorological Parameters

The automated Global System for Mobile Communication Signal Strength and Radio Climatological (GSM-RC) measuring device is an integration of different electronic sensors in a box for an in-situ measuring system. The sensor, data logging, and communication subsystems are integrated for transmitting information on meteorological parameters (MPs) and GSM signal strength level (SSL). The goal is to develop a device that could simultaneously measure MP and SSL of GSM communication systems in any location of interest. This is to reduce significant errors due to a lack of synchronization among multiple devices. To accomplish this objective, we designed an atmospheric sensing system with GSM SSL, temperature, relative humidity, and pressure sensors integrated as a GSM-RC unit. An Arduino microcontroller unit was used to wirelessly transmit the data collected by various sensors in each subsystem and stored on a micro-SD card. A statistical analysis of the SSL between the GSM-RC and the Samsung Galaxy A10s mobile reveals a correlation of roughly 0.99. The ANOVA analysis of variance demonstrates no noticeable distinction between the SSL from developed and conventional devices. The P-value is about 0.93, with α-value of 0.05. The MPs were validated with a standard Vintage Pro weather station, and the data were statistically correlated with accuracies close to unity. A field test was carried out with the device to measure the SSL through the GSM and the selected MP in Akure from January to December 2022. The findings indicate a weak and poor correlation between temperature and signal strength, while relative humidity and pressure have a positive and weak correlations with the signal strength. This implies that an increase in SSL leads to a slight decrease in temperature while the relative humidity and pressure increase slightly. Other than being affordable in terms of production and deployment, the device has also solved the problem of labour-intensiveness arising from bulkiness.

A Novel Hybrid Protocol and Code Related Information Reconciliation Scheme for Physical Layer Secret Key Generation

Wireless networks are vulnerable to various attacks due to their open nature, making them susceptible to eavesdropping and other security threats. Eavesdropping attack takes place at the physical layer. Traditional wireless network security relies on cryptographic techniques to secure data transmissions. However, these techniques may not be suitable for all scenarios, especially in resource-constrained environments such as wireless sensor networks and adhoc networks. In these networks having limited power resources, generating cryptographic keys between mobile entities can be challenging. Also, the cryptographic keys are computationally complex and require key management infrastructure. Physical Layer Key Generation (PLKG) is an emerging solution to address these challenges. It establishes secure communication between two users by taking advantage of the wireless channel's inherent features. PLKG process involves channel probing, quantization, information reconciliation (IR) and privacy amplification to generate symmetric secret key. The researchers have used various PLKG techniques to get the secret key, sTop of Form
 till they face problems in the IR scheme to obtain symmetric keys between the users who share the same channel for communication. Both the code based and protocol based methods proposed in the literature have advantages and limitations related to their performance parameters such as information leakage, interaction delay and computation complexity. This research work proposes a novel IR mechanism that combines the protocol and code-based error correction methods to obtain reduced Bit Mismatch Rate (BMR), reduced information leakage, reduced interaction delay, and reduced computational time to enhance physical layer secret key's quality. In the proposed research work, the channel samples are generated using the Received Signal Strength (RSS) and Channel Impulse Response (CIR) parameters. These samples are quantized using Vector Quantization with Affinity Propagation Clustering (VQAPC) method to generate the preliminary key. The samples collected by the two users who wish to communicate, (for example Alice and Bob) will be different due to noise in the channel and hardware limitations. Hence their preliminary keys will be different. Removing this discrepancy between Bob's and Alice's initial keys, using novel Hybrid Protocol and Code related Information Reconciliation (HPC-IR) scheme to generate error corrected key, is the most important contribution of this research work. This key is further encoded by the MD5 hash function to generate a final secret key for exchanging information between two users over the wireless channel. It is observed that the proposed HPC-IR scheme achieves BMR of 19.4%, information leakage is 0.002, interaction delay is 0.001 seconds and computation time is 0.02 seconds.

LORAWAN GATEWAY PLANNING USING AS923-2 FREQUENCY IN TASIKMALAYA FOR MONITORING ODC

This study aims to design a LoRaWAN network and find out how many gateways are needed to cover the research area and to design an IoT-based monitoring system for ODC devices on the FTTH network based on data at PT. Telkom Witel Tasikmalaya. The method used is a simulation using Atoll software version 3.40 and several calculation stages to predict the parameters of RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) and SINR (Signal to Interference Noise Ratio) in a planning area of ​​358.66 km2. This study using AS923 frequency with a bandwidth of 125 kHz and a Spreading factor of 10. The results obtained are signal strength (RSSI) and signal quality (SINR) parameters. Based on the results of calculations and planning simulations, it produces 20 gateways using SF 10 with an RSSI parameter of -69.53 dBm and a SINR parameter of 20.21 dBm, each gateway can cover 4-5 km2 in the planning area.

5G NR Network Planning Analysis using 700 Mhz and 2.3 Ghz Frequency in The Jababeka Industrial Area

This research designed a 5G NR network using 700 MHz and 2.3 GHz frequencies with 30 MHz bandwidth in the Jababeka industrial area covering an area of 5600 hectares. The Propagation Model used by Urban Macrocell (UMa) in non line of sight (NLOS) conditions according to 3GPP TR 38901 standard with Synchronization signal-reference signal received power (SS-RSRP) and Synchronization Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SS-SINR) parameters. Coverage prediction simulation using Atoll 3.4 consists of 4 scenarios. Scenario 1 uses a frequency of 2.3 GHz downlink, scenario 2 uses a frequency of 2.3 GHz uplink, scenario 3 uses a frequency of 700 MHz downlink and scenario 4 uses a frequency of 700 MHz uplink. Parameters analyzed were signal strength (SS-RSRP > -110 dBm) and signal quality (SS-SINR > 5 dB). The simulation results of scenario 1 get a signal strength of 61% and signal quality of 73.71% from the Jababeka area. Scenario 2 gets 100% for signal strength and 75.35% for signal quality. Scenario 3 gets a signal strength of 72.27% and signal quality of 85.30%. Scenario 4 shows a signal strength of 100% and signal quality of 71.04% from the Jababeka area. Planning with a frequency of 700 MHz shows that the signal strength and signal strength parameters are better than the 2.3 GHz frequency, making it suitable for 5G networks in the Jababeka area. The findings of this study are intended to help Indonesian cellular operators plan and deploy their 5G network.

Optimal Relay Selection Strategy for Efficient and Reliable Cluster-Based Cooperative Multi-Hop Transmission in Vehicular Communication

Routing is the key issue for Vehicular Networks since each node in the network has mobility. The dynamic nature of vehicular networks increases with mobility and the consequence is reflected in controlling traffic overhead. As a result, the routing technique and the type of node mobility information are completely dependent on building dependable end-to-end communication links. To address these challenges, a Reliable Cluster-based Multi-Hop Cooperative Routing (RCCR) strategy was proposed by using velocity, distance, and link quality parameters. This algorithm obtains the tradeoff between Quality of Service (QoS) and mobility constraints over link parameters. It improves routing scalability by electing cluster heads and selecting Multi-Point Relays (MPRs) while considering mobility constraints and QoS needs. The proposed technique determines the link quality for every pair of nodes based on values of signal strength and distance parameters. The relay vehicles are chosen based on the highest possible QoS value, which is calculated to assure route stability, reliability, and durability. The heuristic limitations of the multi-point relay selection strategy are handled by considering the link quality, distance from the source vehicle, and cluster-head coverage area to enhance the performance of the multi-hop network with tolerable End-to-End transmission delay. Further, we obtained an optimal number of cooperative vehicles in every hop. Finally, simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm compared to other state of art algorithms.

Optimal Relay Selection Strategy for Energy-Efficient Cooperative Multi-Hop Image Transmission in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network

For high-quality picture transmission through smart devices in Mobile Multimedia Sensor Networks (MWMSN), high transmission rates, throughput, and a low Bit Error Rate are necessary. At the same time, energy efficiency is always a big problem for battery-powered smart devices like smartphones and tablets. MWMSN makes extensive use of cooperative communication to realize the benefits of the Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output technology. Energy consumption and routing are major challenges for Cooperative Mobile Multimedia Sensor Networks since each node in the network have mobility. The dynamic nature of MWSNs increases with mobility and the consequence is reflected in the control traffic overhead. To address these challenges, a Cluster-based Cooperative Multi-Hop Optimal Relay Selection (CCORS) strategy was proposed by using velocity, distance, and link quality parameters. The proposed technique determines the link quality for every pair of nodes based on values of signal strength and distance parameters. The relay nodes are chosen based on the highest possible Quality of Service (QoS) value, which is calculated to assure route stability, reliability, and durability. Further, we obtained an optimal number of cooperative nodes in every hop with the objective to minimize end-to-end energy consumption. Finally, simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm compared to other state of art algorithms.

An Open Mobile Communications Drive Test Data Set and Its Use for Machine Learning

The capability to provide guarantees for network metrics, such as latency, data rate, and reliability will be an important factor for widespread adoption of next generation mobile networks and hence, such metrics play a central role in standards for new wireless communication technologies. However, due to the inherently stochastic nature of mobile communications, any guarantees can only be of statistical nature and are highly dependent on the actual physical environment. To analyze the stochastic behavior, this paper presents a tool chain for measurement, collection, evaluation, and prediction of controlled mobile communications drive test data. We also publish the underlying data set of measurements covering two years’ worth of highway traffic on a 25long section comprising 267198 data points. We statistically evaluate the data set and validate it with a corresponding data set from another source. Applying machine learning to the data set illustrates possible use cases: Feed-forward neural networks to predict the data rate in five application scenarios, LIME to explain the behavior of the model, and an autoencoder to describe the interaction of five signal strength parameters. The data set and the tool chain show how machine learning can be applied to wireless networks and provide fellow researchers with the means to make further experiments.

Sensing Occupancy through Software: Smart Parking Proof of Concept

In order to detect the vehicle presence in parking slots, different approaches have been utilized, which range from image recognition to sensing via detection nodes. The last one is usually based on getting the presence data from one or more sensors (commonly magnetic or IR-based), controlled and processed by a micro-controller that sends the data through radio interface. Consequently, given nodes have multiple components, adequate software is required for its control and state-machine to communicate its status to the receiver. This paper presents an alternative, cost-effective beacon-based mechanism for sensing the vehicle presence. It is based on the well-known effect that, once the metallic obstacle (i.e., vehicle) is on top of the sensing node, the signal strength will be attenuated, while the same shall be recognized at the receiver side. Therefore, the signal strength change conveys the information regarding the presence. Algorithms processing signal strength change at the receiver side to estimate the presence are required due to the stochastic nature of signal strength parameters. In order to prove the concept, experimental setup based on LoRa-based parking sensors was used to gather occupancy/signal strength data. In order to extract the information of presence, the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) was employed with accuracy of up to 96%, while the Neural Network (NN) approach reaches an accuracy of up to 97%. The given approach reduces the costs of the sensor production by at least 50%.

Design of Multi-nodal Li-Fi systems

Now-a-days, the RF spectrum is used for most of the applications and automation. This is leading to the inadequacy of the RF spectrum for the human and machine requirements. As a solution to this crisis, we have proposed the use of Li-Fi (Light-Fidelity) as an alternate mode of communication. Wireless communication inside buildings and indoors is an important part of the next generation wireless communication system and these concepts can be applied to external wireless communication. Li-Fi provides high data rate (Up to 10 Gbps), improved security and high capacity to support more users. The spectrum bandwidth of light is very large, resulting in accommodation of more number users. A hybrid model of Wi-Fi and Li-Fi increases the advantages and applications, resulting in the best of both communication techniques. This paper describes the hardware implementation of Li-Fi based on IR transmitter and receiver and gives an overview of the signal conditioning for the implementation of a Li-Fi based system. This is followed by the simulation of a Multi nodal Li-Fi based system in MATLAB for determining the coverage, received power, SNR and output signal. With half angle as the variable, the coverage of an entire Multi nodal Li-Fi based system along with signal strength and other parameters can be determined. It also proposes a machine learning algorithm for selecting the best channel by considering factors like the received power, varying noise, etc.

Determination of an Indoor Target Position: An Accurate and Adaptable Approach Based on Differential Positioning

The growing demand for new products that rely on the accurate identification of a target’s location indoors, while remaining mindful of cost, continues to drive research in this important and challenging area. Researchers are actively pursuing algorithmic improvements to eliminate errors introduced from complex interference factors present in indoor, wireless communication environments. In this work, we adopt a differential signal strength method in the design of our new indoor localization algorithm. The proposed algorithm reduces errors in the time domain by smoothing out the wireless signal fluctuations, thus stabilizing the signal; a single exponential algorithm is applied to the signal strength parameters collected to accomplish this. The target’s position is then computed by utilizing both the plane geometric method and difference localization theory. This combination of techniques is reasonable for the environment under consideration (small scale, wireless), as the multipath effects for the signal are approximately equal under these conditions. In addition, the proposed approach is compatible with a wide variety of technologies (e.g., RFID and Bluetooth); it can be cost-effectively deployed by leveraging an existing hardware infrastructure. The proposed approach has been implemented and experimentally validated. The test results are very promising: they indicate that our algorithm improves the positioning accuracy by 70%–80% in comparison with the trilateration and LANDMARC positioning algorithms.

A Smart Insect Pest Detection Technique With Qualified Underground Wireless Sensor Nodes for Precision Agriculture

Wireless underground sensor networks are the new area of research. It is widely used in many engineering applications, from smart irrigation to security and precision agriculture. Some of the application areas of wireless underground sensor networks are underground with space, such as tunnel, cave, and so on, while some consist of no spaced underground solid areas as well. In this context, wireless underground sensor networks have recently become very important for precision agriculture purposes. In this paper, a smart insect pest detection technique with qualified underground wireless sensor nodes for precision agriculture has been investigated with a mathematical simulation model. In a simulated smart technique, insect pest detection is assumed to be carried out with a qualified acoustic sensor. In order to evaluate the performance of the underground network structure, the received signal strength and path loss parameters are examined. As the depth distance increases, the increase in path loss of communication has been revealed. The obtained performance evaluation result reveals the need for signal transmission with different transmitter power for depth-based communication in wireless underground sensor networks.

Wireless Disturbance Mapping and Path Selection for Placement of Network Control System Components

Wireless transmitters in measurement instruments act for transmitting data or signals using radio frequency or currently better known as WIFI by means of 2.4 GHz. WIFI is a wireless local area network (WLAN) communication network. With the existence of telecommunications, measurement and control in industrial processes are heading to a high level of reliability compared to the conventional wired instruments in reaching hard locations or dangerous and hazardous areas. However, this cannot be done easily especially in maintaining the communication performances. Research is needed on the reliability of the wireless transmitter itself. Several factors such as communication disruptions are new challenges for the industry of wireless technology manufacturers to be able to prevent or to minimize errors that can arise in wireless network control systems. Signal strength mapping is needed in designing wireless network control systems. In this paper, the mapping is performed by measuring the signal strength parameters (Power Level) and the use of channels (Channel Usage) at planned locations. The measurement results are then used as sample points in the mapping. Data show that the signal strength measurement at each channel has a maximum of - 60 dBm and a minimum of -105 dBm. Mapping is performed by using two methods, namely Inverse Distance Weight (IDW) and Spline Interpolation (SI) methods. The paper proposes an algorithm to select the appropriate wireless communication paths from the planned locations. The mapping results indicate the appropriate area to place the transmitter and the receiver devices in a wireless data transmission network. With good placement, it is expected that measurements using wireless transmitters have minimum disruptions.

Structural evaluation of preperimetric and perimetric glaucoma.

Purpose:To evaluate diagnostic ability of macular ganglion cell layer–inner plexiform layer (GCL-IPL) for detection of preperimetric glaucoma (PPG) and perimetric glaucoma and comparison with peripapillary RNFL.Methods:Three hundred and thirty seven eyes of 190 patients were enrolled (127 normals, 70 PPG, 140 perimetric glaucoma). Each patient underwent detailed ocular evaluation, standard automated perimetry, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Diagnostic abilities of GCL-IPL and RNFL parameters were determined. Data were compared using one-way analysis of variance, Pearson's Chi-square test, and area under the curve (AUC).Results:After adjusting for age, gender, and signal strength, all GCL-IPL and RNFL parameters except mean thickness and disc area differed significantly. Among GCL-IPL thicknesses, inferotemporal had the highest AUC (0.865) for classifying perimetric glaucoma from normals, inferior (0.746) for PPG from normals, and inferotemporal (0.750) for perimetric glaucoma from PPG. When using RNFL, inferior thickness had the highest AUC (0.922) in discriminating POAG from normal, while the same parameter had lower AUC (0.813) in discriminating PPG from normal. The average thickness had maximum AUC (0.775) for discriminating POAG from PPG. For discriminating perimetric glaucoma and normals, inferotemporal GCL-IPL had the highest strength (sensitivity 81.43% and specificity 77.96%), slightly lower than inferior RNFL thickness (sensitivity 87.85% and specificity 84.26%). The same parameters were sensitive in discriminating perimetric glaucoma from PPG (87.14% and 92.85%, respectively). However, their specificities were poor (56.43% both).Conclusion:RNFL had better diagnostic ability, when compared with GCL-IPL for detecting PPG and perimetric glaucoma. However, difference was small and may not be clinically relevant.

Acoustic emission-based analysis of bond behavior of corroded reinforcement in existing concrete structures

Summary This experimental study exploits acoustic emission (AE) monitoring to assess the bond behavior of corroded bars in reinforced concrete prism samples under pull-out tests. The analysis of AE parameters obtained in this study including amplitude, duration, cumulative number of hits, and signal strength was performed to identify different stages of bond degradation. The results of bond behavior and free end slip were analyzed and compared with the corresponding AE data. An intensity analysis of AE signal strength was also completed to quantify the bond damage using two additional AE parameters: historic index (H (t)) and severity (Sr). The outcomes of AE analysis enabled the detection of early stages of bond deterioration (micro-cracking) as well as identification of the macro-cracking stage prior to the occurrence of bond splitting failure. The results also showed a good correlation between AE cumulative number of hits and AE signal strength parameters with the steel-to-concrete bond degradation because of corrosion. Finally, the results of H (t) and Sr were employed to generate intensity classification charts to characterize the stages of micro- and macro-cracking and range of slip of corroded reinforcement. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Signal Strength and Residual Power Based Optimum Transmission Power Routing for Mobile Ad hoc Networks

In general, mobile nodes operate with limited batter power which needs to be fairly utilized in order to perform network functioning activities such as routing, increasing network lifetime and network connectivity etc., Many protocols have been proposed to minimize energy consumption rate of nodes to maximize the network functioning without degrading the performance too much. This paper has proposed a signal strength and residual power based optimum Transmission Power Routing approach which use variable transmission power model with measured Received Signal Strength and low residual power parameters to achieve energy efficiency, and to increase the network lifetime and connectivity. The ns-allinone-2.34 simulator was installed in Fedora 15 operating system and has been used for implementing the proposed approach. The results were compared with Energy Consumption Routing (ECR) and Max-Min Battery Cost Routing (MMBCR), which showed that the proposed approach offered better performance than other protocols in terms of energy consumption rate, network lifetime and end to end delay metrics.

Comparative Theoretical Analysis of Distance Estimation in Visible Light Positioning Systems

In this paper, theoretical limits and estimators are studied for synchronous and asynchronous visible light positioning (VLP) systems. Specifically, the Cramer–Rao lower bounds (CRLBs) and maximum likelihood estimators are investigated for distance estimation based on time-of-arrival (TOA) and/or received signal strength (RSS) parameters. Hybrid TOA/RSS-based distance estimation is proposed for VLP systems, and its CRLB is compared analytically against the CRLBs of TOA-based and RSS-based distance estimation. In addition, to investigate the effects of sampling, asymptotic performance results are obtained under sampling rate limitations as the noise variance converges to zero. A modified hybrid TOA/RSS-based distance estimator is proposed to provide performance improvements in the presence of sampling rate limitations. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the theoretical results.

Evaluation of damage progression in concrete structures due to reinforcing steel corrosion using acoustic emission monitoring

Acoustic emission (AE) monitoring was employed to detect and identify the extent of degradation resulting from reinforcing steel corrosion in concrete structures. Reinforced concrete samples were subjected to an accelerated corrosion test and corroded until they reached five different levels of mass loss of steel: 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 %. The corrosion activity of all samples was continuously monitored using attached piezoelectric AE sensors and a multichannel data acquisition system. The results obtained from AE monitoring were analysed and compared to those obtained from half-cell potential (HCP) measurements, the amount of anodic current passing with time, and concrete cover cracking. The study analysed AE signal strength parameters including cumulative signal strength, historic index [H(t)], and severity (Sr) to detect the corrosion initiation, and subsequently, to classify the extent of damage following the corrosion progression. The study also aimed to correlate these parameters to both the degree of mass loss and concrete cover crack width. The results showed that the AE signal strength parameters can be exploited to characterize different degrees of damage from corrosion initiation and up to 5 % steel mass loss. These parameters can be analysed to detect the corrosion initiation earlier than the HCP test. This study also presented damage classification charts that can be used to correlate the level of steel mass loss and/or crack width to the AE signal strength parameters. Given these points, the outcomes of this investigation are substantial for advancing the application of acoustic emission for structural health monitoring in concrete structures.