Shoulders Of Giants Research Articles

ALL-IN meta-analysis: breathing life into living systematic reviews and prospective meta-analyses.

Science is justly admired as a cumulative process ("standing on the shoulders of giants"), yet scientific knowledge is typically built on a patchwork of research contributions without much coordination. This lack of efficiency has specifically been addressed in clinical research by recommendations against avoidable research waste and for living systematic reviews and prospective meta-analysis. We propose to further those recommendations with ALL-IN meta-analysis: Anytime Live and Leading INterim meta-analysis. ALL-IN provides meta-analysis based on e-values and anytime-valid confidence intervals that can be updated at any time-reanalyzing after each new observation while retaining type-I error and coverage guarantees, live-no need to prespecify the looks, and leading-in the decisions on whether individual studies should be initiated, stopped or expanded, the meta-analysis can be the leading source of information without losing validity to accumulation bias. The analysis design requires no information about the trial sample sizes or the number of trials eventually included. So ALL-IN meta-analysis can be applied retrospectively as well as prospectively, to evaluate the evidence once or sequentially. Because the intention of the analysis does not change the validity of the results, the results of the analysis can change the intentions ('optional stopping' and 'optional continuation' based on the results so far). On the one hand: any analysis can be turned into a living one, or even become prospective and real-time by updating with new trial data and including interim data from trials that are still ongoing - without any changes in the cut-offs for testing or the method for interval estimation. On the other hand: no stopping rule needs to be enforced for the analysis to remain valid, so participating in a prospective meta-analysis does not require outside control over data collection. Hence ALL-IN meta-analysis breathes life into living systematic reviews, and offers better and simpler statistics, efficiency, collaboration and communication.

Standing on the shoulders of giants: Predictors of perceived overqualification and its impact on adaptive behavior.

Standing on the shoulders of giants: Predictors of perceived overqualification and its impact on adaptive behavior.

From Mendel's peas to genetic regulation of embryogenesis.

From Mendel's peas to genetic regulation of embryogenesis.

Standing on the shoulders of giants: The innovation capability acquisition of group affiliates

Standing on the shoulders of giants: The innovation capability acquisition of group affiliates

Standing upon the Shoulders of Giants

Standing upon the Shoulders of Giants

Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: Reprogramming Visual-Language Model for General Deepfake Detection

The proliferation of deepfake faces poses huge potential negative impacts on our daily lives. Despite substantial advancements in deepfake detection over these years, the generalizability of existing methods against forgeries from unseen datasets or created by emerging generative models remains constrained. In this paper, inspired by the zero-shot advantages of Vision-Language Models (VLMs), we propose a novel approach that repurposes a well-trained VLM for general deepfake detection. Motivated by the model reprogramming paradigm that manipulates the model prediction via input perturbations, our method can reprogram a pre-trained VLM model (e.g., CLIP) solely based on manipulating its input without tuning the inner parameters. First, learnable visual perturbations are used to refine feature extraction for deepfake detection. Then, we exploit information of face embedding to create sample-level adaptative text prompts, improving the performance. Extensive experiments on several popular benchmark datasets demonstrate that (1) the cross dataset and cross-manipulation performances of deepfake detection can be significantly and consistently improved (e.g., over 88% AUC in cross-dataset setting from FF++ to Wild-Deepfake); (2) the superior performances are achieved with fewer trainable parameters, making it a promising approach for real-world applications.

Standing on the shoulders of giants

Standing on the shoulders of giants

From the President – Inaugural Address

I learned about medical writing as a career option in graduate school. My principal investigator introduced it as way to make meaningful contributions as a scientist without being at the bench. Although it might have been a throwaway comment for him, to a graduate study who was tired of late nights and failed experiments, it was a lightbulb moment that became one of the most consequential of my life. Still, I had no idea that would lead me down this path to becoming American Medical Writers Association (AMWA)'s national president. Throughout the last 85 years, AMWA presidents have helped to shape the strategic direction of this esteemed organization. I stand on the shoulders of giants. I’m honored to join this long list of leaders who have mentored me and shared their experiences so generously.

On the Shoulders of Giants: The Specialist Surgeon Workforce in East, Central and Southern Africa.

On the Shoulders of Giants: The Specialist Surgeon Workforce in East, Central and Southern Africa.

Standing on the Shoulders of Giants.

Standing on the Shoulders of Giants.

50 years of fascination by insulin and antibodies (standing on the shoulders of giants!)

50 years of fascination by insulin and antibodies (standing on the shoulders of giants!)

On the shoulders of giants: restoring the normative afflatus of political science

On the shoulders of giants: restoring the normative afflatus of political science

Playing to win: enhancing programme success through more frequent use of competitive analysis

PurposeCompetition is one of the least used social marketing principles. Yet, an assessment of direct competition is one of the key factors defining social marketing from other behavioural change approaches. This paper aims to synthesise literature from evidence reviews assessing the extent that competitive analysis has been undertaken. This paper contributes a new competitive analysis method that can be incorporated within the seven-step co-design process delivering an alternative tool that social marketers can consider. Competition assessment enables social marketers to identify cooperators, share resources and ultimately enhance social marketing programme success.Design/methodology/approachA synthesis on competition assessments reported in 30 evidence review studies is provided. This paper offers a new competition analysis method that can be applied to undertake competitive assessments demonstrating likes, dislikes and other ideas, which can be gathered during the sensitisation phase of co-design.FindingsOut of the 1,795 papers suitable for title/abstract screening, 30 evidence reviews assessing extent of competition use or extracting detail on competition from selected studies in the review were included in this umbrella review. Heterogeneity was evident, with reviews concluding between 0% and 100% competition use. Social marketers generally lack resources and can benefit from an easy way of defining and examining competition and this can be done by considering only direct competition.Research limitations/implicationsThis rapid review synthesises the author’s views and is limited to studies identified within the 30 evidence reviews considered. Future research directions are outlined.Practical implicationsCompetitive assessments are akin to standing on the shoulders of giants. Competitive assessments allow you to identify what individuals like and do not likev and potential cooperators that can be partnered with to reduce noise, which can better support people to make choices that achieve intended programme outcomes and deliver benefits to individuals.Social implicationsIncreased utilisation of the competition criteria will help to avoid costly failures ensuring that social marketers have improved odds of programme success. Through identifying programmes that are currently available, which people like, social marketers can establish partnerships to share resources driving more effort to delivering outcomes.Originality/valueThis paper offers a new competition assessment method for resource constrained social marketers that can be incorporated into the Trischler et al. (2019) seven-step co-design process. Increased application of competition will enhance social marketing effectiveness.

AI on the Shoulders of Giants: Using Kuhlthau’s Information Search Process to Improve AI Support for Information-Seeking

Abstract: Librarian-patron exchanges parallel chatbot-user interactions: Experienced librarians provide better reference service by prompting users with clarifying questions; likewise, chatbots can improve their responses with better-engineered prompts. A chatbot’s self-assessment mechanisms transform prompt components into predictions formed into responses, a process that enables large language models to continually learn and improve from prompts engineered to produce desired outcomes. Kuhlthau’s Information Search Process (ISP), created to describe library patrons’ information-seeking stages and dispositions, may be useful for understanding and improving users’ interactions with AI-driven chatbots. Kuhlthau has detailed seven stages of information-seeking, with intervention zones and reference mediation levels, for librarians to assist users in reaching satisfying outcomes in offline and online environments. We hypothesize that generative AI agents can use ISP’s zones of intervention and levels of reference mediation to improve their large language models to assist users better. Guided by the overarching question “To what extent does applying ISP to virtual reference transactions present strategies for improving prompt engineering?” we explored a recent virtual reference dataset ( N = 1,959) to determine whether users’ questions reflected Kuhlthau’s ISP and how librarian-patron interactions used clarifying questions and interventions to ascertain users’ information-seeking stage and provide satisfying responses. Our investigation demonstrated that authentic patron questions clustered in ISP’s focus formulation and information gathering stages. When exemplar questions were posed to a chatbot, it demonstrated a strong ability to detect and respond to the information need, often providing scaffolds to the next step of the information-seeking process. These results suggest that chatbots can be improved by blending web searching, database searching, and generative AI to seamlessly meet user needs, while task definition, topic selection, and search assessment should remain human-mediated aspects of information-seeking.

Standing on the Shoulders of Giants, We Move Forward: Honoring Professor Ignatius Kakande

In this issue of The East and Central African Journal of Surgery (ECAJS), we reflect on the remarkable contributions of Professor Ignatius Kakande, our second editor-in-chief and a guiding force behind the journal’s conception, birth and growth. Professor Kakande’s legacy is deeply woven into the fabric of ECAJS and COSECSA, where his influence as a senior professor in surgery, a mentor, and fatherly figure has left an indelible mark on countless colleagues and students alike. His commitment to building a platform for African surgical voices has transformed ECAJS into a respected journal, showcasing the innovations, challenges, and triumphs of surgical practice across the continent.

Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: Bowersox, Coyle, Heskett, and La Londe

ABSTRACTScholarly work within the supply chain management and logistics discipline has evolved substantially over the last several decades. Four giants of the field—Bowersox, Coyle, Heskett, and La Londe—left an indelible legacy worth exploring. The biographies and analysis of interviews conducted with each of these scholars illuminate the early beginnings of the field and its evolution and provide guidance for its future. By examining the collective perspectives of these founding figures, we gain a deeper, more personal understanding of the establishment and evolution of logistics as an academic discipline.

Standing on the shoulders of giants: molecular data confirm Kükenthal’s systematic placement of the Australian endemic Carex archeri (Cyperaceae)

Archer’s sedge (Carex archeri Boott) is a small, rare (or possibly overlooked by collectors due to the diminutive size) species restricted to alpine and subalpine habitats in south-eastern mainland Australia and Tasmania. The systematic placement has been obscure with the species having been historically associated with sections in four of the six recognised Carex subgenera. We investigated the placement of C. archeri by addition to the available Carex molecular phylogenetic framework. Our results support C. archeri belonging to sect. Junciformes (in subg. Psyllophorae), making this the only representative of the subgenus in Australia. This placement was first proposed by Kükenthal (1909) who regarded C. archeri as a synonym of the New Zealand endemic C. acicularis Boott but our phylogenetic analyses support C. archeri as a separate taxon. Our approach highlights the utility of molecular barcoding for elucidating systematic relationships of poorly known taxa. Biogeographic reconstruction suggests Late Miocene dispersal from South America to the south-western Pacific but does not clarify whether New Zealand or Australia was colonised first. We evaluate the conservation status of Carex archeri using IUCN criteria as Endangered at the global level. At the state level, we propose Critically Endangered status in New South Wales, Endangered in Victoria and Data Deficient in Tasmania.

Epistemology and History of Science in the reflections of Evandro Agazzi

The merit of Evandro Agazzi’s epistemological reflection can be found in the following proposal: the history of science should be understood and studied as a meeting point between philosophical reflection and scientific research. Science and philosophy are thus closely united. In the words of Kant, science without philosophy is blind and philosophy without science is empty. Not only that: for Agazzi, the philosophy of science helps society as a whole to better understand the cultural (and human) value of science. Conversely, the history of science helps us to understand the perennially progressive nature of our knowledge. Why is this so? Because we can never disregard the intrinsic historicity of scientific knowledge.The historical approach to science also helps us to understand how scientific development always takes place within different choices. Conversely, epistemological reflection also helps historical research to better understand the development of our cognitive and technical heritage. On this basis, Agazzi worked - in collaboration with Ludovico Geymonat - to spread the institutional presence of the philosophy of science and the history of science (as well as mathematical logic) in universities, especially in Italy. Today, all of us are like dwarfs on the shoulders of giants, since we can better understand the connections between science and philosophy precisely because we can avail ourselves of Evandro Agazzi’s historical contributions.

Roof of the cause of atherosclerosis, "standing on the shoulders of giants"

The article is devoted to the most important topic in medicine: the cause and mechanism of atherosclerosis. It is believed that the health of each person and their life expectancy depend on the degree of atherosclerosis.

Standing on the shoulders of giants in lab coats

Standing on the shoulders of giants in lab coats