Short Life Cycle Research Articles

A production inventory model for high-tech products involving two production runs and a product variation

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>This paper explores a production inventory model considering two high-tech products of the same kind. One is the primary product and the other is the updated version of that primary product. Due to continuous development in technology, the life-cycle of some high-tech products, like, smartphone, tablet, laptop, etc. have become shorter. We witness the launching of new products more frequently in this field. This prompts the manufacturers to release an updated or pro version of their existing products after a certain time to compete in the market. The reputation of the primary product (in terms of quality and performance) plays an important role in generating the demand for the updated product. Due to the short life-cycle of the products, the proposed model considers only two consecutive production runs. One for the primary product and one for the updated product. Here the demands of both the products depend on the respective selling prices. Moreover, the demand of the updated product is also dependent on the quality of the primary product. Shortages for the primary product are allowed. Those shortages are backlogged partially with the updated product. Also, the possibility of imperfect production during regular production runs is considered. The selling prices, production rates, and the production run times for both the products are considered here as decision variables. Due to the complexity in the resulting optimization problem, the quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization technique is applied to derive the optimal profit. The concavity natures of the profit function are shown graphically. A numerical illustration is presented for the economic validation of the model. Finally, sensitivity analysis of the optimal solutions concerning the key inventory parameters is conducted for identifying several managerial implications.</p>

Investigating the potential of heavy metal accumulation from hemp. The use of industrial hemp (Cannabis Sativa L.) for phytoremediation of heavily and moderated polluted soils

In the last decades, the pollution of the soil environment with heavy metals poses a significant threat to both rural and urban areas. The effort to find the proper methods for soil decontamination and remediation is of great importance to the scientific community. Phytoremediation can assist in this way considering that it is profoundly (in comparison to traditional approaches) an affordable, less invasive and more environment friendly technique. It is a biological restoration, based on the utilization of special plants, in order to sequester soil pollutants via their root system and effectively remove them from the soil. Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L). has an inherent ability to accumulate metals and metalloids in its shoots and roots, as it can easily form stable complexes and compounds with the ions of the elements. Its cultivation in field experiments, and in pots, led to satisfactory results, as it has a short life cycle. Industrial hemp has emerged as a promising crop that can clean up polluted soils. It accumulates mainly in its underground part the pollutants, while its stems and its seeds, used for the production of high value products are almost free of pollutants. In this paper, we present and analyze the results of different studies regarding the capacity of Cannabis sativa L. to accumulate heavy metals and the possible uses of the plant in a circular economy model framework.

Impact of temperature and prey type on biology and life-table parameters of Cheyletus malaccensis Oudemans (Acari: Cheyletidae)

ABSTRACT This study deals with biology and life table parameters of the predatory mite, Cheyletus malaccensis Oudemans were evaluated on three astigmatid mites as prey (i.e. Acarus siro (Linnaeus), Caloglyphus berlesei (Michael) and Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank)) under laboratory conditions. Three constant temperatures (22, 27 and 32 ± 2°C) and constant relative humidity 80 ± 5% were used. Statistical analysis indicated significant difference between prey types and the three different temperatures. The shortest life cycle was recorded on A. siro (11.60 and 8.0 days) at 32°C, while the longest was on C. berlesei (29.5 and 21.2) at 22°C for females and males, respectively. Longest female longevity was on A. siro (43.6 days) at 22°C and shortest was 20.65 days on T. putrescentiae at 32°C. Highest fecundity was found on A. siro (196.50 eggs/female) at 27°C and lowest one was 69.10 eggs/female on C. berlesei at 22°C. The highest net reproduction rate of increase (R0) was 113.2 ♀/♀/generation at 27°C on A. siro. Obtained results suggested that C. malaccensis could develop and reproduce within a wide range of temperatures and prey types. It can also be used as a biological control agent to reduce the amount of acarid mite pests that infest stored commodities.

Dashboard Visualisasi Data UMK Sebagai Alat Pengambilan Keputusan Menggunakan Microsoft Power BI

SME empowerment will directly increase productivity, increase people's per capita income, and provide jobs more evenly. Small Micro Enterprises contributed Rp 2,121.3 trillion to Gross Domestic Product from base Rp 335.1 trillion in previous year with a percentage of 53.6%. SMEs are currently faced with a very high product competitiveness era, relatively short product life cycles following market trends, and relatively fast product innovation capabilities. The lack of sources of capital is the main problem currently facing SMEs in Indonesia. By looking at the opportunities, challenges, and threats faced by MSEs in Indonesia, it is necessary to design a system that functions as a decision-making tool for interested parties. So the purpose is to design a dashboard using Business Intelligence as a decision-making tool. The method used to design this dashboard is ADDIE using Microsoft Power BI. The design result is a visualization dashboard for MSEs in Indonesia based on the number of businesses in the green economy sector, the number of businesses in all sectors, the number of workers, the amount of income, and the amount of expenditure. The results of this visualization dashboard can be a reference for investors to give funds to increase SME’s size and competitiveness.

Penerapan Hypertext Transfer Protocol Web Server untuk Over-The-Air Auto Update Firmware pada Perangkat IoT

Devices in the IoT system are located in many places and difficult to be accesses physically by system administrator. Besides, short life cycle of software/firmware requires to be updated periodically in order to improve the embedded system function to meet the system requirements. These conditions shows the difficulty to update the devices physically. Auto update firmware over the air system became a solution for physical acsess and periodically updated problem which developed by implementing Hypertext Transfer Protocol Web Server. This research is part of study of developing IoT Management System in agricultural environment. This system is in form of web application as an interface to control and manage the update system and a software for update firmware that embedded in the IoT devices. The results shows that the system is able to update firmware of the IoT devices that connected to different network at the same time automatically. Besides, this system can serve around 29,000 request for firmware update concurrently.

Ketamine induces apical extracellular matrix modifications in Caenorhabditis elegans

Ketamine is a widely used anesthetic agent since 1960s and has recently been exploited for its rapid antidepressant action at subanesthetic doses. It has been demonstrated that ketamine induces alterations in extracellular matrix (ECM) in rodent models which in part plays a role in its anti-depressant action. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans serves as a powerful tool for understanding mechanisms of drug action with its short life cycle, genetic amenability and conserved cellular processes. Further investigation is required particularly in in vivo systems to gain broader understanding of ketamine’s actions. In this study, we aimed to decipher ketamine-mediated alterations using C. elegans as a model. We show that ketamine specifically induces apical extracellular matrix modifications (aECM) in the vulva and the cuticle. Ketamine treatment phenocopies neuronal migration and vulval invagination defects of chondroitin mutants despite wild-type like chondroitin staining pattern. Normal vulval expansion and defective vulval eversion phenotypes of ketamine-treated animals are suggestive of alterations in the network of aECM factors which do not impinge on chondroitin. Ketamine ameliorates impaired movement of a group of roller mutants characterised with collagen defects in the cuticle and RNA-seq identifies that 30% of the cuticular collagens are upregulated in response to ketamine. Ketamine alters aECM, neuronal migration and collagen expression in C. elegans. We propose C. elegans as a putative animal model to investigate ketamine-mediated ECM modifications.

Phytoremediation: A Novel Approach of Bast Fiber Plants (Hemp, Kenaf, Jute and Flax) for Heavy Metals Decontamination in Soil-Review.

Heavy metal pollution in the environment is a major concern for humans as it is non-biodegradable and can have a lot of effects on the environment, humans as well as plants. At present, a solution to this problem is suggested in terms of a new, innovative and eco-friendly technology known as phytoremediation. Bast fiber plants are typically non-edible crops that have a short life cycle. It is one of the significant crops that has attracted interest for many industrial uses because of its constant fiber supply and ease of maintenance. Due to its low maintenance requirements with minimum economic investment, bast fiber plants have been widely used in phytoremediation. Nevertheless, these plants have the ability to extract metals from the soil through their deep roots, combined with their commercial prospects, making them an ideal candidate as a profit-yielding crop for phytoremediation purposes. Therefore, a comprehensive review is needed for a better understanding of the morphology and phytoremediation mechanism of four commonly bast fiber plants, such as hemp (Cannabis sativa), kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus), jute (Corchorus olitorius) and Flax (Linum usitatissimum). This review article summarizes the existing research on the phytoremediation potential of these plants grown in different toxic pollutants such as Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd) and Zinc (Zn). This work also discusses several aids including natural and chemical amendments to improve phytoremediation. The role of these amendments in the bioavailability of contaminants, their uptake, translocation and bioaccumulation, as well as their effect on plant growth and development, has been highlighted in this paper. This paper helps in identifying, comparing and addressing the recent achievements of bast fiber plants for the phytoremediation of heavy metals in contaminated soil.

Immunological pathogenesis of Bovine E. coli infection in a model of C. elegans

BackgroundCattle industry is critical for China’s livestock industry, whereas E. coli infection and relevant diseases could lead huge economic loss. Traditional mammalian models would be costly, time consuming and complicated to study pathological changes of bovine E. coli. There is an urgent need for a simple but efficient animal model to quantitatively evaluate the pathological changes of bovine-derived E. coli in vivo. Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) has a broad host range of diverse E. coli strains with advantages, including a short life cycle, a simple structure, a transparent body which is easily visualized, a well-studied genetic map, an intrinsic immune system which is conservable with more complicated mammalians.ResultsHere, we considered that O126 was the dominant serotype, and a total of 19 virulence factors were identified from 41 common E. coli virulence factors. Different E. coli strains with diverse pathogenicity strengths were tested in C. elegans in E. coli with higher pathogenicity (EC3/10), Nsy-1, Sek-1 and Pmk-1 of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway cascade and the expression of the antimicrobial peptides Abf-3 and Clec-60 were significantly up-regulated comparing with other groups. E. coli with lower pathogenicity (EC5/13) only activated the expression of Nsy-1 and Sek-1 genes in the p38 MAPK signaling pathway, Additionally, both groups of E. coli strains caused significant upregulation of the antimicrobial peptide Spp-1.ConclusionThirteen E. coli strains showed diverse pathogenicity in nematodes and the detection rate of virulence factors did not corresponding to the virulence in nematodes, indicating complex pathogenicity mechanisms. We approved that C. elegans is a fast and convenient detection model for pathogenic bacteria virulence examinations.

Effect of Feeding Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) Extract on Survival Rate and Reproductive Organ Morphology of Fruit Fly (Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, 1830) Ultraviolet Light Irradiation

UV (ultraviolet) radiation is one of the radiations that are naturally emitted by the sun. As the result of climate changes, the earth's ozone layer changes and the UV light radiation to the earth's surface increases. The negative effect of UV radiation is increase due to the production of ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) or free radicals in the body. UV radiation protection can be done by increasing the intake of antioxidant-rich foods as free radical inhibitors. Actinidia deliciosa or kiwifruit is a antioxidants-rich fruit including vitamin C. This research was carried out with Drosophila melanogaster as a animal model because it is easy to breed in the laboratory, has a short life cycle, and produces large numbers of eggs. Drosophila melanogaster or fruit flies are the most commonly used of animal models in the biomedical and pharmacological fields. This study aims to determine the effect of UV radiation on fruit fly survival at the larval, pupa, and imago stages and the morphology changes of male and female reproductive organs, as well as to determine the effect of feeding kiwi fruit extract on survival rate and morphology changes of male and female reproductive organs of UV irradiated fruit fly. This research was conducted by providing UV exposure treatment and without UV radiation treatment to fruit flies for 2 hours on banana and kiwi feed medium. Data analysis was carried out with the One Way Anova test followed by the Duncan test. The results showed that UV radiation could affect the survival and morphology of the reproductive organs of fruit flies. The survival rate in the control treatment was 58%, PK treatment 81%, PPUV treatment 45%, and PKUV treatment 47%.

Reducing single use packaging and moving up the waste hierarchy

ABSTRACT Interest in circular economy practices is increasing. A key material that connects the circular economy and wider environmental concerns is plastic waste, which poses environmental, climate, and human health risks. Single-use plastic packaging is particularly problematic because it forms the largest share of the global plastics market, has a short life cycle, and has channelled investment towards the bottom of the waste hierarchy. Given single-use plastic packaging is embedded in global trade, transitioning away from use requires much more than ‘behaviour change’ from individual producers and consumers. In this article we use social practice theory to show how social change is occurring with regard to single-use plastics. We draw on two food retail case studies of (primarily) business-to-consumer packaging from Aotearoa New Zealand. We show how transitioning away from single-use plastic food packaging requires (1) understanding the function and meaning of packaging materials, and (2) coordinating other materials, skills and meanings to re-craft and substitute the functions that single-use packaging performs across businesses, supply chains and consumers. Our analysis illustrates the significant collaboration and emerging networks needed for change, and signals how investment towards the top of the waste hierarchy in reuse could contribute to a more circular economy.

Analyzing Fire Severity and Post-Fire Vegetation Recovery in the Temperate Andes Using Earth Observation Data

In wildfire areas, earth observation data is used for the development of fire-severity maps or vegetation recovery to select post-fire measures for erosion control and revegetation. Appropriate vegetation indices for post-fire monitoring vary with vegetation type and climate zone. This study aimed to select the best vegetation indices for post-fire vegetation monitoring using remote sensing and classification methods for the temperate zone in southern Ecuador, as well as to analyze the vegetation’s development in different fire severity classes after a wildfire in September 2019. Random forest classification models were calculated using the fire severity classes (from the Relativized Burn Ratio—RBR) as a dependent variable and 23 multitemporal vegetation indices from 10 Sentinel-2 scenes as descriptive variables. The best vegetation indices to monitor post-fire vegetation recovery in the temperate Andes were found to be the Leaf Chlorophyll Content Index (LCCI) and the Normalized Difference Red-Edge and SWIR2 (NDRESWIR). In the first post-fire year, the vegetation had already recovered to a great extent due to vegetation types with a short life cycle (seasonal grass-species). Increasing index values correlated strongly with increasing fire severity class (fire severity class vs. median LCCI: 0.9997; fire severity class vs. median NDRESWIR: 0.9874). After one year, the vegetations’ vitality in low severity and moderate high severity appeared to be at pre-fire level.

Betulinic acid mitigates oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis and enhances longevity in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae model

Betulinic acid (BA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid found in certain plant species, has been reported to have several health benefits including antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties. However, the mechanism by which BA confers these properties is currently unknown. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a budding yeast with a short life cycle and conserved cellular mechanism with high homology to humans, was used as a model for determining the role of BA in aging and programmed cell death (PCD). Treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) exhibited significantly increased (30–35%) survivability of antioxidant (sod1Δ, sod2Δ, cta1Δ, ctt1Δ, and tsa1Δ) and anti-apoptotic (pep4Δ and fis1Δ) mutant strains when cells were pretreated with BA (30 µM) as demonstrated in spot and CFU (Colony forming units) assays. Measurement of intracellular oxidation level using the ROS-specific dye H2DCF-DA showed that all tested BA-pretreated mutants exhibited decreased ROS than the control when exposed to H2O2. Similarly, when mutant strains were pretreated with BA and then exposed to H2O2, there was reduced lipid peroxidation as revealed by the reduced malondialdehyde content. Furthermore, BA-pretreated mutant cells showed significantly lower apoptotic activity by decreasing DNA/nuclear fragmentation and chromatin condensation under H2O2-induced stress as determined by DAPI and acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining. In addition, BA treatment also extended the life span of antioxidant and anti-apoptotic mutants by ∼10–25% by scavenging ROS and preventing apoptotic cell death. Our overall results suggest that BA extends the chronological life span of mutant strains lacking antioxidant and anti-apoptotic genes by lowering the impact of oxidative stress, ROS levels, and apoptotic activity. These properties of BA could be further explored for its use as a valuable nutraceutical.

Efeitos da poda no desenvolvimento vegetativo e qualidade da biomassa de halófitas perenes cultivadas em aquaponia salina

ABSTRACT The cultivation of vascular plants in aquaculture is becoming increasingly important and saline aquaponics have been centered on plants with a short life cycle (i.e. annual species). However, the cultivation of perennial halophytes can allow to produce biomass year-round by repeated cuttings and regrowth. The present study evaluated the effects of different cutting regimes on the growth and tissue nitrogen uptake of the perennial halophyte Paspalum vaginatum and Salicornia neei cultivated in saline aquaponics. Clarified water from Litopenaeus vannamei cultivation was used as the main source of water and nutrients to grow plants established in Nutrient Film Technique (NFT). In each trial (28 days), three groups of 22 plants were established in different NFT benches and subjected to no cutting, one harvest and two harvests. Cutting regimes applied to both halophytic species did not affect the quality of recirculating water. Tillering and stem elongation of P. vaginatum had increasing trends with augment of cutting frequency. Salicornia neei cut at 28-day intervals produced a larger number of marketable size branches with less lignified shoots than non-cut plants and branchy plants cut every 14 days, which showed the smallest branch size. Individual plants of P. vaginatum and S. neei took up in their tissues between 2.27-2.45 mg/day of N and 4.59-6.43 mg/day of N, respectively. Cutting regimes did not statistically affect the accumulation of nitrogen in the biomass of either halophytic species. One harvest treatment, every 28 days, was considered the most suitable practice for aquaponics production of both halophytes.

The roles of macroalgae in climate change mitigation: opportunities and challenges for marine-based carbon donor

Anthropogenic activities will lead to an exponential increase in CO2 emissions in the future. Increased CO2 emissions have an impact on global climate patterns, ocean acidification, and ecosystem function. Marine vegetation has the potential to absorb CO2 through photosynthesis and store carbon in its biomass and sediments. This is known as blue carbon. Research on blue carbon in the world, including Indonesia, is more focused on seagrass and mangroves because including macroalgae carbon in the blue carbon strategy is still controversial. Currently, there are many considerations for including macroalgal carbon in the blue carbon strategy. Macroalgae have a shorter life cycle than seagrass and mangroves. In addition, macroalgae generally grow on hard substrates, resulting in lower levels of carbon storage than seagrass and mangroves. However, macroalgae can serve as carbon donors and contribute to the effort to mitigate climate change. In this review, we present the potential and challenges of macroalgae as carbon donors. Macroalgae will be significant as carbon donors if they have the following three criteria: high production of biomass; effective biomass moved to recipient habitat; and carbon donors that can be buried in recipient habitat. The fate of macroalgae carbon in recipient habitats still needs to be studied.

Diversity of phytoseiid mite (Acari: Mesostigmata) fauna from Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India

The highly biodiverse group of mesostigmatid mites belonging to the family of Phytoseiidae are globally recognized as potential predators of small soft-bodied arthropods and destructive mite pests owing to their high searching capacity, good adaptability to a wide range of climatic regimes from arctic to tropics, short life cycle (1 week approx.), high multiplication capability (40–60 offspring per female) with high feeding potential. Phytoseiid mites that are commercially exploited as efficient biocontrol agents are regarded as farmers’ friends as they play a pivotal role in managing the pest population below the economic injury level to ensure a safe and sustainable pattern of food production system keeping aside hazardous chemicals. At present, the global scientific communities are deeply involved with this group of mites and due to their higher attention, the number of nominal phytoseiid species has increased from 34 in 1950 to more than 2500 in 2021.

The Epilithic Diatom Community as a Bioindicator of water quality Brangkal Subwatershed in the Mojokerto Area

Diatoms are widely used as bioindicators of water quality because of their short life cycle and sensitivity to changes of environmental conditions in waters. One type of diatom that is used as a bioindicator is an epilithic diatom. Epilithic diatoms are one of the diatom microalgae communities attached to rock, so they are difficult to be carried away by currents. This study aimed to determine the type, composition, abundance, diversity, and dominance of epilithic diatoms found in the waters of the Brangkal subwatershed, and to determine the quality of water in the Brangkal subwatershed based on the epilithic diatom tropic index. Epilithic diatom samples were taken from 4 stations in the Brangkal subwatershed, Mojokerto Regency at the beginning of the dry season (July-August). The analysis carried out includes abundance, diversity index, dominance index, and Diatom Trophic Index (TDI). Based on the results of the study, 17 genera of epilithic diatoms were found, with the highest abundance of epilithic diatoms, including Navicula, Cocconeis, Nitszchia, and Gomphonema. The diversity index of all stations was in the medium category, with a value between 1.206 to 1.882. The lowest dominance index at station 1 was 0.167 and the highest was at station 4 with 0.373. In addition, the observed water quality is based on the Diatom Trophic Index (TDI), stations 1 to 3 are in a good category, and stations 4 are in a bad category.

Status of abamectin resistance and mechanisms in Tetranychus urticae in China

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is an important agricultural pest worldwide. It is prone to evolve resistance to pesticides, including organophosphates, pyrethroids, and some newly developed compounds (Xu et al., 2018; Alpkent et al., 2020), due to the frequent pesticide spray and the biological characteristics of T. urticae, such as short life cycle and parthenogenesis, etc. There is no doubt that the development of pesticide resistance and unclear resistant mechanisms have impeded the chemical control and resistance management of T. urticae in the field.

Salinity and Heavy Metal Tolerance, and Phytoextraction Potential of Ranunculus sceleratus Plants from a Sandy Coastal Beach.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate tolerance to salinity and different heavy metals as well as the phytoextraction potential of Ranunculus sceleratus plants from a brackish coastal sandy beach habitat. Four separate experiments were performed with R. sceleratus plants in controlled conditions: (1) the effect of NaCl gradient on growth and ion accumulation, (2) the effect of different Na+ and K+ salts on growth and ion accumulation, (3) heavy metal tolerance and metal accumulation potential, (4) the effect of different forms of Pb salts (nitrate and acetate) on plant growth and Pb accumulation. A negative effect of NaCl on plant biomass was evident at 0.5 g L-1 Na+ and growth was inhibited by 44% at 10 g L-1 Na+, and this was associated with changes in biomass allocation. The maximum Na+ accumulation (90.8 g kg-1) was found in the stems of plants treated with 10 g kg-1 Na+. The type of anion determined the salinity tolerance of R. sceleratus plants, as Na+ and K+ salts with an identical anion component had a comparable effect on plant growth: nitrates strongly stimulated plant growth, and chloride treatment resulted in slight but significant growth reduction, but plants treated with nitrites and carbonates died within 4 and 5 weeks after the full treatment, respectively. The shoot growth of R. sceleratus plants was relatively insensitive to treatment with Mn, Cd and Zn in the form of sulphate salts, but Pb nitrate increased it. Hyperaccumulation threshold concentration values in the leaves of R. sceleratus were reached for Cd, Pb and Zn. R. sceleratus can be characterized as a shoot accumulator of heavy metals and a hyperaccumulator of Na+. A relatively short life cycle together with a high biomass accumulation rate makes R. sceleratus useful for dynamic constructed wetland systems aiming for the purification of concentrated wastewaters.

The Research on the Communication Strategy of Food Short Video in the Vision of Communication Psychology

With the development of new media application technology, the relationship between short video and communication psychology also has a certain influence on communication strategy. The existing short videos have problems such as poor continuity of work series and short life cycle of videos. To optimize the existing communication strategies of food short videos and put forward insights for the user psychology research of food short videos, this paper analyzes the user preference communication strategies from the perspective of food short videos and the perspective of communication psychology. This paper adopts the questionnaire survey method and the in-depth interview method. To the research results, the viewing motivation of food short video users is mainly leisure entertainment and relaxation, and the content preferences include funny light comedy and pastoral style, etc. Users attach attention to the clicks of videos and hold a high desire for interaction. The "explosive point" characteristics of food short videos are close to life and full of new ideas. The optimized communication strategy should grasp users’ preferences and improve the interaction frequency, to obtain a more significant communication effect.

Lepidopteran insects: emerging model organisms to study infection by enteropathogens.

The in vivo analysis of a pathogen is a critical step in gaining greater knowledge of pathogen biology and host-pathogen interactions. In the last two decades, there has been a notable rise in the number of studies on developing insects as a model for studying pathogens, which provides various benefits, such as ethical acceptability, relatively short life cycle, and cost-effective care and maintenance relative to routinely used rodent infection models. Furthermore, lepidopteran insects provide many advantages, such as easy handling and tissue extraction due to their large size relative to other invertebrate models, like Caenorhabditis elegans. Additionally, insects have an innate immune system that is highly analogous to vertebrates. In the present review, we discuss the components of the insect's larval immune system, which strengthens its usage as an alternative host, and present an updated overview of the research findings involving lepidopteran insects (Galleria mellonella, Manduca sexta, Bombyx mori, and Helicoverpa armigera) as infection models to study the virulence by enteropathogens due to the homology between insect and vertebrate gut.