Joint distribution of primes in multiple short intervals

Sequential recommendation systems have become essential for personalized services in e-commerce and content platforms. While recent research has extended these systems with multi-modal features, existing approaches face three major challenges. First, they inadequately model fine-grained temporal interval distributions, failing to discriminate between high-frequency short intervals and low-frequency long intervals. Second, uniform fusion in the time domain leads to semantic misalignment across modalities because it ignores their inherent differences in the frequency domain. Third, rigid fusion strategies without self-supervised constraints lead to limited representation quality and semantic drift from pre-trained embeddings. To address these issues, we propose ATHWE, an A daptive T emporal Expert Routing with H ierarchical W avelet E nhancement framework. ATHWE employs exponential saturation time mapping to generate temporally adaptive embeddings. These embeddings guide a sparse mixture of experts to model multi-scale user behavior dynamics. A hierarchical wavelet decomposition with band-specific gating selectively fuses complementary frequency components across modalities. Furthermore, contrastive learning and cluster-preserving objectives preserve semantic information during multi-modal fusion. Extensive experiments on multiple datasets validate the effectiveness of our framework. Our code is available at https://github.com/lulusiyuyu/ATHWE .

We extend our earlier theoretical study of excited state proton transfer (ESPT) in the low-lying conformers of 2-(oxazol-2-yl)-3-hydroxychromone (OHC) by exploring the dynamics of water-mediated ESPT in them. In the previous study [D. Sarma and S. G. Ramesh, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2025, 27, 11659-11672], OHC-A and OHC-B with intra-ring H-bonding showed a larger propensity for proton transfer compared to OHC-C with inter-ring H-bonding. Placing a water molecule between the H-bonding sites of these conformers, we have carried out a computational and dynamical study of the ESPT. Surface hopping simulations initiated on the first bright state of the complexes show that the fractions of water-mediated double proton transfer (DPT) events are roughly similar to the PT fractions of the corresponding monomers. However, the dynamics of the DPT for the water complexes of OHC-A and B are differentiated by whether they are of the donor-first type (OHC to water) or the acceptor-first type (water to OHC) across the H-bond bridge. The former is always found to be near-concerted, i.e. with a short time interval between the two PT events, while the latter shows varied time intervals between the two transfers. In contrast, the OHC-C-water complex shows only donor-first DPT. In the water complexes of OHC-A and B, several single proton transfer (SPT) events take place that show only acceptor-side PT and share many features with the acceptor-first DPT events, while the OHC-C-water complex shows few SPT events. The details of the features associated with each type of trajectory in these OHC-water complexes are discussed.

Idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS) is a disease of unclear etiology and predictable phenotype. While surgical dilatation is the mainstay of management, a subset of patients experiences recurrent disease with minimal long-term symptomatic relief. This study evaluates whether systemic immunosuppression alongside surgical management is an effective adjunctive treatment strategy in this patient cohort. A retrospective study was conducted on patients at a tertiary airway center with isolated SGS. The cohort was categorized into idiopathic SGS and granulomatosis with polyangiitis SGS (GPA-SGS). A sub-cohort of iSGS patients with aggressive disease was classified as "atypical-SGS." Both atypical-SGS and GPA-SGS cohorts received systemic immunosuppression alongside surgery and disease activity was assessed before and after immunosuppression through the inter-dilation interval (IDI). Sixty patients were included: 33 with iSGS, 20 with GPA-SGS, and 7 with atypical SGS. The iSGS cohort had an indolent disease course, with a median IDI of 17.6 months (IQR 16.0-25.0); none received immunosuppression. GPA-SGS patients demonstrated significantly shorter intervals prior to treatment (median 8.9 months, IQR 3.8-28.0), improving to 26.0 months (IQR 9.3-36.7) following immunosuppression (p = 0.0027). Similarly, in atypical SGS, IDI increased from 7.6 months (IQR 6.8-12.0) to 27.8 months (IQR 12.0-49.0) post-treatment (p = 0.0496). No significant adverse events were observed. Atypical SGS represents a diagnostically ambiguous yet clinically aggressive subset of SGS. Systemic immunosuppression, typically reserved for GPA, may prolong disease-free intervals in both GPA-SGS and atypical SGS. These findings support multidisciplinary evaluation and consideration of immunotherapy in frequently recurring, ANCA-negative SGS.

The most important single recovery action for Leadbeater’s possum has occurred – the end of native forest logging in Victoria. And yet the future of this small, enigmatic possum is far from secure. The reduced abundance of hollow-bearing trees, bushfires and climate change all present challenges ahead. Camera traps have greatly increased our ability to reliably detect the species, and extensive surveys conducted since the Black Saturday fires in 2009 indicate populations have recovered well in some parts of the Central Highlands. The great vulnerability of the species is to successive large fires within a short interval (≤50 years), as could occur during the next century with climate change.

Multimodal treatment with preoperative chemotherapy is increasingly used for locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) to enable surgical resection. However, the optimal time between the last cycle of preoperative chemotherapy and surgery remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the association between timing of surgery after preoperative chemotherapy and overall survival of patients with LAPC. Patients with LAPC who underwent pancreatic resection after preoperative chemotherapy between 2018 and 2023 were enrolled from a prospectively maintained database. The cohort was stratified by a predefined interval between the last cycle of chemotherapy and surgery (short interval: < 4weeks vs long interval: ≥ 4weeks). After preoperative chemotherapy, 169 patients underwent surgery, including 56(33.1%) patients in the short-interval group and 113 (66.9%)patients in the long-interval group. Baseline characteristics, surgical procedures, and postoperative morbidity were comparable between the two groups. Most patients received FOLFIRINOX (85.5 %) with a median of nine cycles. Patients with the long interval showed significantly improved overall survival from the time of LAPC diagnosis (20.7 vs 29.5months; p = 0.019) as well as from surgery (16.1 vs 23.1months; p = 0.024). In multivariable analysis, the interval of 4weeks or longer was an independent predictor of improved survival. Further analysis suggested an optimal time window of 4-8weeks between the last chemotherapy cycle and surgery. An interval of at least 4weeks between the last cycle of preoperative chemotherapy and surgery for LAPC was associated with significantly improved overall survival, with an optimal window of 4-8weeks.

Bats face a complex navigation challenge when emerging from densely populated roosts, where vast numbers take off at once in dark, confined spaces. Each bat must avoid collisions with walls and conspecifics while locating the exit, all amidst overlapping acoustic signals. This crowded environment creates the risk of acoustic jamming, in which the calls of neighboring bats interfere with echo detection, potentially obscuring vital information. Despite these challenges, bats navigate these conditions with remarkable success. Although bats have access to multiple sensory cues, here, we focused on whether echolocation alone could provide sufficient information for orientation under such high-interference conditions. To explore whether and how they manage this challenge, we developed a sensorimotor model that mimics the bats' echolocation behavior under high-density conditions. Our model suggests that the problem of acoustic jamming may be less severe than previously assumed. Frequent calls with short inter-pulse intervals (IPI) increase the sensory input flow, allowing integration of echoic information across multiple calls. When combined with simple movement-guidance strategies-such as following walls and avoiding nearby obstacles-this accumulated information enables effective navigation in dense acoustic environments. Together, these findings demonstrate a plausible mechanism by which bats may overcome acoustic interference and underscore the role of signal redundancy in supporting robust echolocation-based navigation. Beyond advancing our understanding of bat behavior, they also offer valuable insights for swarm robotics and collective movement in complex environments.

Anxiety or depression are considered prodromes of Parkinson's disease (PD), though their temporal pattern is not fully defined. This study investigates the temporal relationship between drug-treated anxiety or depression and the clinical onset of PD motor symptoms.We used data from the Moli-sani study, which included 23,395 participants (52% women; mean age 55 ± 12years, 15year median follow-up). Participants free of PD at baseline were classified as either non-exposed (N = 20,033) or as having anxiety or depression (N = 1,760), based on both self-reporting and documented use of appropriate medications. Individuals with only one criterion (N = 1,602) were analysed separately. Incident PD cases were identified through regional health records and validated by neurologists and medical records. We used Cox models with inverse probability weighting based on propensity scores.A total of 306 PD cases were recorded (337,372 person-years). Individuals with both self-reported anxiety or depression and medication use had double PD hazard versus non-exposed (HR = 2.02, 95%CI: 1.45-2.80). This association was confirmed with validated PD cases (N = 144; HR = 1.96; 95%CI: 1.21-3.17), and was more evident in those treated for both conditions (N = 395; HR = 3.18, 95%CI: 1.90-5.31). No association emerged for those meeting only one criterion. Excluding subjects with a progressively shorter interval between the onset of anxiety or depression and study exit clearly attenuated the association, which nearly disappeared when the interval was > 10years. The temporal pattern observed suggests that anxiety and depression requiring pharmacological treatment may represent time-dependent prodromal manifestations of clinical PD, emerging up to 10years before motor symptoms.

In ptotic breasts, patients can undergo breast reduction or mastopexy before nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) to improve the esthetic outcomes. Literature also suggests the benefit of staged nipple-sparing mastectomy (SNSM) on preserving the nipple-areolar complex (NAC). The aim of this study was to identify the predictors of postoperative complications after SNSM and consider whether shorter intervals between the stages are feasible. We reviewed MEDLINE and Embase for studies on SNSM outcomes, following the PRISMA guidelines. Key terms included "mastectomy," "mastopexy," and "nipple." Studies detailing surgical timelines and complications were included. Studies utilizing nipple grafting were excluded. Variables of interest included time between surgeries and complications such as NAC necrosis, infection, wound healing problems, seroma, hematoma, fat necrosis, and skin flap necrosis. Eighteen studies were included for data extraction, encompassing 1085 breasts in 743 patients who received SNMS after breast-reducing mastectomy. The mean age was 46.1 ± 2.3 years, and the mean BMI was 27.8 ± 3.6kg/m2. In studies with fewer than 12 months between surgeries, shorter intervals did not increase the odds of total complications (p = 0.272) or nipple-related complications (p = 0.457). Mastectomy weight positively correlated with complication odds, reaching borderline significant (B = 0.001, p = 0.05). In implant-based reconstructions, implant size significantly positively correlated with the odds of complications (B = 0.002, p = 0.046). Patient factors such as mastectomy weight and implant size were associated with higher complication rates. In studies of patients who underwent a second surgery within 12 months, no correlation was found between the interval between surgeries and complication likelihood, suggesting that a shorter interval may be safely considered.

Predicting Failure of Ventricular Shunts in the Emergency Department: The SMaRT (Shunt Malfunction and Revision Triage) Score.

Rhythm, such as in music, contains structure in the form of rhythmic patterns: the more or less predictable successions of longer and shorter intervals (i.e., the "morse code" of the rhythm). Listeners can use rhythmic patterns to predict the timing of sounds and guide their perception and action. It is still unclear how rhythmic patterns are represented in the human mind. Here, we used a probabilistic model of auditory expectations to simulate the perception and production of rhythmic patterns. We modelled expectations in rhythmic sequences at three different levels of abstraction: as the predictability of absolute inter-onset intervals (IOI), ratios between successive intervals (ratio), and the direction of change of successive intervals (contour). Subsequently, we selected rhythms that varied maximally in their modelled predictability across the three levels of abstraction for three behavioral tasks: a target detection task in which the rhythm was not task-relevant (implicit task), a complexity rating task (explicit task), and a tapping task (motor task). We found that both ratio and contour affected behavioral responses across all tasks, with the largest effects in the explicit rating task. IOI only affected responses for the explicit and motor tasks, where the rhythm was task-relevant, and to a greater extent when an imprecise, categorical representation of IOI was assumed. These findings suggest that humans rely mostly on imprecise representations of rhythmic patterns, but may flexibly adapt their representation based on task demands.

Environmental factors on microalgal resuspension and dynamics in tidal flats on the west coast of Korea.

Machine Learning-Based Beam Delivery Time Model for Mevion S250i With Hyperscan Technology.

The effect of a short interpregnancy interval (IPI) on pelvic floor disorders is unknown. We investigated the relationship between a short IPI and the development of stress incontinence (SUI), pelvic organ prolapse (POP), and anal incontinence (AI) in the decade after the first delivery. We performed a secondary analysis of the Mothers' Outcomes After Delivery study-a prospective cohort of women recruited 5-10 years following their first delivery and followed annually between 2008 and 2018. A short IPI was defined as ≤18 months, calculated as the number of months between deliveries minus the length of the second pregnancy. SUI, POP, and AI were identified by annual validated questionnaires, examination, or history of treatment. Data were analyzed in SAS. Variables significant on bivariate analysis were entered into multivariable logistic regression models predicting each outcome using the generalized estimating equations approach for repeated measures. Of 1,127 women, the majority (671, 59%) never had a short IPI, 395 (35%) had 1 short IPI, and 61 (6%) had 2 or more. Within 10-15 years, 219 women (19%) reported SUI, 156 (14%) reported POP, and 251 (22%) reported AI. We found that a short IPI was not associated with SUI ( P =0.69), POP ( P =0.71), or AI ( P =0.95). When restricting the cohort to women with only nonoperative vaginal deliveries (n=440), there remained no difference in the presence of SUI, POP, or AI ( P = 0.88, 0.84, 0.78, respectively). A short IPI is not associated with pelvic floor disorders in the decade following the first delivery. This should be reassuring to women at risk of PFDs who elect to become pregnant within 18 months of childbirth.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a 6-week combined power-based resistance training (RT) and short sprint interval training (SSIT), performed in different sequences (SSIT+RT or RT+SSIT), on the lower-body physical fitness of male Judo athletes. Twenty-four young male athletes volunteered for this study and were randomly assigned to one of three groups: SSIT+RT, RT+SSIT, or an active control (CON) group, with eight athletes in each group. The training groups participated in a 6-week intervention, training three times per week during the preparatory phase of annual training cycle. Following the intervention, both the SSIT+RT and RT+SSIT groups showed significant improvements (p = 0.001) in several performance measures including vertical jump (effect size [ES] = 1.58 and 0.85), 20-m linear sprint (ES = -1.22 and -0.53), Agility T-test (ES = -1.12 and -0.46), maximal strength (ES = 0.15 and 0.21), Specific Judo Fitness Test (SJFT; ES = -0.91 and -0.90), peak power (ES = 1.74 and 1.18), mean power (ES = 0.98 and 1.11), and cardiorespiratory fitness (ES = 1.17 and 1.03). In contrast, the CON group did not exhibit any significant changes post-training. Moreover, the SSIT+RT group demonstrated significantly greater improvements compared to the RT+SSIT group in vertical jump (ES = 0.62, p = 0.024), 20-m linear sprint (ES = -0.46, p = 0.031), Agility T-test (ES = -0.34, p = 0.016), and peak power output (ES = 0.79, p = 0.009). Conversely, the RT+SSIT group showed more pronounced strength gains than the SSIT+RT group (ES = 0.14, p = 0.007). In conclusion, it is recommended that incorporating SSIT at the beginning of a training session is more effective for improving jumping ability, sprinting speed, change of direction, and peak power output. Conversely, if the primary goal is to enhance muscular strength, it is advisable to prioritize RT at the start of the session.

Individuating a single item presented within a continuous sequence of items requires segregating its signal from that of the other items. In contrast, representing a global aspect of the sequence, such as its average orientation, involves integration of information across time. Individuation and integration allow us to focus on individual events while maintaining an overall perception of our environment. To examine the relations between temporal averaging and individuation, we measured orientation averaging over short and long timescales using the same stimuli and orientation-estimation procedure previously used to measure individuation. Participants reported the average orientation of a sequence of three oriented items separated by either short (SOAs<150ms) or long intervals (SOAs>150ms). Analysis of the error distribution and mixture-modeling revealed distinct patterns of results for the different tasks and timescales, but also some similarities, particularly for the short timescale. In this timescale, the relative contribution of each individual item to the final response was similar across tasks, indicating the involvement of low-level factors operating regardless of the task. With the long timescale, the two tasks showed dissociable pattern across all performance aspects, except guessing rate, indicating that long-scale individuation and averaging engage mainly higher-level, task-related processes. Importantly, regardless of timescale, estimation errors in these tasks were best described by different models: in integration they primarily reflected unequal weighting of the averaged items, whereas in individuation they reflected imprecise target encoding with occasional misreports of distractors. Together, the findings reveal dissociable dynamics for integration and individuation.

Conservative, and culturally appropriate treatment options are needed for Hispanic American (HA) older adults with knee osteoarthritis (OA). The purpose of this pilot study was to explore feasibility, including recruitment, adherence, and retention in a quasi-experimental study among older HA adults with moderate knee OA after multimodal physical therapy. The secondary aim was to explore changes in physical performance. Hispanic American older adults with moderate knee OA were recruited from an urban health system. Participants attended 10, small group, physical therapy clinic visits over 8weeks, followed by 4 weekly support phone calls. Participants were instructed to exercise 3days per week. The intervention was led in Spanish and included progressive quadriceps and glutaeal strengthening, progressive cycling with short high-velocity intervals, manual therapy, and self-management training. Feasibility was explored by using descriptive statistics to document recruitment, retention, and adherence to exercise. Secondary physical function measures were compared pre/post intervention using paired sample t-tests. Eighteen of the 20 participants who enrolled came from sending 500 targeted recruitment letters, mean age of 62.9 (SD 8.0, range: 51-75) years; mean exercise adherence was 3.7 (SD 1.5) days per week for the 12-week study duration. Preliminary estimates of changes in physical function were promising; however, the study was not powered to detect changes. Multimodal physical therapy was feasible in terms of retention, and adherence to exercise and recruitment was low. Clinical changes in physical function are promising. A controlled trial is warranted to test the efficacy of the intervention.

Multimodality imaging assessment of cardiac involvement in classic and late-onset Anderson-Fabry disease.

Timing-dependent immune modulation of learning in a long-interval rodent model of anticipatory nausea.

Cognition is a dynamic process and is subject to substantial variation across short and long timescales. It is becoming common to assess cognition repeatedly over short intervals to determine the correlates and consequences of such "cognitive variability." A high-frequency cognitive assessment approach is also an ideal method for measuring how cognition operates in daily life. Nevertheless, several fundamental questions regarding the nature of cognitive variability remain unanswered. We utilize data from the COGITO study, which administered nine separate cognitive tests to more than 200 participants for 100 days to answer the following questions: Do different tasks exhibit similarly reliable levels of variability, and does variability cluster into distinct cognitive domains? This rich data set was analyzed using Bayesian mixed-effects location scale models which simultaneously estimate individual means and variability. All nine tasks exhibited significant variability across the 100 days of testing. Tasks within the domains of episodic memory or processing speed were moderately correlated with each other suggesting some degree of domain specificity. Working memory tasks, on the other hand, did not correlate well with each other suggesting variability in these tasks is dominated by momentary or task-specific influences. These findings not only advance our theoretical understanding of what cognitive variability is but also provide insight into which cognitive tests are most suitable for high-frequency administration and thus may be most amenable to use for studying aging and cognitive processes as they occur in daily life. Appropriate limits on the generalizability of our results are noted. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).