Shock Theory Research Articles

Direct Measurements of Synchrotron-emitting Electrons at Near-Sun Shocks

In this study, we present the first-ever direct measurements of synchrotron-emitting heliospheric traveling shocks, intercepted by the Parker Solar Probe (PSP) during its close encounters. Given that much of our understanding of powerful astrophysical shocks is derived from synchrotron radiation, these observations by PSP provide an unprecedented opportunity to explore how shocks accelerate relativistic electrons and the conditions under which they emit radiation. The probe’s unparalleled capabilities to measure both electromagnetic fields and energetic particles with high precision in the near-Sun environment has allowed us to directly correlate the distribution of relativistic electrons with the resulting photon emissions. Our findings reveal that strong quasi-parallel shocks emit radiation at significantly higher intensities than quasi-perpendicular shocks due to the efficient acceleration of ultrarelativistic electrons. These experimental results are consistent with theory and recent observations of supernova remnant shocks and advance our understanding of shock physics across diverse space environments.

Understanding Cultural Shock Through Media Literacy Anti-hoax Efforts Among Santri in Pondok Pesantren

This research aims to explore the impact of cultural shock experienced by Santri while interacting with social media in the Pondok Pesantren environment to understand the crucial implications of media literacy in countering hoaxes. The underlying theoretical framework for this study encompasses cultural shock theory and the concept of media literacy. The research methodology employed is the content analysis approach, which will delve into cultural shock experiences among Santri, identify common themes of hoaxes, and assess their impact on the Santri community. The findings of this research reveal that Santri are becoming increasingly aware of how cultural shock influences their level of media literacy, as well as the mechanisms of hoax dissemination. Furthermore, the Santri develop media literacy strategies to combat hoaxes and strive to find solutions to mitigate the negative consequences resulting from the challenges of filtering information acquired through social media. Keywords: cultural shock, media literacy, hoax, Santri

Model-free inference of memory in conformational dynamics of a multi-domain protein

Abstract Single-molecule experiments provide insight into the motion (conformational dynamics) of individual protein molecules. Usually, a well-defined but coarse-grained intramolecular coordinate is measured and subsequently analysed with the help of hidden Markov models to deduce the kinetics of protein conformational changes. Such approaches rely on the assumption that the microscopic dynamics of the protein evolve according to a Markov-jump process on some network. However, the manifestation and extent of memory in the dynamics of the observable strongly depends on the chosen underlying Markov model, which is generally not known and therefore can lead to misinterpretations. Here, we combine extensive single-molecule plasmon ruler experiments on the heat shock protein Hsp90, computer simulations, and theory to infer and quantify memory in a model-free fashion. Our analysis is based on the bare definition of non-Markovian behaviour and does not require any underlying model. In the case of Hsp90 probed by a plasmon ruler, the Markov assumption is found to be clearly and conclusively violated on timescales up to roughly 50 s, which corresponds roughly to ∼50% of the inferred correlation time of the signal. The extent of memory is striking and reaches biologically relevant timescales. This implies that memory effects penetrate even the slowest observed motions. We provide clear and reproducible guidelines on how to test for the presence and duration of memory in experimental single-molecule data.

The Impact of Transitional Shock on Newer Nurses in a Contemporary Healthcare Environment.

The aim of this study was to understand newer nurses' perception and expectations of their work environment, professional and institutional satisfaction, and motivating/decision-making factors around nursing and intent to leave their positions. Studies have shown newly graduated nurses face many challenges transitioning from a student to an independently practicing nurse. The COVID pandemic complicated this transition and created new stressors resulting in discouragement and turnover for newer nurses. This study used a qualitative approach through purposive sampling, semistructured qualitative interviews, and content analytic techniques. Transitional Shock Theory was used as the theoretical framework. Four themes emerged from the study: 1) confronting the reality; 2) betrayal/mistrust; 3) relational integrity; and 4) enablers of clinical competence. The findings will help nurse leaders understand the importance of organizational-level supports to improve the transition of newer nurses in typical periods and in times of additional stress.

Fully appreciating the impossibility of shock wave regular reflection from the axis of symmetry in axisymmetric internal flows

This study investigates the reflection of shock waves in internal axisymmetric flows and conclusively shows that regular reflection cannot occur over the axis of symmetry. The analysis employs the curved shock theory to examine flow gradients behind the axisymmetric shock. The curved shock equations are presented in explicit form using influence coefficients, which establish a direct relation between flow gradients in polar coordinates and shock curvatures. The gradient information reveals that the flow behind the incident shock around the reflection point is governed by the Taylor–Maccoll equation, indicating that the flow pattern is locally conical. By analyzing the singularity of internal conical flows, the only possible structure of conical shock reflection with a smooth singularity is constructed. After a thorough theoretical analysis of this conical shock reflection structure, the study concludes with definitive proof that this specific flow pattern cannot occur in practical applications because it requires the incident shock angle to be less than the freestream Mach angle. This suggests that regular reflection is impossible to occur over the axis of symmetry in internal axisymmetric flows.

“I have not a word about my own sensations”: Intoxication, Trauma and Imperialism in The Moonstone

ABSTRACT This article examines the relationship between intoxication, trauma, and imperialism in Wilkie Collins’s The Moonstone, exploring how altered states of consciousness recuperate and repress the shameful secrets of colonial history. Throughout the novel, the characters attempt to explicate the violence of empire by retracing the past through textual fragments, such as journals, letters, and diary-entries. However, in doing so, they succumb to quasi-narcotic states of unconscious cerebration, psychic repression, and automatic action. As such, the process of detection becomes a painful, and even traumatic, experience in which psychical information is forgotten, yet never erased. Thus, while the novel attempts to formulate a critique of the British Empire, its critical voice remains regulated by the psychosomatic logic at work, simultaneously concealing and revealing the traumas of colonial dispossession. Drawing upon the work of Judith Herman, Cathy Caruth, Jill Matus, and other contemporary trauma theorists, as well as Victorian theories of addiction, unconscious memory, and psychic shock, this article suggests that while Collins frames the imperial project as both “trauma” and “intoxication,” demonstrating how political violence creates a disturbance in memory and consciousness, the novel occupies an ideologically ambivalent space, unable to assimilate fully the horrors of British imperialism.

New Graduate Nurse Transition into Rural Home: A Case Study.

The global shortage of nurses and high attrition rates for newly graduated nurses along with the shifting demand for home care has created a critical need for retention strategies that address the specific challenges of rural settings. The effectiveness of structured transition or mentoring programs are primarily studied in acute care settings, making it difficult to translate to the unique context of rural home care nursing. The complexities of the independent nature of home care nursing practice and limited resources to address transition shock make it difficult to successfully transition newly graduated nurses to rural home care. A case study supports mentorship facilitation as a readily available, effective strategy that can overcome the challenges of rural home care settings. A comparative analysis will link Duchscher's (2008) transition shock theory to mentorship as an effective strategy for supporting NGNs' transition in home care nursing. Recommendations offer rural care leaders practical strategies bundled with mentorship to optimize the successful transition and retention of newly graduated nurses in their workplaces.

Shock robustness of single-industry regions: Assessment and governance

The Russian economy is operating under severe strains and limitations in foreign trade. The unevenness of economic space, regions’ openness, specialization and industrial efficiency cause differences in both economic growth and the state administration system. The article pioneers and tests a theoretical-methodological approach to assessing shock robustness of single-industry regions in the context of a harsh foreign economic environment and justifies approaches to adjusting regional development policy of the state. In the paper, shock robustness of a region’s economy is viewed as the ability to recover, continue a long-term development trend, and keep the potential for adaptation and structural changes. The research methodology consists of regional economics and management theories, and the theory of shocks. The research methods include regression analysis and time series analysis (the Hurst exponent, the Hodrick–Prescott filter). The empirical base is open data for single-industry regions. The study reveals that single-industry regions differ in shock robustness; there are regions with high susceptibility to foreign trade changes and industrial production volatility (with high foreign trade intensity – Sverdlovsk, Vologda, Chelyabinsk oblasts and Krasnoyarsk Krai) and regions with limited structural adaptation reserves (with low foreign trade intensity – Lipetsk and Murmansk oblasts) that require the adoption of problem-oriented managerial decisions. We systematize strategic avenues for single-industry regions vulnerable to external shocks, namely enhancing diversification and improving the sectoral structure of the economy and exports. The study adds to the understanding of industrial regions’ problem areas and government support measures facilitating their adaptation to instability.

Generalized Model Representation of the Thermal Shock Theory

Generalized Model Representation of the Thermal Shock Theory

New Analytical Solutions of Mathematical Models of Heat Shock of Local Non-Equilibrium Heat Transfer

The article is devoted to practically new model representations of locally nonequilibrium heat transfer in terms of nonstationary heat conduction for hyperbolic type equations (wave equations), as well as dynamic models of heat shock based on wave equations. The results presented in the article practically open up an independent scientific direction in analytical thermal physics and in the theory of thermal shock, namely: the study of the thermal response of solids of a canonical form of finite sizes to intense heating and cooling under conditions of a locally nonequilibrium heat transfer process. This direction required the development of a special apparatus of operational calculus due to the appearance in analytical solutions of model problems in the image space according to Laplace of non-standard operational images, the originals of which are unknown and are not available in reference books on operational calculus. The presented images are typical for operational solutions of a wide class of generalized boundary value problems for equations of hyperbolic type in the theory of heat conduction, diffusion, hydrodynamics, vibrations, propagation of electricity, thermomechanics and other areas of science and technology. Illustrative examples of analytical solutions of specific model problems of locally nonequilibrium heat transfer and the theory of thermal shock for a finite region are given in both classical and generalized formulations (the latter taking into account the finite rate of heat propagation). The characteristic features of functional structures as analytical solutions of the considered mathematical models are revealed.

Effect of Liquidity Shock on Financial Performance of Listed Commercial Banks in Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya

A strong banking system is essential to the stability and expansion of the economy. However, all banks face significant risks in the unpredictably volatile environment of today, encompassing credit risk, interest rate risk, operational risk, liquidity Shock, market risk, and foreign exchange risk. Liquidity Shock is one of many risks that commercial banks that are listed in the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) are subjected to. This risk can have a significant effect on the financial performance of these banks. As such, the purpose of the study was to analyze the effect of liquidity Shock on financial performance of commercial banks listed in Nairobi Securities Exchange. An independent variable, liquidity shock contribute to this risk. This study concentrated on commercial banks which are listed in the Nairobi Securities Exchange market (NSE, 2022); and utilized data from 2013-2022. The study was anchored on liquidity shock theory, A quantitative research design was used for the study. The study adopted a Census, which included all the 11 commercial banks listed in the NSE for the period 2013 to 2022 due to availability of data. Secondary data was collected from the reported financial statements of respective commercial banks for the period 2013 to 2022. Obtaining published financial statements from each of the listed commercial banks on the NSE over a ten-year period – yearly is part of the data collection process. In order to analyze the relationship between liquidity Shock and financial performance of commercial banks with NSE listings, the data was subjected to panel regression analysis. To statistically describe the data, measures of central tendency, dispersion, and position was used. To determine whether the data adhered to the conventional least square assumptions, diagnostic tests were utilized. 

New energy effect in non-cylindrical domains with a thermally insulated moving boundary

Objectives. To develop mathematical model representations of the energy effect in non-cylindrical domains having a thermally insulated moving boundary; to introduce a new boundary condition for thermal insulation of a moving boundary both for locally equilibrium heat transfer processes in the framework of classical Fourier phenomenology, as well as for more complex locally non-equilibrium processes in the framework of Maxwell–Cattaneo–Lykov–Vernott phenomenology, taking into account the finite rate of heat propagation into analytical thermophysics and applied thermomechanics; to consider an applied problem of analytical thermophysics according to the theory of thermal shock for a domain with a moving thermally insulated boundary free from external and internal influences; to obtain an exact analytical solution of the formulated mathematical models for hyperbolic type equations; to investigate the solutions obtained using a computational experiment at various values of the parameters included in it; to describe the wave nature of the kinetics of the processes under consideration.Methods. Methods and theorems of operational calculus, Riemann–Mellin contour integrals are used in calculating the originals of complex images with two branch points. A new mathematical apparatus for the equivalence of functional constructions for the originals of the obtained operational solutions, which considers the computational difficulties in finding analytical solutions to boundary value problems for equations of hyperbolic type in the domain with a moving boundary, is developed.Results. Developed mathematical models of locally nonequilibrium heat transfer and the theory of thermal shock for equations of hyperbolic type in a domain with a moving thermally insulated boundary are presented. It is shown that, despite the absence of external and internal sources of heat, the presence of a thermally insulated moving boundary leads to the appearance of a temperature gradient in the domain and, consequently, to the appearance of a temperature field and corresponding thermoelastic stresses in the domain, which have a wave character. A stochastic analysis of this energy effect forms the basis for a proposed transition of the kinetic energy of a moving thermally insulated boundary into the thermal energy of the domain. The presented model representations of the indicated effect confirmed the stated assumption.Conclusions. Mathematical models for locally nonequilibrium heat transfer processes and the theory of thermal stresses are developed and investigated on the basis of constitutive relations of the theory of thermal shock for equations of hyperbolic type in a domain with a thermally isolated moving boundary. A numerical experiment is presented to demonstrate the possibility of transiting from one form of analytical solution of a thermophysical problem to another equivalent form of a new type. The described energy effect manifests itself both for parabolic type equations based on the classical Fourier phenomenology, as well as for hyperbolic type equations based on the generalized Maxwell–Cattaneo–Lykov–Vernott phenomenology.

Applications of intrinsic coordinates for simulation of thin shocks in relaxing media

The augmented Burgers equation that describes nonlinear propagation in a relaxing fluid can be expressed using intrinsic coordinates [Hammerton and Crighton, JFM 252, 585 (1993)]. A multivalued pressure waveform in physical coordinates can be represented as single-valued with intrinsic coordinates. Shocks can then be inserted into the multivalued pressure waveform using the equal area rule from weak shock theory to obtain a single-valued waveform solution, thus avoiding the high computational cost associated with discretizing thin shocks with conventional algorithms. By first solving the evolution equation in intrinsic coordinates, and then using the solution as the input to a conventional algorithm based on the augmented Burgers equation, a two-stage approach can be developed that achieves both high accuracy and significantly reduced computational cost when compared to solving the Burgers equation with conventional numerical algorithms alone. Approaches based on intrinsic coordinates are applied to realistic problems in relaxing media, which include air and seawater, to allow for comparisons of computational efficiency and accuracy. [WAW is supported by the ARL:UT Chester M. McKinney Graduate Fellowship in Acoustics.]

New registered nurse and registered psychiatric nurse graduates' transition-to-practice amid the pandemic: An art-based grounded theory study

BackgroundAccording to the Transition Shock theory, new Registered Nurses face formidable obstacles within their first year of practice. However, little is known about the experience of new Registered Psychiatric Nurses entering the workforce. ObjectivesThe aim was to explore how new graduates from nursing and psychiatric nursing experience their transition into the workplace that included identifying mediating factors that assist or challenge these entry-level professionals within their transition. DesignConstructivist grounded theory methodology developed by Charmaz was utilized to explore the first-year transition period using art-based methods. Participants and settingA total of 13 new graduates practicing as Registered Nurses and Registered Psychiatric Nurse in a western Canadian province were recruited to participate in the study. Three art-based workshops occurred at four, eight, and 12-months starting in the fall of 2020 through the Spring of 2021 during the novel coronavirus pandemic with subsequent member checks in the Spring of 2022. MethodsA total of 38 interview and focus group data were collected. Art-based activities included sand tray and figurine object exercises, collaging, reflective and thematic writing, as well as group concept mapping. Through co-creation of knowledge using Charmaz's methodology, participants selected the major themes throughout their first year of transition with guided researcher facilitation. Data were analyzed using the constant comparative method of analysis for each workshop drawing on the art creations, discussion, and narrative reflective writing pieces generated by participants. ResultsParticipants were in a basic psychosocial process of growing personal and professional self. Through co-construction of knowledge with the participants, three substantive interconnected categories were identified: (1) Being thrown into the fire; (2) Adjusting and adapting to the team environment; and (3) Nurturing self and others. ConclusionsThe findings revealed many recommendations for employers hiring new graduates and nursing education programs preparing graduates for the practice arena.

Studying the ballistic performance of a metal target under combined KE projectile impact

In this article, using analytical, numerical and experimental methods, the range of the ballistic limit thickness (BLT) of the metal target in the impact with the combined kinematic energy (KE) projectile is investigated. The design of these types of projectiles is to achieve effective damage behind the target and they consist of two components that are coaxial and back to back. The first KE projectile (FKEP) is a filled cylinder and acts as a leading projectile, while the second KE projectile (SKEP) is a hollow cylinder carrying a fuse and explosive materials and causing damage (behind the target) is obtained by the complete passage of this projectile from the target. There is little research available in the field of penetration analysis of these projectiles, and only a semi-analytical model based on shock theory has been presented for the analysis of hollow cylindrical projectile penetration. In this research, using the shock theory, a new analytical model is presented to predict the performance of the combined KE projectile in the metal target. In parallel, experimental tests of combined KE projectile hitting a metal target (using a Gas Gun weapon) and also a 2D axisymmetric simulation (LS Dyna software) were performed in the range of 200–850 m s−1 impact velocity. The average difference between the results of experimental tests and numerical simulation with the results of the analytical model is 7 and 5% respectively.

A theory of sales system shocks

A theory of sales system shocks

KOMUNIKASI ANTAR BUDAYA DALAM BINGKAI TEORI-TEORI ADAPTASI

Adaptation is a problem that needs to be solved from the study of intercultural communication because, when a person or group of people communicate with other parties who are culturally different, it can present problems between them. This research aims to describe the theories of intercultural communication adaptation. This research uses qualitative research methods with a library research approach. In this study, researchers used data analysis techniques in the form of analyzing the content of documentation. This analysis is a way to get the appropriate data, thus the strategy is to identify data from the bias of data characteristics, then the information is made systematically so that the object under study is able to provide perfect conclusions. The results of the research show that the theories of intercultural communication adaptation include: uncertainty reduction theory, anxiety theory or uncertainty management theory, acculturation and culture shock theory, and co-cultural theory.

Analysis of the Tunneling Blast Safety Criterion Based on Longitudinal Shocks

In modern tunneling construction, the blasting seismic effect seriously threatens the safety and stability of the existing engineering construction. Meanwhile, due to the complexity of blasting loading, there is a very large difference from real blasting by using the sample triangle dynamic loading model or trapezoid dynamic loading model to analyze the blasting vibration problem. In this paper, based on the analysis of the pressure change, volume expansion, fracture development, and blasting gas motion, an accurate blasting loading model was proposed. Then, adopting plane longitudinal shock theory, the coupled loading of multiple holes can be obtained. Subsequently, the 3D simulation analysis of the tunnel blasting shows an error of 2% compared with on-site monitoring data, meeting engineering requirements. Finally, based on the simulation results, regression prediction function of the velocity curve and effective tensile stress curve under different safety criteria are established, achieving accurate prediction of the damage degree of the host rock and liner line under different engineering requirements.

Second-generation Asian American Identity of Indians: Assimilating with Americans or Retaining Asian-ness or Beyond?

This article critically interprets the multi-dimensional Asian American identity of Indians in terms of their pan-ethnic identity formation as Asian Americans through cultural assimilation or merging with the host culture of Americans and retention or holding on to Asian identity. The identification of Indian Asian Americans will be determined by pan-ethnicity, gender and religion by the interview responses of Indian Americans, including the pan-ethnic identity of Indians in the Mar Thoma Church community, the second-generation Patel family’s union formation in terms of gender identity. Identity formation theories like acculturation and culture shock theories will be used to justify the claims made in the hypothesis. The analysis will be organized in terms of its beginning with the analysis of important factors of pan-ethnicity and then of gender and religion consecutively as part of thematic analysis and finally by statistical analysis. Results show the reasons include better professional advantages, which propel their choice of different identities and their future directives as part of the hypothesis of Asian American identity of Indians as they merge with the American identity as part of cultural assimilation, in other cases, retain their Asian identity beyond Americanized identity and sometimes go beyond both American, Asian identity to restate their Indian ethnicity. To conclude, the identity of Indian Americans remains in flux and keeps changing due to the requirements of the ever-evolving world.

Reflection and transition of planar curved shock waves

In this paper, the reflection of curved shock waves over a symmetry plane in planar supersonic flow is studied. This includes stable Mach reflection (MR) and the regular reflection (RR) to MR transition process. Curved shock theory (CST) is applied to derive the high-order parameters in front of and behind the shock wave. The method of curved shock characteristics is used to establish an analytical model to predict the wave configurations. The shock structures provided by the proposed model agree well with the numerical results. Flow structures, such as the height of the Mach stem and the shape of the shock wave and slip line, are studied by applying the analytical model. Isentropic waves generated from a curved wall are found to significantly influence the flow patterns. It appears that the compression waves obstruct the formation of the sonic throat and increase the Mach-stem height. The expansion waves have the opposite effect. The evolution mechanism of the Mach stem is found in conjunction with the RR-to-MR transition process. The CST is extended to a moving frame and used to model the transition. The time history of the moving triple point illustrates the effects of the incident shock angle and isentropic waves on the transition process.