Ship Security Research Articles

Perancangan Alat Pendeteksi Gerakan Manusia Menggunakan Sensor Passive Infrared Berbasis Arduino ESP32 dengan Tampilan SMS di Ruangan Mesin Kapal

The tool that detects human movement has been designed with a passive infrared sensor based on Arduino ESP32 which can send messages via SMS to the ship's security system. This is the background to the need to improve the security system on ships. The aim of this research is to find out the movement in the ship's engine room. This system can find movements. This tool can detect a maximum distance of 6 m. This system consists of software and hardware that allows sensors to detect human actions. The software uses the C+ language program and is used on the Arduino ESP32. Press the switch to activate this device. A message will be sent to the owner's smartphone if there is movement. Methods and tool system design for applied scientific work that will be carried out using prototype research methods. Prototype research methods are used to produce certain products, and test their effectiveness. The results of the research in this applied scientific work are the level of accuracy of the PIR sensor which detects human movement at a maximum distance of 6 meters and sim800L as a message sender to Android. Beyond that the data is unreadable and invalid.

Vulnerability Evolution of a Container Shipping Network in an Uncertain Environment: The Case of China–United States Connections

Container transportation has the advantages of standardization, high efficiency, and high safety, which are essential for promoting the development of the world economy and trade. Emergencies such as severe weather, public health incidents, and social security incidents can negatively affect the operational reliability of the container shipping network. To ensure the network security and high-quality operation of container shipping, a double-layer coupled container transportation network is first described to analyze the evolution of the container shipping network and the risk propagation dynamics of operation participants. On this basis, a cascade failure model of the container shipping network considering risk level is constructed. To evaluate the vulnerability of the container shipping network, the transmission mechanism of cascade failure effects of the container shipping network under different emergency development trends and the evolution law and influence path of the container shipping network structure are both analyzed. Finally, we empirically studied the container shipping network in China and the United States, and characteristic parameters of the China–U.S. container shipping network are calculated and analyzed. The model’s validity is verified through practical cases and model simulation results, and the cascading failure process of the container shipping network in China and the United States under three types of attacks is simulated. Suggestions are provided for effective improvement in the vulnerability of the container shipping network under every kind of contingency.

Personnel Monitoring in Shipboard Surveillance Using Improved Multi-Object Detection and Tracking Algorithm.

Detecting and tracking personnel onboard is an important measure to prevent ships from being invaded by outsiders and ensure ship security. Ships are characterized by more cabins, numerous equipment, and dense personnel, so there are problems such as unpredictable personnel trajectories, frequent occlusions, and many small targets, which lead to the poor performance of existing multi-target-tracking algorithms on shipboard surveillance videos. This study conducts research in the context of onboard surveillance and proposes a multi-object detection and tracking algorithm for anti-intrusion on ships. First, this study designs the BR-YOLO network to provide high-quality object-detection results for the tracking algorithm. The shallow layers of its backbone network use the BiFormer module to capture dependencies between distant objects and reduce information loss. Second, the improved C2f module is used in the deep layer of BR-YOLO to introduce the RepGhost structure to achieve model lightweighting through reparameterization. Then, the Part OSNet network is proposed, which uses different pooling branches to focus on multi-scale features, including part-level features, thereby obtaining strong Re-ID feature representations and providing richer appearance information for personnel tracking. Finally, by integrating the appearance information for association matching, the tracking trajectory is generated in Tracking-By-Detection mode and validated on the self-constructed shipboard surveillance dataset. The experimental results show that the algorithm in this paper is effective in shipboard surveillance. Compared with the present mainstream algorithms, the MOTA, HOTP, and IDF1 are enhanced by about 10 percentage points, the MOTP is enhanced by about 7 percentage points, and IDs are also significantly reduced, which is of great practical significance for the prevention of intrusion by ship personnel.

Legal Analysis Of Marine Inspector's Duties and Responsibilities in Conducting Ship's Seaworthiness Tests

The importance of the role of Marine Inspectors in ensuring the safety and security of shipping through ship seaworthiness tests, which are regulated in various laws and regulations. However, the implementation of the duties and responsibilities of the Marine Inspector at the Batam Special KSOP still faces various obstacles that affect the effectiveness and efficiency of ship inspections. The purpose of this study is to analyze juridically the duties and responsibilities of the Marine Inspector in conducting a shipworthiness test at the Batam Special KSOP, identify the obstacles faced, and provide suggestions to overcome these obstacles. The research method used is a normative juridical method with an analytical descriptive approach, which involves the study of legal documents, as well as empirical juridical with case analysis, and interviews with related parties at the Batam Special KSOP. The results of the study show that Marine Inspectors at the Batam Special KSOP have a very crucial role in maintaining shipping safety, but they face significant obstacles such as limited human resources and equipment, lack of continuous training, and suboptimal coordination between agencies. Low compliance from ship owners and operators is also a major challenge in carrying out their dutie. Suggestions for addressing these obstacles include increasing the number and competence of Marine Inspectors through ongoing recruitment and training, investing in modern equipment and digital technology, and improving inter-agency coordination through the establishment of regular coordination forums. In addition, strict law enforcement against violations of safety standards and increased education and socialization to ship owners and operators are expected to increase compliance and awareness of the importance of shipping safety. With the implementation of these measures, it is hoped that Marine Inspectors can carry out their duties more effectively, so that the safety and security of shipping in Batam City can be guaranteed and improved.

The Efforts to Improve the Seaworthiness at the Port Authority and Harbourmaster Office (KSOP) of Bima Class IV

Seaworthiness is essential because it impacts maritime operations' safety, efficiency, and sustainability. Therefore, the Harbormaster and Port Authority Office (KSOP) ensures ship seaworthiness to maintain naval safety, protect the environment, and ensure smooth port operations. The research employed a descriptive qualitative method to investigate and describe a phenomenon. The data was obtained by observation and a deep literature review of the problems discussed. The research found that: 1) several problems that often arise regarding ship seaworthiness are the ship's technical condition, management and operations, environmental factors, compliance with regulations, market conditions, and competition. 2) efforts to improve seaworthiness carried out by KSOP Bima are routine inspections and certification, increasing human resources, operational supervision, developing port infrastructure, applying advanced technology, collaborating and coordinating with related agencies, strict law enforcement, education, and outreach, and developing emergency procedures. 3) The security and safety conditions of ships entering and leaving the Bima Port KSOP require continued attention and effort. From this study, they implement strict regulations, use advanced technology, improve infrastructure, conduct continuous training, and collaborate strongly with related agencies. KSOP Bima can ensure that ships operating in its area meet seaworthiness standards, supporting safe and efficient port operations.

Application of Artificial Intelligence Technology in Vulnerability Analysis of Intelligent Ship Network

The improvement in transportation efficiency, security, safety, and environmental effects may be possible due to the impending advent of autonomous ships. Automatic situational awareness, risk detection, and intelligent decision-making are the key features of the intelligent ship network, differentiating it from conventional ships. There is an immediate need to implement a system for marine information management and network security due to the growing importance of this field, which poses a risk to national and societal stability due to factors, such as the diversity and complexity of marine information types, the challenges associated with data collection, and other similar factors. By recognizing different vulnerabilities and through research cases of the ship systems and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, this paper presents Adaptive Fuzzy Logic-assisted Vulnerability Analysis of Intelligent Ship Networks (AFL-VA-ISN) in various cyberattack scenarios for autonomous ship intrusion detection and information management. Fuzzy logic has been combined with AI, providing a framework for handling uncertainty and imprecision in intelligent ship networks and effective decision-making. This work presents a method for detecting anomalies in risk data based on the collaborative control structure of the Ship Information System. Maintaining the network security of intelligent ships is the primary focus of this research, which mainly employed multi-sensor nodes to evaluate data containing information about malicious attacks and placed self-execution protection organize generating nodes into place to intercept and protect against attacks. The experimental outcomes demonstrate that the suggested AFL-VA-ISN model increases the data transmission rate by 99.2%, attack detection rate by 98.5%, risk assessment rate by 97.5%, and access control rate of 96.3%, and reduces the network latency rate of 11.4% compared to other existing models.

Autonomous Ships: A Thematic Review

Ships connect the global economy through maritime transport. However, their susceptibility to increasing geopolitical conflicts has heightened concerns about the risks to crew safety and navigation security. This systematic literature review (SLR), utilizing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework, rigorously examines the safety and security of autonomous ships in maritime transport. The methodology employs a comprehensive search across major databases including Scopus, Google Scholar, and Science Direct, based on explicit inclusion criteria focusing on recent advancements from 2014 to 2023. By methodically analyzing 58 relevant publications screened from an initial pool of 1407, this paper highlights critical trends and gaps in the application of advanced sensor technologies, cybersecurity measures, and autonomous navigation systems. The findings provide insights into the operational challenges and technological developments shaping the future of maritime safety and security, offering valuable guidance for policymakers and industry stakeholders. This research contributes to scholarly discourse in this industry by mapping the trajectory of technological integration and its implications for maritime operations in a global context.

Indonesia’s offshore oil and gas: decommissioning uncertainty and the legal struggle

ABSTRACT Hydrocarbon extraction is generally associated with various environmental obligations, especially during the construction of oil platforms, pipelines, wells, and other facilities, as well as in the post-production phase. The offshore oil and gas industry creates problems for the environment and shipping safety. The contractor is required to decommission all production facilities that were built prior to the post-mining stage. However, this obligation is not easily met by Indonesia despite various international regulations. From the perspective of national law, decommissioning of oil and gas facilities is only a recent obligation due to weaknesses in the law regulating oil and gas activities involving multinational companies. Therefore, decommissioning has not been implemented to date. The delay in decommissioning contributes to Indonesia’s weakness in the protection of the marine environment and shipping security.

Quality Standards for Pollution Prevention Countermeasures for Safety and Security at the Port of Surabaya (Survey o (Survey on Tanker Ships at the Port of Surabaya)

The purpose of this study is to determine and analyze the activities of the shipping fleet in the use and use of aids to prevent and prevent pollution of the marine environment, the attention and willingness of officers and crew on the prevention and prevention of pollution of the marine environment, as well as strategies for handling and preventing pollution of the marine environment to support safety and shipping security. By using descriptive qualitative research, data collection is done through interviews and documentation studies to be further processed and analyzed. The results of the first analysis showed that there were still ships that were not in accordance with international standards on the means of supporting marine pollution prevention equipment and there were still crew members who were not aware of the need to prevent sea pollution. The second analysis shows that the attention and willingness of the ship's officers and crew still aboard the ship's officers who neglected the prevention of pollution by ships, not all crew members have the habit of paying attention to pollution by ships. The results of the third analysis indicate that there are still shipping companies that have not yet fully equipped the pollution prevention aids on ships, when shipping equipment is damaged it is rather difficult to provide a replacement. The results of the fourth analysis show that the strategy for preventing and preventing pollution of the marine environment to support shipping safety and security is the result of an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses as well as opportunities and threats to increase the prevention and prevention of pollution of the marine environment to support shipping safety and security.

The area-based management tools coordination between IMO and BBNJ agreement regimes and its implications on vessel pollution control

The International Maritime Organization (IMO), as a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for the safety and security of international shipping and the prevention of pollution from ships, has applied two main area-based management tools (ABMTs): the “Special Areas” established under the MARPOL 73/78; and the “Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas” (PSSAs) established under the IMO resolutions. The new Agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ agreement) stipulates the establishment of a comprehensive system of ABMTs to conserve and sustainably use areas beyond national jurisdiction. Strengthening coordination in the use of ABMTs established by the IMO and the BBNJ Agreement is important for vessel pollution control in the high seas. The IMO is a stakeholder for relevant proposals and consultations on proposals regarding the establishment of ABMTs in the BBNJ Agreements, and can provide information on the implementation of them. The Conference of the Parties (COPs) to the BBNJ Agreement can also make recommendations to the IMO and its parties to promote the adoption of special areas and PSSAs. This article respectively elaborates on the practices and effect of ABMTs of the IMO and explores the relevant rules of the BBNJ agreement and their enforcement. Then this article discusses the possible approaches for the ABMTs coordination between the IMO and the BBNJ agreement regimes and their implications on vessel pollution Control in the high seas. Overall, relevant rules of the BBNJ agreement shall be interpreted and applied in a manner that does not undermine relevant legal instruments of the IMO. Meanwhile, it is necessary to promote cooperation and coordination between the COPs to the BBNJ Agreement and the IMO under the idea of conserving ecosystem integrity, gradually forming a normal cooperation and information exchange mechanism.

A COMPREHENSIVE MODEL FOR EVALUATING THE DEVELOPMENT OF FREIGHTING AND ADJUNCTION FLEET SHIPPING COMPANIES: INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL ASPECTS

Topicality. Today, the transport system, especially the water transport of Ukraine, is in a state of turbulence in the business environment, therefore the development of the transport market and the dynamics of the military influence of maritime transport are subject to significant fluctuations. In modern conditions, when analyzing the work of shipping companies along with the desire to maximize current financial indicators of operation, issues related to the long-term planning of the fleet of shipping companies, taking into account the trends of changes in the state of the freight market and the dynamics of the military influence on the economy of Ukraine, are also important. Aim and tasks. The purpose of this work is to develop a system model of the efficiency indicators of the shipping company's vessels used in sea tramp transportation, taking into account the changing trends of the freight market in international and national aspects. Tasks, the work, to substantiate the model for evaluating the efficiency of the use of sea vessels, which allows making the optimal choice of a vessel for chartering the fleet of a shipping company, taking into account the dynamics of military influence and changes in freight rates. Materials and methods. This study is based on the analysis of the distribution of the freight market in relation to the formation of cargo flows for the global shipping security system. Methods are applied: graphic method, statistical analysis, economic analysis, system analysis on the example of chartering the fleet of shipping companies. Research results. The authors of the study conducted an analysis of the distribution of the international market of freight rates, taking into account various constituent parameters. Values of freight rates and fuel prices for vessels, equipment and others are subject to random fluctuations. Of practical interest is the development of the model proposed by the authors for the development of projects for the chartering and operation of vessels to possible random fluctuations in the business environment. Therefore, there is a need to review the approaches used to regulate transport and the need to develop a comprehensive model for evaluating the performance indicators of the chartering of sea vessels by shipping companies in terms of strategic goals of transport safety. The proposed sequence of substantiation of critical values of freight rates is universal when evaluating the development of shipping companies through chartering, replenishment of shipowners' vessel. Conclusions. So, for a shipping company, the income is formed on the basis of freight rates, therefore, cash receipts from replenishment of the fleet are based on critical freight rates (flight charter). It should be noted that fleet chartering is most often focused on its own commercial operation (with the possible participation of companies engaged in the commercial management of ships). Thus, the system model of fleet chartering is, on the one hand, one of the options for implementing the shipping company's development strategies, and on the other hand, it is a replacement of old vessels to ensure the maintenance of existing market positions.

Pengaturan Hukum Laut Internasional Terhadap Tabrakan Kapal Yang Di Sengajakan

Introduction: Indonesia is an archipelagic country that has a very wide coastline and sea in the world and is rich in marine resources that must be protected, however, its strategic location and busy shipping by foreign ships makes Indonesia also an international shipping lane which is prone to ship accidents. . One of the causes of ship accidents is human error.Purposes of the Research: This writing aims to examine and find out the arrangements regarding the prohibition of intentionally crashing ships based on international law provisions, examine and find out the forms of state responsibility that violate the provisions of international law, and this research as one of the requirements for writing a thesis in obtaining a Bachelor of Laws degree at the Faculty Pattimura University Law. Methods of the Research: Normative Juridical research method, namely obtaining data from the library in the form of documents, books, magazines and other literature related to writing. The source of legal material used is Primary legal material, Secondary legal material, and Tertiary legal material and used as a technique for collecting legal material, then processing and analyzing legal material through qualitative analysis, namely the data obtained is then systematically arranged for further qualitative analysis based on scientific disciplines. civil law to achieve clarity of issues to be discussed.Results of the Research: The results of the study show that international conventions governing ship safety and shipping security include SOLAS (Safety Of Life At Sea) 1974, MARPOL (Marine Pollition) 1973/1978 and Load Line Convention 1966 and Collreg 1972 (Collision Regulation) as well as national law. Indonesia does not implicitly contain legal norms aimed at intentional ship collisions. This is because the purpose of establishing these legal provisions is precisely to anticipate the occurrence of ship collisions due to human error in the perspective of negligence or negligence. Even so, explicitly the legal logic is that if an unintentional act can be punished then especially if it is done intentionally. The impact of the losses incurred has legal consequences of course on the responsibilities of the flag state as well as captains and shipping companies to the aggrieved party, including in this case the coastal state.

Risk maturity model for the maritime authorities: a Delphi study to design the R-Mare matrix model

Maritime authorities have the administrative responsibility for the safety and security of shipping and the prevention of marine and atmospheric pollution caused by ships. This responsibility involves various tasks that can be supported through effective risk management, but currently, there are no models available to evaluate its level of maturity in maritime administrations. To fill this gap and respond to the needs identified by maritime authorities, this article introduces a new risk maturity model called the R-Mare matrix. This model is built on recent scientific knowledge in the field of risk management, and it has been designed in close cooperation with end-users and maritime risk management experts using the Delphi methodology. As a result of this process, the article provides a qualitative risk maturity matrix specifically tailored to support the self-evaluation of maritime authorities. The matrix consists of 17 state-of-the-art risk management attributes, a five-step risk maturity scale, and associated risk maturity grid descriptions. These elements can be used to evaluate the current risk management performance of maritime authorities, identify areas for improvement, and develop a plan to achieve a higher level of maturity. Overall, the R-Mare matrix model represents an important step forward in this field while laying the foundation for further development.

Juridical Analysis of the Implementation of the ISPS Code (International Ship and Port Security Code) by Shipping Service Providers to Improve Security for Ships and Port Facilities (Research Study at the Port of Bintan Inti Industrial Estate Lobam)

The International Ship and Port Security Code (ISPS Code) is a comprehensive rule regarding measures to increase security for ships and port facilities, this rule was developed in response to perceived threats that could occur to ships and port facilities following the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States. The problems in this research are legal regulations regarding the implementation of the ISPS Code in Indonesia, the implementation of the ISPS Code (International Ship And Port Security Code) by shipping service providers to improve security for ships and port facilities at the Port of Bintan Inti Industrial Estate Lobam, Obstacle Factors and Obstacles as well as solutions regarding ISPS (International Ship And Port Security) at Bintan Inti Industrial Estate Lobam Port. The research method used in this research is combined normative and empirical research with a juridical approach. The juridical approach is an approach taken by exploring the laws and regulations relating to the problem to be researched. The research method explains the entire series of activities that will be carried out in order to answer the main problem to prove the assumptions put forward. Legal regulations regarding the implementation of the ISPS Code (International Ship And Port Security Code) in Indonesia. ISPS Code (International Ship And Port Security Code) is an international regulation regarding the security of ships and port facilities. The ISPS Code consists of two parts, part A and part B. Part A contains mandatory requirements for: Government, Ships / Companies and Port Facilities. Part B contains guidelines: Background, Fulfillment, and Assistance. Maritime Security in the present and future tends to be disturbed/threatened. It is recommended for shipping service providers to establish a framework that involves cooperation between the governments of signatory countries, government agencies, local governments and the shipping industry and port industry to identify security threats and take preventive action against security incidents that impact ships or facilities. ports used for international trade to ensure sufficient confidence in the maritime and proportional security measures in place.

Zero-Trust Security Model Applied to Smart Shipping: Towards a Feasible Architecture

Securing information systems and assets within smart shipping environments is of utmost importance. In practice, however, securing smart shipping is a difficult and tedious task because smart shipping environments are highly dynamic, distributed, and loosely coupled, which cause having large threat/attack vectors without having all security measures under own control. The Zero Trust Security Model (ZTSM) has been suggested by security experts and many national cybersecurity centers as a promising approach for addressing the shortcomings of the traditional perimeter-based security architecture. However, a scalable ZTSM architecture which is applicable to large networks, like those of smart shipping, is missing. In this contribution we aim at investigating how the ZTSM can be made suitable for securing smart shipping. We study smart shipping security requirements and describe three off-the-shelf security services that can contribute to the realization of the ZTSM in such environments. Investigating these example security services inspired us to propose a ZTSM architecture for smart shipping environments, which relies on metadata exchange for trust establishment at various levels among federations of organizations, human or business controlled context and content transfer, and monitoring and controlling data and service usage. The proposed architecture can embody the ZTSM deployment within large networks of cooperating organizations (like those within smart environments). Although this architecture is proposed for and based on the security requirements of smart shipping, we conjecture that it can be applicable to other forms of smart environments as well.

Full overlap ship security model: an integrative approach to shipboard equipment information security

In the ever-changing landscape of maritime operations, securing critical shipboard equipment is of paramount importance. This paper propose the Full overlap ship security model (FOSM), a system designed to protect the critical equipment on board the ships. The model is a holistic combination of various security aspects, including physical protection, robust tamper protection, vigilant monitoring and incident detection, advanced anti-virus protection, fault-tolerant backup and recovery protocols, and comprehensive training modules. What makes the model unique is that it is seamlessly integrated with the very lifeblood of ships their critical equipment. This symbiotic relationship strengthens the foundation for safe operation even in the challenging and dynamic conditions of the high seas. With the (FOSM), maritime security goes beyond mere caution and becomes an assurance that allows vessels to navigate the seas with confidence, reliability and security.

CONCEPTUAL PROVISIONS OF THE FORMATION OF CARGO FLOWS OF MARITIME TRANSPORT OF UKRAINE IN THE SECURITY MEASURE IN THE POST-WAR PERIOD

Topicality. Formation of cargo flows is an important component of modern logistics and supply chain. Today, the transport system, especially water transport, is in a state of turbulence. In modern conditions, when Ukraine is left without a key logistics chain, it is necessary to focus attention precisely on the importance and role of Ukrainian sea transport in the formation of cargo flows that ensure food security. That is why there is a need to review the economic approaches used to regulate cargo flows and the need to develop a general guiding course for the post-war recovery of maritime logistics traffic by shaping cargo flows in the context of the global sefety system.Aim and tasks. The purpose of the study is to develop conceptual provisions regarding the formation of cargo flows by maritime transport of Ukraine in the context of global security based on individual reference markets, in particular, types of cargo transportation in the post-war period. The tasks that must be solved in order to achieve the set goal: a) analysis of cargo flows and cargo volumes for the period from 2017 to 2023, to single out among the full nomenclature of cargoes the main markets that can be relied on in the post-war period, during the revival of maritime logistics traffic; b) give a brief description of the current state of the markets of selected cargoes; to develop and propose conceptual provisions for the formation of cargo flows in the context of global navigation sefety on the basis of reference markets.Materials and Methods. This study is based on the use of conceptual provisions on the formation of cargo flows to solve the problems of food security and the global shipping security system. The methods of: graphic method, statistical analysis, system analysis, economic analysis on the example of cargo flows of water transport are applied.Reserch results. The authors of the study conducted a thorough analysis of cargo flows of various types of products that can be exported abroad by sea transport. The indicators presented in the article highlight the economic trends of domestic cargo flows of products transported by the sea corridor. Thus, an analytical study of the formation of cargo flows in the section of each seaport of Ukraine for the period from 2017 to 2021, i.e. the pre-war period, was conducted. The importance and expediency of using Ukrainian sea transport in ensuring global cargo flows is substantiated. The authors formed a concept regarding the formation of cargo flows by maritime transport of Ukraine in terms of security.Conclusion. Thus, the borders of some EU countries remain closed for the export of Ukrainian grain (only transit to distant European ports), we believe that Ukraine should keep its sights on third countries that directly depend on domestic grain and agri-food, namely: Indonesia, the Philippines, Morocco, India, PSA (Bangladesh, Cambodia, Laos, Singapore) and African countries. After russia broke the agreement and began massively destroying the port infrastructure of seaports and river ports on the Danube, the Government is now opening "temporary sea corridors" that carry out transportation under the protection of the Armed Forces Navy. Therefore, from August 2023, transshipment of grain and oil takes place exclusively through the "temporary grain corridor" and the Danube ports. The total amount of export of agricultural products amounted to 3.6 million tons, out of the planned 6 million tons.

Penerapan Kebijakan Asuransi Nairobi Penyingkiran Kerangka Kapal Berdasarkan Ratifikasi Konvensi Internasional Penyingkiran Kapal 2007 di Indonesia

In order to improve shipping safety, especially in overcoming potential hazards posed by ship hulls, Indonesia through the Ministry of Transportation ratified the Nairobi International Convention on the Removal of Ship Skeletons, 2007 (Nairobi International Convention on The Removal of Wrecks, 2007) through Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number. 80 of 2020 concerning Ratification of the Nairobi International Convention on The Removal of Wrecks, 2007 (Nairobi International Convention Concerning the Removal of Ship Framework, 2007) which was signed by the President of the Republic of Indonesia, Joko Widodo on 20 July 2020 in Jakarta. This research method uses a normative juridical research type using a comparative study approach by conducting an assessment of laws and regulations, ratification of international conventions, books, journals. The results of research on the ratification of this convention are important for tackling potential hazards posed by ship hulls that threaten shipping safety and the marine environment as well as for providing legal certainty regarding regulation of responsibility and compensation for the removal of ship hulls. "The ratification of the Nairobi International Convention is in line with the commitment of the Ministry of Transportation of the Directorate General of Sea Transportation to continue to improve the safety and security of shipping and protection of the marine environment," the Nairobi International Convention on Removal of Ship Frames, 2007, regulates the obligation to insurance for removal of ship frames (Wreck Removal) which came into effect internationally on 14 April 2015.

Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea and the Role of African Regional Organisations in Ensuring Security of Maritime Shipping

The first decade of the XXI century witnessed a rise in piracy in some regions of the world, including the Gulf of Guinea. The purposes of this article are to find out historical reasons of the emergence of piracy in off the West coast of Africa and to analyse the participation of African regional organisations in the struggle for ensuring security of maritime shipping in the Gulf of Guinea. The initial surge in incidence of attacks against merchant ships was caused by anti-governmental groups, which adopted pirate tactics. Later, piracy off the shores of Central and West Africa turned into a profitable type of organised crime. Pirates of the Gulf of Guinea inflicted significant damage to economic development of the countries of the region and began to pose a threat to shipping off the West African shore of the Atlantic. The article describes how interregional cooperation with external partnership was organised to counter transborder nature of pirate activities. Based on regional organisations, specifically, the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the maritime security summit held on June 24–25, 2013 in Yaoundé adopted the Code of Conduct, which contained a list of measures to combat piracy. The Code of Conduct envisaged close cooperation among the nations of Central and West Africa with help of “external” partners in order to ensure rapid reaction to counter pirate attacks. Research of the problem indicates that only consecutive realisation of these measures allowed to reach a tangible result almost 10 years later, namely, in 2022. Nevertheless, if control over waters of the Gulf of Guinea is weakened, piracy may resurge, because its social and economic roots still exist.

A Bayesian network-based tool for crisis classification in piracy or armed robbery incidents on passenger ships

Piracy and armed robbery continue to pose significant security threats to the shipping industry. This paper presents a real-time threat assessment and crisis classification tool for piracy or armed robbery incidents. The tool is part of a crisis classification module that addresses various categories of security threats. This module is currently being developed as part of the EU-funded research project ISOLA, which aims to introduce an intelligent security superintendence ecosystem. The ecosystem is designed to complement the existing ship security processes and measures applied onboard passenger ships. The tool operates by providing real-time threat classification and subsequent warnings by analysing data collected from the ship’s legacy systems and installed sensors with the utilisation of Bayesian probabilistic techniques, particularly Bayesian Networks. The BN model developed for this purpose is thoroughly examined, and its validation is presented through indicative case studies involving piracy and armed robbery. The main objective is to improve situational awareness, enhance vigilance and early threat detection, and support the decision-making process for the Master and crew, especially under time-sensitive circumstances and stressful conditions.