Ship Size Research Articles

Development of an Optimal Port Crane Trajectory for Reduced Energy Consumption

This paper is concerned with the development of an optimal load-handling trajectory for port cranes. The objective is to minimize load cycle time and reduce energy consumption. Energetic macroscopic representation formalism is used to model a port crane load-handling mechanism. The crane model developed includes the mathematical model, the crane’s local control system, and a MATLAB/Simulink model for simulation. The particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to find the set of pareto optimal crane trajectories given the variation in crane size, ship size, and wind speed. Experimental validation of the crane model is conducted by comparing it with a real-world crane. Simulation results show that the optimal crane load trajectory is 38% faster and more productive than the nonoptimal crane load trajectory. Furthermore, the results show that the optimal trajectory reduces the cranes’ peak power and energy consumption by 36% when compared with the nonoptimal trajectory.

벌크해운시장에서 용선계약유형 선정에 영향을 미치는 요인에 관한 연구

Purpose: This study provides to charter companies, including shippers, implications for charter party decision-making by identifying factors that affect the selection of contract types in the dry bulk shipping market.
 Research design, data, and methodology: For empirical analysis, the dependent variable was set as a choice between time charter and voyage charter, and the independent variables were set as company and cargo characteristic factors, company internal environmental change factors, and company external environmental change factors. A hypothesis test was conducted using 111 questionnaires.
 Results: Variables such as cargo volume and ship size were found to have a significant impact on the choice of charter contract. Company characteristics, investment propensity, and risk management factors were significant as a company's internal environmental factors. All variables, including market outlook, volatility, and cost factors, were statistically significant as a company's external environmental factors.
 Conclusions: Investment decisions and the outlook for future shipping market conditions are important factors to consider in decision-making as to the type of charter contract. Therefore, it is important for shippers as charters to obtain quick and accurate information on the shipping market.

A longitudinal study of seaport selection: the perspective of container shipping companies

PurposeCompetition among seaports is rapidly increasing due to various factors such as the global recession, resurgence of COVID-19, tight environmental regulations of IMO, sharp rise in ocean freight charges, increasing global uncertainties and growth in ship sizes. It is essential to have precise knowledge of shipping companies' port selection factors to secure the competitive advantage of seaports. This study aims to empirically analyze recent changes in the importance of port selection factors.Design/methodology/approachBy employing a longitudinal study, this study conducted the t-test analysis. The first survey was conducted from January 2005 to April 2005. Then, the second survey was conducted in May 2021.FindingsFirst, the importance of port facilities (berth length and the number of berths, shed and terminal areas, possession of adequate equipment and maximum berth size) increased significantly. Second, while ship and cargo safety were the critical port service factors in previous studies, speed, flexibility and reliability for handling cargo and berthing schedule were found to be crucial in this study. Third, the importance of ship arrival/departure frequency, route diversity and ship arrival/departure information systems increased when shipping companies selected the port.Originality/valueThis study has academic significance in that it reveals the changing importance of port selection factors in the 2020s and has taken the form of a longitudinal study on the importance of port selection factors from 2005 to 2021, moving beyond the cross-sectional approach. This study can provide valuable insights into and implications for port policymakers and managers when developing and formulating port policies and strategies.

Unsupervised Ship Detection in SAR Imagery Based on Energy Density-Induced Clustering

Article Unsupervised Ship Detection in SAR Imagery Based on Energy Density-Induced Clustering Zifeng Yuan 1, Yu Li 1,*, Yu Liu 1, Jiale Liang 1, and Yuanzhi Zhang 2,3 1 Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China 2 School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 3 Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China * Correspondence: yuli@bjut.edu.cn Received: 6 March 2023 Accepted: 24 April 2023 Published: 26 September 2023 Abstract: Intelligent recognition of maritime ship targets from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery is a hot research issue. However, interferences such as the strong sea clutter, sidelobe, small ship size and weak backscattered signal continually affect the detection results. To address this problem, a novel unsupervised machine learning-based ship detection algorithm, named energy density-induced clustering (EDIC), is proposed in this paper. It is discovered that the singular values between ship targets and interference signals are significantly different in a local region because of their various concentration degrees of signal energy intensity. Accordingly, in this study, two novel energy density features are proposed based on the singular value decomposition in order to effectively highlight the ship targets and suppress the interference. The proposed novel energy density features have the advantage of clearly distinguishing ship targets from sea surfaces regardless of the effects of interferences. To test the performance of the proposed features, unsupervised K-means clustering is conducted for obtaining ship detection results. Compared with the classical and state-of-the-art SAR ship detectors, the proposed EDIC method generally yields the best performance in almost all tested sea sample areas with different kinds of interferences, in terms of both detection accuracy and processing efficiency. The proposed energy density-based feature extraction method also has great potential for supervised classification using neural networks, random forests, etc.

Study on Stiffened-Plate Structure Response in Marine Nuclear Reactor Operation Environment

As the regulations on greenhouse gas emissions at sea become strict, efforts are being made to minimize environmental pollutants emitted from fossil fuels used by ships. Considering the large sizes of ships in conjunction with securing stable supplies of environment-friendly energy, interest in nuclear energy to power ships has been increasing. In this study, the neutron irradiation that occurs during the nuclear reactor operation and its effect on the structural responses of the stiffened-plate structures are investigated. This is done by changing the material properties of DH36 steel according to the research findings on the neutron-irradiated steels and then performing the structural response analyses of the structures using analytical and finite-element numerical solutions. Results reveal the influence of neutron irradiation on the structural responses of the structures. It is shown that both the strength and stiffness of the structures are affected by the neutron-irradiation phenomenon as their maximum flexural stress and deflection are increased with the increase in the amount of neutron irradiation. This implies that strength and stiffness need to be considered in the design of ships equipped with marine nuclear reactors.

Ship Carbon Intensity Indicator Assessment via Just-in-Time Arrival Algorithm Based on Real-Time Data: Case Study of Pusan New International Port

Decarbonization is the most urgent task for the shipping industry. The International Maritime Organization, which makes the rules for shipping companies, has strengthened their carbon emissions regulation in order to reduce emissions to 70% of 2008’s carbon emissions by 2050. However, 75% of the existing fleet cannot satisfy this carbon emission regulation. The building of new vessels makes it possible to reduce carbon emissions and satisfy this regulation through adopting eco-friendly propulsion methods, such as LNG, ammonia, and methanol propulsion. However, the existing vessels on the sea find it difficult to dock and change their propulsion equipment. This research aims to propose a novel voyage operation method—a just-in-time arrival policy—that converts vessels’ waiting time into voyage time. The proposed method can reduce carbon emissions without propulsion system alteration and expand a vessel’s lifespan, thus satisfying carbon regulations. The carbon intensity indicator, invented by the IMO to regulate vessel carbonization, assesses the quantity of reduced carbon emissions. This research investigated the variation in the carbon intensity indicators of vessels when the just-in-time arrival policy was applied through studying an actual vessel’s arrival and departure dates at the Pusan International container terminal. According to the results of our analysis, ship carbon emissions decreased by an average of 45.8%, and by a maximum of 91%, compared to the levels before applying the proposed method. In addition, 87.0% of vessels obtained a carbon intensity indicator rank improvement and expanded the period that can satisfy the carbon intensity regulation by an average of eleven years and a maximum of twenty-seven years through applying the proposed just-in-time arrival policy. Additionally, the improvement effect of the carbon intensity rank positively correlates with ship size and waiting time at the port.

Principal component analysis of containership traffic in the Black Sea

A novel quantitative analysis employing the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of containership traffic in the Black Sea from 2018 to 2021 is performed. The study uses a matrix covering five ship size classes from A to E for four years of operation, from 2018 to 2021, accounting for ship traffic, CO2, fuel consumption (FC), shipping intensity, and eco and traffic efficiency. Only the first two principal factors are analysed because of their total variation weight. Shipping intensity, FC intensity, and CO2 intensity plays a significant role in the first factor, while Eco efficiency, FC efficiency, and Traffic efficiency are considered for the second factor. Notably, the set of parameters pertains to time and is strongly associated with DWT. Two principal components were identified, F1 and F2, where F1 integrates efficiency and intensity. At the same time, F2 separates the intensity from the efficiency conditional on the ship size and the year of operations. In the principal component F1 the activities of ships A and C differ from B, D and E, separating more efficiently from less efficiently used ships, and in F2, the activities of class sizes of ships C and D and E contrast A and B ships, distinguishing the big-size class ships from small ones. It was concluded that the most intensively used ships are the ship size classes C and D, and the most efficient are ship size classes A and B. The most intensive use of the ships was in 2020, followed by 2021, and the most efficient were in 2018, 2019. Based on the ship activities and using the Within-class variance, ships are grouped into two clusters of similar activities, where the first one, with lower variance and more homogeneous, includes only the ship size class A. The second one with a relatively large variance consists of the rest size of the ships. Linear relationships considering the intensity and efficiency are derived as a function of the main variables, where the factor loading represents the variable’s coefficient, given as a relative weight to any factor.

EFFICIENTLY FORECASTING 2-DIMENSIONAL SPECTRA INSIDE SHELTERED PORTS USING SPECTRAL AND PHASE-RESOLVING WAVE MODELS

Ports today are grappling with the impacts of increasing ship sizes and increasingly frequent and more extreme weather events. Under these conditions, being able to predict navigation, handling, and mooring risks accurately, is becoming more crucial to safe and efficient port operations. This is especially important in ports subject to complex wave transformations. Traditionally, in order to capture the various wave transformation processes accurately from offshore to nearshore areas, the coupling of a Spectral wave (SW) and Boussinesq wave (BW) model has been required. Unfortunately, the very high computational costs of BW modelling have inhibited running such models in forecast mode. In response to this highly technical challenge, DHI have developed a transformative method for concatenating outputs from SW and BW models, enabling modelers to forecast 2D Spectra accurately, both inside and outside a sheltered port basin in a computationally efficient manner.

Heat Exchanger Simulation for Ballast Water Management Based on Ship Size and Engine Capacity

Heat Exchanger Simulation for Ballast Water Management Based on Ship Size and Engine Capacity

JUSTIFICATION OF APPROACHES BEFORE PLACEMENT OF PASSENGER VESSELS IN THE DIRECTIONS OF THEIR WORK AND IMPROVING THE WORK PLANNING OF THE SHIPPING COMPANY’S FLEET

Abstract. The purpose of the article is to solve the task of arranging the passenger fleet and improving the planning of the fleet of the shipping company. To achieve the goal, the possible operating conditions of the passenger fleet were studied; developed approaches that will allow, taking into account different types of sailing, different directions of work, sizes of ships, as well as the possibility of replenishment of the fleet, to obtain the maximum value of the financial result when deploying the passenger fleet of the shipping company, which made it possible to improve the planning of the passenger fleet of the shipping company. The process of managing a shipping enterprise is a continuous development of management decisions, which largely depends on the final result of the work of any company. This is especially important for shipping, which functions in conditions of significant dynamics of both the external environment and the direct production of transport processes. The proposed solution will allow the shipping company to effectively locate its fleet, obtain the maximum financial result, taking into account the conditions of transportation and operation of vessels of various types of navigation, forms of organization of transportation, various types of vessels, routes, and also takes into account the possibility of replenishing the fleet of the shipping company in the event that its potential freight capacity does not exceed the amount of transport work. One of the most important areas of the shipping company’s work is planning and optimizing the use of the company’s resources. The shipping company strives for the maximum financial result from the work performed. If we consider the "external environment" as a management subject that also makes decisions corresponding to the options of the possible structure of passenger flows, then this kind of task can be formalized and presented in the form of a matrix game. A characteristic condition is that each party has no information about the decision of the other. Thus, the maximin (minimax) principle is implemented in a conflict situation. The value of the game determines the mathematical expectation of winning the first player, that is, the value of the financial result, which should be taken as planned. As a result, the forecast of the results of the shipping company will reflect the production capabilities of the "external environment" (the second player) and the conditions in which it will have to work. The proposed approach can also be used to determine the values of the planned indicators of other maritime transport enterprises - ports, ship repair plants, as well as standards of transport work; development of the replenishment (write-off) program of the shipping company’s fleet; determining the tariff policy related to the transportation of passengers in the shipping company’s region.

The Effect of Credit Access on Food Security of Small Fishermen in East Java

The development of access to credit in various developing countries has increased. Some of these studies show a positive and significant impact on the productivity of rural communities. Although several previous studies have proven the importance of credit in increasing the productivity of rural communities. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of access to credit on the food security of small fishermen in East Java. Yet, the data was analysis using an ordinary least square (OLS) and an ordered probit model. The results of this study show that fishermen's food security is included in the borderline category. In this sense, the majority of small-scale fishing communities are classified as having moderate food security but cannot be said to be safe. Therefore efforts are still needed to improve the food security of small-scale fishing communities in East Java. Other findings show that credit, education, ship size, Fisherman groups and the number of fishing gears have a significant influence on the food expenditure of small-scale fishing communities in East Java. Meanwhile credit, education, multigear adoption and trip length have a significant effect on fishermen's food security. Therefore, to support food security, it is necessary to increase access to credit, increase education levels, ship size, join fishermen groups, so that the number of catches and the length of fishing trips will increase which will have an impact on increasing income, in the end food security will be achieved.

Statistical analysis of measured underwater radiated noise from merchant ships using ship operational and design parameters.

Ships unintentionally radiate underwater noise mainly due to propeller cavitation under usual operations. In 2022, the International Maritime Organization started a review of the nonmandatory guidelines for the reduction of underwater radiated noise (URN) from ships. The characteristics of URN from ships have been studied for a long time, and quantitative variations in URN levels with ship size and speed have been reported. From the viewpoint of ship design, it is more reasonable that the effect of ship speed and draft is considered as the ratio to design speed and maximum draft, respectively. Therefore, in this study, underwater sound measurements were conducted in deep water (>300 m in depth) under a sea lane, and regression analysis was applied to the source levels of the URN from many merchant ships using ship length, ship speed ratio to design speed, and draft ratio to maximum draft. In this analysis, the source level is simplified based on the characteristics of URN due to propeller cavitation. This allows one coefficient to represent the approximate shape of the spectrum of URN level. Further, variations in the URN level for each ship type are discussed based on the results and comparisons with previous studies.

Safety First—A Critical Examination of the Lights and Shapes in COLREGs

According to The International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972, ships can only determine their collision avoidance responsibilities in accordance with the rules of “Conduct of Vessels in Sight of One Another” if the dynamic and category of the target ship is identified to be using lights and/or shapes during encounters at sea. Then, appropriate actions can be taken, and the effectiveness of the collision avoidance actions can be checked during the subsequent maneuvering process. In order to analyze and solve the problems related to lights and shapes and to adapt to the development of ship size, speed, and intelligence, this paper firstly reviews the development history and revision process of lights and shapes. Furthermore, it explains the collision avoidance responsibility of ships in sight of one another, analyzes the role of lights and shapes in the collision avoidance process, and summarizes the lights and shapes displayed by different categories of ships. Next, through qualitative and quantitative analysis, the relationship between the visibility distance of lights and shapes and the timing of ship avoidance actions is examined. Finally, the paper points out current problems related to lights and shapes, including: (1) non-uniform visibility distance of lights, (2) insufficient visibility distance of lights, and (3) small size of shapes, and proposes solutions to these problems from theoretical and practical perspectives, including: (1) unifying the visibility distance of masthead light, sidelights, and sternlight to 6 nautical miles, (2) unifying the visibility distance of the sternlight to 3 nautical miles, and (3) unifying the diameter size of shapes and the vertical distance between shapes to 1.8 m.

Optimization of a Japan-Europe multimodal transportation corridor

Based on the export demand from Japan to the EU, we propose a sea-rail multimodal transportation corridor, with the China Railway Express (CR-Express) as the backbone. We conduct revealed preference (RP) and stated preference (SP) surveys of Japanese shippers and forwarders, and then integrate this data to build a utility function and route choice model of containers exported from Japan to Europe. We then construct a programming model to optimize a Japan-Europe, sea-rail transportation corridor in terms of ship size and sailing speed, operating frequency for Japan-China short-sea liner shipping and the needed CR-Express trains, with the objective of maximizing transportation profits from the multimodal system. Our model demonstrates that Japan’s high value exports to Europe prefer the multimodal route. In addition, three ships of 500 TEU each, with a sailing speed of 21 knots and departing 3 times per week, should be used for the short-sea liner leg of the route. We project the realized benefit at 2.0807 million USD/week (equivalent to 108.19 million USD annually). In the optimal case, 3 CR-Express trains with available capacity of 69 TEU containers will be necessary to connect the short-sea liner ships to the overland route.

Analisis Kebijakan Dampak Penyesuaian Harga BBM Bersubsidi untuk Nelayan

Purpose: The purpose of this research was conducted in order to be able to immediately respond to the policy impact of the increase in fuel prices and to compare fuel prices before and after the stipulation of a fuel price increase. Methodology: The research method used in this research is qualitative research. The data used in this study are primary and secondary data. Secondary data was obtained according to respondents/research samples which were purposively influenced (purposive sampling) including: fishermen in various types of vessels of various sizes. Secondary data was obtained according to research reports, study reports, and data from various related agencies. The data is tabulated and then analyzed narratively and then presented in the form of tables. Results: The results of the study explained that the adjustment of fuel prices had a very large influence on operational costs and business profits. Across all ship sizes, an increase in fuel prices will increase the cost of operating a business or reduce the profitability of a business. Changes in fuel prices, especially diesel fuel, have positive or negative effects on business people, especially fishermen, a decrease in fuel prices has the potential to increase the level of profit received or vice versa, an increase in fuel has the potential to reduce business profit levels. Limitation: The drawbacks of this research are the limited time in searching for primary data in this study, and also the limitations of the place in conducting this research, the place for conducting this research is only done in one place. Contribution: The results obtained through this research can be used as a government consideration in making decisions and can also be used as a reference for future research.

Identification and analysis of ship waiting behavior outside the port based on AIS data

Port congestion caused by ship detention is an important reason for the obstruction of the shipping supply chain. In this paper, a method of excavating the ship waiting behavior outside the port is proposed based on the automatic identification system (AIS) data and considering uncontrollable factors. Firstly, combined with the analysis of ship navigation behavior, the speed threshold of the ship waiting outside the port is defined through average speed. Secondly, the range of ships berthing in the port is distinguished, and the different waiting behavior of ships are clarified. Finally, the situation of different types and sizes of ships waiting outside the port is analyzed. The paper found that ships of different types and sizes have distinctive clustered waiting behavior, and there are significant differences in waiting time. At the ship type, bulk cargo ship have the highest number among ships waiting outside the port, followed by tanker and container ship; at the ship scale, basically, the number of ships waiting outside the port decreases with the increase of the scale, but the average waiting time is longer. It has an excellent practical promotion value for the application of AIS data and development of shipping.

Factors Affecting the Amount of Marine Supply on Sondong and Gillnet Ship at UPT Fishery Port of Riau Province

The purpose of this study was to determine the factor of the need for supplies at sea in sondong boats and gillnets and to prove how strong the relationship between these variables is. This research was conducted in January 2022 at the UPT Fisheries Port of Riau Province using the survey method. The results showed that the factors of ship size, length of time at sea, and engine power had a strong effect on the amount of fuel carried. Based on the F-test with a confidence level of 87.1%. According to the T-test, the length of time at sea has the greatest influence, while for the application of ice, the factors of length of time at sea and catch greatly affect the amount of ice in the T-test with a confidence level (coefficient of determination) of 46.7%. According to the T-test, the length of time at sea has the greatest effect on the ice supply on the sondong ship. In gill nets, boat sizes, length of time at sea, and engine power have a strong effect on the amount of fuel carried. Based on the F test with a confidence level of 91.5%. According to the T-test, the length of time at sea has the greatest effect. Whereas in the provision of ice in gill net vessels, the length of time at sea and the catch also greatly affect the amount of ice carried with a confidence level (coefficient of determination) of 88%. According to the T-test, the length of time at sea has the greatest effect on the supply of ice in gill net boats

Impact of Dry Port on Seaport Competitiveness

Ports play an important role in connecting individuals in need of logistics services with organizations that provide logistics services. Rather of being merely transshipment hubs. Ports have recently evolved into integrated logistics centers with a continuous transport chain, with these developments primarily relying on the supply chain systems of major port operators. Though changes impact terminal handling traffic, rising quantities have increased job pressure, as well as congestion levels and dwell periods in terminal areas. The dry port model relies on a seaport which is directly connected to inland intermodal stations, where freight may be rotated immediately to the seaport in intermodal loading units. This research investigates the influence of vessel growth on port competitiveness and investigates integration between seaports and dry ports to counteract the huge increase in ship size at seaports. To achieve this goal, a survey was conducted to measure the relationship between dry ports and seaports. This paper also illustrates how the vessel expansion is associated with reduced operational efficiency, congestion, limited capacity and infrastructure support, outdated guidelines for existing port development, and the urgent need for additional investment in spatial development, and human resource development.

Impact of Dry Port on Seaport Competitiveness

Ports play an important role in connecting individuals in need of logistics services with organizations that provide logistics services. Rather of being merely transshipment hubs. Ports have recently evolved into integrated logistics centers with a continuous transport chain, with these developments primarily relying on the supply chain systems of major port operators. Though changes impact terminal handling traffic, rising quantities have increased job pressure, as well as congestion levels and dwell periods in terminal areas. The dry port model relies on a seaport which is directly connected to inland intermodal stations, where freight may be rotated immediately to the seaport in intermodal loading units. This research investigates the influence of vessel growth on port competitiveness and investigates integration between seaports and dry ports to counteract the huge increase in ship size at seaports. To achieve this goal, a survey was conducted to measure the relationship between dry ports and seaports. This paper also illustrates how the vessel expansion is associated with reduced operational efficiency, congestion, limited capacity and infrastructure support, outdated guidelines for existing port development, and the urgent need for additional investment in spatial development, and human resource development. Keywords: Dry Ports – Competitiveness – Seaports – Vessel size

Study of the Shipping Flow of the Pattumbukang Ferry Port, Selayar Islands Regency South Sulawesi

The Pattumbukang Ferry Port is one of the ferry ports in the Selayar Archipelago, South Sulawesi. This port is located in a small bay which results in several problems related to sedimentation and narrowing of the water area. To prevent silting due to existing sedimentation, it is necessary to carry out shipping channel planning and dredging the seabed to obtain the required depth. The purpose of this study was to determine the hydro-oceanographic conditions at the Pattumbukang Ferry Port which was then used as a source of information regarding the depth and planning of water levels for material for evaluating shipping lane planning and estimating dredging volumes. Data collection in this study was carried out directly at the location for 15 days. Observations were made to obtain data in the form of: bathymetry data, tides, and soil sediment samples. The existing data is then processed and analyzed in shipping channel planning using assistance software, like :ArcGIS, Civilian 3D, Mapsource and software other supporters. Based on the results of the survey and processed data that has been carried out in this study, it can be concluded that: The existing condition of the shipping channel at the Pattumbukang Ferry Port does not meet the criteria based on the largest ship size, namely 1000 GT. Therefore, a one-way route planning is carried out with two alternative choices of channels where each alternative has its own advantages and disadvantages and with an ideal depth of 5.528≈ 6 m