Ship Power Plant Research Articles

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ЦИКЛОНА И ЭФФЕКТА "МИКРОВЗРЫВОВ" КАПЕЛЬ ВОДОТОПЛИВНОЙ ЭМУЛЬСИИ ПРИ КОМПЛЕКСНОЙ ОЧИСТКЕ ВЫХЛОПНЫХ ГАЗОВ ДВИГАТЕЛЯ ВНУТРЕННЕГО СГОРАНИЯ

Obtaining additional energy due to the deep utilization of the internal combustion engine (ICE) heat losses al-lows saving fuel used for the operation of the ship's power plant. This accordingly leads to a reduction of the emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, contributes to meet the more stringent standards of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) governing the limits of these emissions. The study aims to develop the system of complex exhaust gas cleaning for an internal combustion engine (ICE). For solving the tasks in the technology of proposed method there were 6 stages of technological process envisaged. Based on experimental and theoretical studies, a setup for complex exhaust gas cleaning using a cyclone and the effect of "microexplosions" of a water-fuel emulsion (WFE) droplet was developed. It has been established that as a result of activated WFE combustion we obtain at the engine outlet exhaust gases of a corresponding composition with a reduced amount of toxic ingredients down to 35 % and below and most importantly – an equimolar ratio of NO2 /NO to NOx. Experimental studies have shown that in the condensate acid under these conditions, an average concentration of about 57 % is established, which ensures a sharp increase in the absorption of SO2 and NOx. The presence of an equimolar (or almost this) NO2 /NO ratio in gases ensures the passivation of the condensation surface in exhaust gas boiler (EGB) from carbon steel. This ensures a sharp decrease in the low-temperature corrosion intensity, an increase in the operating reliability of condensation surfaces and the possibility of a sharp increase in the engine exhaust gas utilization depth to 80...90 °C instead of 160 °C. For the final gas cleaning, it was proposed to install a venturi scrubber and a cyclone-absorber on the gas path of ICE. Based on experimental studies, it has been established that the installation of a condensation heating surface in the EGB reduces the NOx content in gases by 55 %, SO2 - by 50 %, and the content of solid particles - by 3 times. The developed complex system can be used to clean the ICE gases to the level recommended by IMO.

ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ НАДЕЖНОЙ РАБОТЫ ЭРГАТЕХНИЧЕСКОЙ СИСТЕМЫ: НАДЕЖНОСТЬ СУДОВОЙ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОЙ УСТАНОВКИ И ЕЕ ОПЕРАТОРА

The article highlights the ergotechnical system as a complex including two major components: a technical component and a human operator. It is a quite common event for many engineering devices, including different types of transport. Today studying the reliability of the system operation is quite important. The results of the experiment conducted to study the reliability of ship power plants (SPP) and their elements on ships have been presented. The study was aimed at revealing psycho-physiological characteristics of a mechanical engineer on watch, who was identified as a subject of labor. The possible methods for diagnosing the psycho-physiological functions of a SPP operator have been listed. The quantitative assessment of the qualitative parameters of interacting between the human operator and the technical environment (SPP complex) has been made. The operator’s reliability is defined as a probability of successful completion of a task. Definitions of professional and functional reliability are given. The functional reliability is stated to play a primary role in ensuring professional reliability. Special attention is paid to the analysis of operator’s errors and the error sources. The probability of errors can be avoided or reduced by considering the individual psychological and physiological characteristics of the operators while training and selection. As a result of the study, the relation between factors affecting the reliability of the ergotechnical system of the power plant as a whole has been found. The most important criteria for optimizing the work of a human operator as a subject of activity are stated the experience and qualification along with a high level of voluntary attention. The study is related to the interdisciplinary researches, it was attended by specialists of different profiles.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ПРОДУКТОВ КОНВЕРСИИ МЕТАНОЛА В СУДОВОЙ ГАЗОТУРБИННОЙ УСТАНОВКЕ С ТЕРМОХИМИЧЕСКОЙ РЕГЕНЕРАЦИЕЙ СБРОСНОГО ТЕПЛА

The research’s subject is the processes of energy transformation of fuel in the ship gas turbine plant with thermochemical regeneration. Modern approaches to assessing the energy efficiency of ship power plants were considered. The characteristics of traditional and alternative marine fuels were analyzed. The use of methanol as a low-carbon marine fuel is discussed. It is proposed to increase the efficiency of methanol use by using synthesis gas obtained through thermochemical heat recovery of secondary energy resources of ship engines. The main objective of the study is to analyze the effects on the energy efficiency of steam thermochemical transformation of methanol of the limitations associated with the system of supplying gaseous fuel to the engine. The influence of pressure in the thermochemical reactor on the steam’s efficiency of reforming of methanol was analyzed. The design schemes of two variants of the ship gas turbine installation with thermochemical heat recovery by steam conversion of methanol are presented. The methanol conversion efficiency was determined by the heat potential of the exhaust gases and was calculated based on the thermal balance of the thermochemical reactor. The reactor’s model is two- component. The mathematical model of the turbocompressor unit is based on an enlarged calculation taking into account the total pressure loss in all elements of the gas-air duct. The results of mathematical modeling of processes in plants based on gas turbine engines of simple and regenerative cycles under conditions of fixed methanol’s consumption, the fixed temperature of the gas in the turbine’s front for environmental parameters according to ISO 19859: 2016 are presented. The efficiency of the scheme which used steam conversion of methanol at pressures corresponding to the working pressure in the combustion chamber was revealed. The increase in the energy efficiency of the installation is 3 ... 5 % with basic parameters and 10 ... 11 % for higher conduction temperatures or for catalytic reactors. The research results can be used in the promising power plants designing.

Technical Aspects of Using the Heat Pump at the Ship

Abstract The paper attempts to analyze the technical possibilities of using a compressor heat pump to recover waste heat from energy processes implemented by a watercraft. The amount of waste heat that could be used for the heating needs of the vessel was estimated and the hydrothermal potential of the marine waters was assessed. The possibilities of reducing the power of the ship's power plant used to power the ship's heating installation were determined.

ОЦЕНКА МОЩНОСТИ СУДОВЫХ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИХ УСТАНОВОК

In modern conditions developing methods of functional diagnostics of the technical state of internal combustion engines, which are based on monitoring of power indicators, is of current importance for ship power plants (SPP). In terms of inability to estimate the plant’s capacity during the voyage, it was proposed to develop methods for its indirect estimation. Measuring the angular acceleration of the crankshaft of the going up engine is considered the well-known and most reliable method for estimating the power plant capacity. There has been presented a device flowchart for estimating the capacity of a SPP based on the ratio of fuel and air consumption. In this case the restriction is that the method can be employed only for the SPPs equipped with gearboxes with the function of discontinuity of the shaft line due to a great moment of inertia of the propeller submerged into the water. There has been suggested the analysis of the ratio of fuel and air consumption at a certain frequency of shaft rotation, as a versatile way to evaluate capacity of SPPs with internal combustion engines. It has been stated that the SPP energy parameters can be evaluated using the analysis of the torsional-vibrational system values. To this end, it was suggested to use a relatively new method of processing diagnostic information based on wavelet analysis using sensors of torsional vibrations installed on fixed supports and having a function to determine angular deformations of the shaft line caused by the rotation torque vibrations. A distinctive feature of the wavelet analysis is a high sensitivity in determining short-term high-frequency signal fluctuations. There is given an example of recording the amplitude values of torque when using this method. Amplitude values have been calculated on the basis of Morlet function, according to Hölder's indicator, at the SPP engine rotation speed 900 rpm for four turns of the engine crankshaft.

РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ЭЛЕКТРОЭНЕРГИИ В ОСНОВНОЙ СЕТИ ЭНЕРГОСИСТЕМЫ НА БОРТУ БОЛЬШИХ КОРАБЛЕЙ

The article describes the schemes of the radial power distribution system of the bulk system on board big ships. Today, when the ship power plants have great capacity, it is found preferable to use a four-wire three-phase system that has a distributed neutral and is not connected to the ground, in which the linear voltage can be easily utilized. The main distribution network of medium voltage can be of a simple radial type with substations or additional distribution switchboards. The advantages of a simple radial scheme on board a large vessel include providing selective protection and using digital automation. The weak points are the impressive amount of protective and switching appliances, high cost, significant power losses, length of wires, and threat to the reliability of the vessel due to the main switchboard failure. A There is presented a multi-part radial chart, in which the number of circuits going from the main switchboard and devices in it is significantly reduced. This chart is considered more suitable for medium-size power plants on large vessels. The calculation was carried out at a steady state of the radial network, the sections and wires of power lines were determined. Power losses in transformers and power supplied to substation bus-lines have been calculated. Before selecting the wires it was recommended to calculate the current flowing through the circuit. The ship power supply with a bridge ring scheme has been considered. In the event of a failure, only a part of the generators and a half of energy will be available. There has been given a conditional division of the power systems with a bridge ring circuit on board into three main parts. A diagram of the high-voltage power supply from the shore is shown. One of the main advantages of this technology is environmentally friendly nature of electricity produced by power plants on the coast, compared to the ship diesel engines running on burner fuel. This technology reduces pollution and improves air quality in port areas.

СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ МЕТОДОВ ТЕПЛОВОЙ ПОДГОТОВКИ СУДОВЫХ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИХ УСТАНОВОК

Low ambient temperatures negatively impact the performance criteria of the ship power plants: increasing load onto the moving parts due to the growing irregularity of the shaft rotation speed in the power plants . Heating of a power plant in cold seasons is especially important for the modes of hot idle time, which are typical for all kinds of transport. Negative impact of low ambient temperatures most notably becomes apparent at starting the internal combustion engines. Normative documents do not determine the size of harmful substance discharge during the engine operation in the reset mode. To maintain the optimum thermal condition of the ship power plants for the purpose of ensuring their profitability, non-failure operation and resource indicators it is necessary to develop and widely use the thermal preparation methods. As the main criteria of such improvement it is possible to use the following indicators: efficiency of thermal preparation, amount of power inputs, labor intensiveness during installation, mobility, environment protection and fire safety. Pre-start heating units on the base of catalytic heating elements meet the required quality criteria of thermal preparation of power plants, especially regarding the environmental friendliness of the process. The problem of preliminary evaporation of liquid fuel has been solved. Pilot studies of the catalytic heating elements operating on gas or diesel fuel with preliminary evaporation have defined the potential of catalytic oxidation technologies. The results obtained allow further development of ecologically safe and effective pre-starting preheaters that use diesel fuel as a source of thermal energy and the most widespread type of fuel for ship power plants.

ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ГИБКИХ З'ЄДНАНЬ (FC) МЕХАНІЗМІВ ПАЛИНИ

Statement of the problem in a general case and its connection with the important scientific or practical problems. The flexible connections (FC) of large length are used at towages, deep-water well-drilling and other works in the marine economy complex of Ukraine as a part of ship power plants. The solving of the problem for an estimation of oscillations in flexible working tools of large length will allow to reduce the terms and amount of the works related to their assembling, and, in turn, will bring down the expenses on acquisition and exploitation (FC). The deriving of the oscillations ’ equations (FC) is of undoubted interest, since they can be used for the study of the World ocean, investigation and exploitation of submarine mineral deposits, submarine geology and topography, choice of routes of submarine cable lines and pipelines, control of works’ quality on their laying, study of the sea ecology.

Influence of ship consumers of electric energy on optimal control of electrical propulsion plants

The urgency of the problem. The most important condition for ensuring the safety of navigation and reducing accidents in the fleet is to take into account the maneuverability of ships, and especially their inertial characteristics. Electric propulsion vessels have the best maneuverability. Special attention is paid to the issues of control of electrical propulsion plants (EPP) of electric ships during maneuvers. Recently, more and more electric ships with a unified electric power system (UEPS) are being built. Both electrical propulsion plant and electricity consumers of electric ships with the UEPS are supplied with power from the general tires of the ship power plant and have a mutual influence on each other. This effect should be taken into account when optimizing the control of the electrical propulsion plant. The status of the issue. Quality indicators of electric ships’ maneuvering were determined and quality indicators of electric energy of the ship network were selected. A method of optimizing the parameters of the control laws of EPP has been developed. The transition to optimal control leads to an increase in the load on the propulsion motors and on the generating units. This may affect the quality indicators of the electric energy of the ship network. The study of this influence is the purpose of this work. The method of solving the problem. A mathematical model of EPP transient modes as part of the ship propulsion complex is used to evaluate the maneuvering characteristics of electric ships. A method of calculating transient modes of operation during maneuvering has been developed on its basis. It is proposed to form the control signals for frequency and voltage in the form of polynomials. A method of optimizing the parameters of control laws has been developed. The results of the study. Effects of load changes on optimal control laws are the following: load decrease slightly affects the optimal solution; with an abrupt increase in the load the stopping distance grows. The optimal parameters of the control laws vary slightly. The impact of the transition from the classical to the optimal control is the following: the quality indicators of the electric energy of the ship network are deteriorating, but are within acceptable limits. Conclusions. The search for optimal control laws of EPP during maneuvering for electric ships with a unified electric power system can be carried out without taking into account the switching on and off of ship consumers. The change of load in the ship network affects the value of the target function but does not affect the optimal parameters of the control laws.

Kuznetsova Т.B., Turkin V.А. The relationship of the impact of ship power plants and unorganized tourism on the water area of the reserve «Utrish»

Kuznetsova Т.B., Turkin V.А. The relationship of the impact of ship power plants and unorganized tourism on the water area of the reserve «Utrish»

Design of a New Type of Rake Suction Dredger System Based on Adaptive High Pressure Water Cutting

China has a vast sea area and many rivers and lakes, so waterway dredging, environmental protection dredging and water conservancy dredging have a large market. Excellent ship type development, power plant, dredging machinery, auxiliary equipment, integrated monitoring and other energy-saving emission reduction technology development and application, not only for dredging enterprises to save energy, but also to reduce emissions caused by environmental pollution, access to economic and environmental protection double benefits. With the sustained and steady growth of China’s economy, the rapid development of the shipping industry has led to the development of port infrastructure and waterway dredging and other projects, so that the domestic demand for dredging machinery and equipment also tends to flourish, dredger as the main dredging equipment has a broad market.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНОГО СТРУЙНОГО ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯ ВОДЫ НА ЛОПАСТИ ГРЕБНОГО ВИНТА ФИКСИРОВАННОГО ШАГА

Oughening the requirements of the international Convention for the prevention of the sea from vessels of 1973, with amendments, demands to reduce the environmental pollution, which can be achieved by maintaining the operational coefficient of energy efficiency of the vessel constant during the voyage. The behavior of the main engine with the fixed pitch propeller in the ship power plant is determined by the operating conditions of the vessel. The dependence of thermal load of the main engine on the operating conditions leads to increased pollution of the environment by fuel combustion products and increased operative ratio of energy efficiency. The control of the thermal and mechanical intensity of the main engine when it is working on a non-nominal screw characteristic, under its “weighting” or “relief", ensures the preservation of the required energy efficiency indicators when operating conditions change. There have been analyzed the methods of implementing the system of additional water jet impact supplied through the slot nozzle of the blade on the propeller to control the thermal and mechanical intensity of the main engine, regardless of the influence of external operating conditions. The design factors dependent on the type of the helical-steering complex of the vessel and affecting the method of liquid supply to the slotted nozzle of the blade have been analyzed. The analysis of the design features of modern fixed pitch propellers, methods of making screw propellers has been given. The main criteria for the system have been determined in order to minimize the negative impact on the propeller system and to lower the useful effect of controlled response on heat load of the main engine. The proposed design of the system of liquid supply to the slotted nozzles of propeller blades is characterized by minimal impact on the propeller unit.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ВИДА СУДОВОГО ТОПЛИВА НА ЭНЕРГОЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ СУДОВОЙ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОЙ УСТАНОВКИ ТАНКЕРА-ГАЗОВОЗА

The article analyzes the changes in requirements for oxide emissions resulted from fuel combustion in accordance with the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships MARPOL 73/78. The problem of improving the energy efficiency of large-capacity gas tankers is studied by using different types of marine fuel. An energy audit was carried out on board a gas carrier with deadweight of 54,354 tons and propulsion system power of 12,400 kW. The energy audit relied on data of six voyages of a gas-carrier from July 14, 2016 to January 19, 2017. The Energy Efficiency Operational Index defined as carbon dioxide emissions per ton-mile of cargo movement, was used as a tool for assessing the energy efficiency of the ship. The research included the methods of comparative analysis of fuel change during the voyages. The comparative analysis was applied to calculate changes of consuming fuels with different lower caloric value. There have been given general characteristics of heavy fuel RMG 380 and diesel fuel DMA. Values of all parameters for analysis of operational coefficient of power efficiency were taken from the engineer’s log, cargo record book and oil record book, as well as from energy efficiency operation indicator reports of the company after each voyage. Based on the results of the assessment, the conclusions were drawn and perspectives were developed concerning the use of marine fuels and modification of the ship power plant. It has been inferred that using liquefied natural gas as main fuel increases power and economic efficiency of a ship and meets new requirements of MARPOL 73/78 to 2020 on sulfur content in fuel. The conducted research and preliminary calculations make it possible to predict an increase in the economic efficiency of a large-tonnage fleet while maintaining a high environmental friendliness.

Shipbuilding Industry’ Technology Innovation Capabilities from the Perspective of Patent Portfolio: Comparison of China, Japan and South Korea

Taking the ship that is typical complex product as the research object, and the national shipbuilding industry patent database as the data source. Through the establishment of a set of patent portfolio analysis indicators, there is a comparative study of the shipbuilding technology innovation capabilities of China, South Korea, and Japan, respectively from three major technical fields (hull structure technology TP1, ship power plant technology TP2 and ship outfitting and other equipment TP3) and three indicators of R&D efficiency, R&D scale, and R&D speed (relative to patent position RPP, explicit patent advantage RPR, and relative growth rate RDGR). The results show that China, Japan and South Korea have different technological innovation capabilities in the shipbuilding industry, due to different development histories and adopting different technological innovation strategies. However, as a whole, Japan and South Korea have great advantages in their respective core technology areas. At present and for some time to come, Japan will pay more attention to R&D efficiency, South Korea will pay more attention to R&D scale, and China will pay more attention to R&D speed.

System for complex exhaust gas cleaning of internal combustion engine with water-fuel emulsion burning

The necessity to fulfill all requirements of international organizations in the field of environmental protection, need to reduce heat loss in combustion of organic fuels, increasing economy and reliability of all elements of ship's power plant make it necessary to develop complex technology. The aim of study is to develop system for complex exhaust gas cleaning of internal combustion engine (ICE). For performing tasks in technology of proposed method, providing solutions to problems of improving economic efficiency, improvement of environmental indicators and reliability, it is envisaged 5 stages of technological process. At all stages conditions for appropriate running of physico-chemical processes in the next stage are created. Possibility of solving complex problems in proposed technology is ensured by combustion of water-fuel emulsion (WFE) with specifically recommended value of water content W r = 30%. When WFE is burnt with a water content of 30%, the low-temperature corrosion intensity decreases, which allows to install a condensing heating surfaces in exhaust gas boilers. At these conditions an equimolar ratio of nitrogen oxides NO2:NO in gases is required, which is necessary to activate their absorption properties. When WFE is burnt with water content W r = 30% the metal surface with a temperature below of dew point H2SO4 passivates. Experimental studies performed show that: 1 m2 of condensing surface absorbs 3.4 mg/m3 of NOx and 0.89 mg/m3 of SO2, which makes it possible to decrease the NOx concentration by 1.55 times and SO2 - in 1.5 times. There is a process of precipitation of toxic solid ash and soot particles: from 150...170 mg/m3 (at outlet of ICE when WFE is burnt with W r = 30%) to 70...90 mg/m3 after the condensing surface. Consumption of water with alkaline properties decreases when NOx, SO2, CO2 concentration is reduced in front of scrubbers. Reducing pollution of heating surfaces increases the cleaning period of EGB in 2.5 times. The using of complex system provides efficient exhaust gas cleaning at the level recommended by IMO.

A new approach to increasing the efficiency of the ship main engine air waste heat recovery cooling system

The efficiency of integrated cooling air at the intake of Turbocharger and Scavenge air at the inlet of working cylinders of the main diesel engine of dry-cargo ship by transforming the waste heat into a cold by an Refrigerant Ejector Chiller (ECh) as the most simple in design and reliable in operation and by complex in design but more efficient Absorption Lithium-Bromide Chiller (ACh) was analyzed. A ship power plant of cogeneration type using the relatively low-grade heat of water of a heat supply system with a temperature of about 90 °C, that significantly complicates the problem of its conversion into cold were considered. Because of the insufficiently high efficiency of transformation of the heat of hot water (low coefficient of performance) as compared with steam, the resulting cooling capacity may not be enough for cooling intake air of the turbocharger and scavenge air, that raises the problem of the rational distribution of heat loads between the Turbocharger Intake Air cooling circuit (subsystem) and Scavenge air cooling circuit and the need to use chillers of various types. This takes into account the rational parameters of cooling processes of the scavenge air in the cogeneration high-temperature stage of scavenge air cooler, in the intermediate stage of traditional cooling air with seawater, and in the low-temperature stage for deep cooling of the scavenge air by using a chiller. A new approach is proposed to improve the efficiency of integrated cooling Intake Air of the turbocharger and Scavenge Air at the inlet of the working cylinders of the ship main engine of a transport ship, which consists in comparing the required cooling capacity and the corresponding heat needs during the trade route with the available heat of exhaust gases and scavenge air of the cogeneration power plant, determining the deficit and excess cooling capacity of heat utilizing cooling machines of various types, that allows to identify and realize the reserves of improving the efficiency of cooling intake air of the turbocharger and the scavenge air of the main diesel engine through the joint use of chillers of various types.

The method of diagnosing objects of the ship power plant of inland navigation vessels

The main provisions of the method for determining the technical state of the ship’s power plant for inland navigation vessels, based on the use of system analysis, in accordance with which the objects of the power plant are conditionally ranked, are described in this article. The indicators of their technical state, determined by the testimony of numerous sensors, installed on these objects, are appropriately transformed into partial criteria of the technical state, and systemic synthesis, allowing numerous technical state criteria to be used to determine the integral indices of the technical state. The method is to be applied in automated systems for diagnosing power plants and their objects.

Фотоэлектрический торсиометр для измерения и контроля эффективности судовых энергетических установок

Фотоэлектрический торсиометр для измерения и контроля эффективности судовых энергетических установок

Substantiation of the rational sequence of processes of aerosol gradient technologies in elements of ship power plants

Substantiation of the rational sequence of processes of aerosol gradient technologies in elements of ship power plants

Аналіз способів зменшення шкідливих викидів суднових двигунів рециркуляцією відпрацьованих газів

Розвиток судноплавства на водних шляхах призвів до будівництва нового, сучасного флоту з потужними енергетичними установками. Масова експлуатація такого флоту супроводжується інтенсивним зростанням його впливу на навколишнє середовище. Один з найважливіших компонентів суспільного і економічного розвитку, який поглинає значну кількість ресурсів і надає серйозний вплив на природне середовище, є морський транспорт. В роботі проаналізовано можливість зменшення кількості шкідливих викидів судновими ДВЗ за рахунок системи рециркуляції відпрацьованих газів.