Shipping Activities Research Articles

Ship emission projections based on time series forecasting model for sustainable shipping in the strait of Malacca and Singapore

As maritime activities continue to play a pivotal role in global trade, concerns over ship emissions’ environmental impact have intensified. This study presents detailed projection of ship emissions in Strait of Malacca and Singapore (SOMS), based on Automatic Identification System (AIS) data. By harnessing the rich AIS dataset, emission profiles were developed out of the ship activities data. To envision a sustainable maritime future, we incorporate some possible scenarios around the region combined with a time series forecasting model to project the future conditions of ship emission in SOMS. By analysing the conditions in each scenario, essentials for shaping intelligent systems for efficient maritime traffic can be discovered. Our analysis considers evolving factors such as various ship properties, operational modes, and trajectories. The results provide insights for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and environmental planners seeking to mitigate the local maritime sector’s carbon footprint. This study signified the value of AIS data-driven approach to facilitate regional strategist in confronting resolutions for greener maritime operation, aligning with the transition to intelligent and sustainable practices in the maritime industry within the SOMS.

Maritime greenhouse gas emission estimation and forecasting through AIS data analytics: a case study of Tianjin port in the context of sustainable development

The escalating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from maritime trade present a serious environmental and biological threat. With increasing emission reduction initiatives, such as the European Union’s incorporation of the maritime sector into the emissions trading system, both challenges and opportunities emerge for maritime transport and associated industries. To address these concerns, this study presents a model specifically designed for estimating and projecting the spatiotemporal GHG emission inventory of ships, particularly when dealing with incomplete automatic identification system datasets. In the computational aspect of the model, various data processing techniques are employed to rectify inaccuracies arising from incomplete or erroneous AIS data, including big data cleaning, ship trajectory aggregation, multi-source spatiotemporal data fusion and missing data complementation. Utilizing a bottom-up ship dynamic approach, the model generates a high-resolution GHG emission inventory. This inventory contains key attributes such as the types of ships emitting GHGs, the locations of these emissions, the time periods during which emissions occur, and emissions. For predictive analytics, the model utilizes temporal fusion transformers equipped with the attention mechanism to accurately forecast the critical emission parameters, including emission locations, time frames, and quantities. Focusing on the sea area around Tianjin port—a region characterized by high shipping activity—this study achieves fine-grained emission source tracking via detailed emission inventory calculations. Moreover, the prediction model achieves a promising loss function of approximately 0.15 under the optimal parameter configuration, obtaining a better result than recurrent neural network (RNN) and long short-term memory network (LSTM) in the comparative experiments. The proposed method allows for a comprehensive understanding of emission patterns across diverse vessel types under various operational conditions. Coupled with the prediction results, the study offers valuable theoretical and data-driven support for formulating emission reduction strategies and optimizing resource allocation, thereby contributing to sustainable maritime transformation.

Overview Of Life Safety Of Fishing Fishermen In Cilincing North Jakarta

Working on a fishing vessel is work that is classified as dangerous and is prone to causing work accidents. The causes of accidents on fishing vessels are low crew awareness regarding work safety in shipping and fishing activities, low mastery of navigation and fishing safety competencies, ships are not equipped with safety equipment as they should be. Bad weather such as big waves and lack of knowledge and skills in using work safety equipment. Data collection was carried out by direct observation and interviews with fishermen in Ciincing. This research aims to find out the picture of the mental safety of Cilincing fishermen when going to sea. The results of this research show that the types of accidents frequently experienced by Cilincing fishermen are slips, bumps, falls into the sea, leaking boats, engine propellers caught in rubbish, sinking boats and ship collisions. The causes of work accidents experienced by Cilincing fishermen are a lack of skills in avoiding safety, incomplete safety equipment, inadequate vessels and a lack of navigational aids. The level of knowledge of Cilincing fishing fishermen about life safety is quite good because they often receive safety training and life safety equipment at sea. There are some fishermen who rely on traditional knowledge about sea safety based on experience passed down from their ancestors and combining knowledge. knowledge gained through government outreach.

Context-dependent changes in maritime traffic activity during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic

Rapid implementation of human mobility restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic dramatically reduced maritime activity in early 2020. But where and when activity rebounded, or remained low, during the full extent of 2020 restrictions remains unclear. Using global high-resolution datasets, we reveal a surprising degree of complexity in maritime activity patterns during 2020, yielding a more nuanced picture of how restrictions affected activity. Overall, shipping activity in Exclusive Economic Zones decreased (1.35 %), as expected, however high-seas activity increased (0.28 %). While these annual changes appear modest, there were striking spatially and temporally asynchronous variations in different vessel types’ activity in the second half of 2020, ranging from an > 80 % sustained reduction in passenger vessel activity to a 150 % increase in fishing activity. Results suggest systems-level responses were highly context-dependent, pinpointing areas that experienced significant reductions and spikes in activity, and providing hitherto missing details of COVID-19 impacts on economic and environmental sustainability.

Illegal dumping from ships is responsible for most drink bottle litter even far from shipping lanes

Recent studies using bottles as tracers have shown that illegal dumping from ships is responsible for the rapid increase in drink bottles washing up on oceanic islands and at remote continental beaches away from local litter inputs. However, these studies have been in areas with moderate to high levels of shipping activity. I examined bottles stranded on the Pitcairn Islands in the central South Pacific, which are far from major shipping routes. Drink bottles from Asia dominated, with most coming from China. The top four brands (three Chinese and one multinational) were the same as at Tristan da Cunha in the central South Atlantic Ocean, which lies on the shipping route between South America and Asia. Bottle ages also were similar at Pitcairn and Tristan, indicating that vessels are the main source of bottles at both islands. Stricter controls are needed to reduce illegal dumping of plastics at sea.

Analisis Kemampuan Thermal Overload Relay pada Panel Kemudi KM. Dharma Rucitra VII saat Kandas di Pelabuhan Wae Kelambu

The shipping activity seeks to combine various perspectives such as quality, quantity, welfare satisfaction and safety and security prerequisites related to transportation through the port to the waters. However, when sailing, the KM. Dharma Rucitra VII ran aground, causing the heavy steering leaf to be moved and resulting in overload, so the ability of the Thermal Overload Relay (TOR) is needed as an electric motor safety from overload. This study aims to analyze the performance of the Thermal Overload Relay (TOR) as a safety for the electric motor driving the rudder leaf from overload due to the ship running aground. The research uses qualitative methods with data collection techniques in the form of observation, interviews and documentation and then analyzed through three stages, namely reducing data, presenting data and drawing conclusions. The result of the research shows that: 1) The rudder leaf is stuck on the seabed because the ship ran aground, causing the Thermal Overload Relay (TOR) on the rudder panel to work; and 2) Thermal Overload Relay (TOR) on the rudder panel when the ship ran aground works in the current range of 7.5A to 10A.

Mining and Analysis of the Traffic Information Situation in the South China Sea Based on Satellite AIS Data

The loading of Automatic Identification System equipment on low-orbiting satellites can adapt to the demand of exchanging data and information with greater “capacity” brought by the AIS data information of ships in deep waters that cannot be covered by land-based stations. The information in the satellite AIS data contains a large number of potential features of ship activities, and by selecting the ship satellite AIS data of typical months in the South China Sea in 2020. Data mining, geographic information system, and traffic flow theory are used to visualize and analyze the ship activities in the South China Sea. The study shows that the distribution of ship routes in the South China Sea is highly compatible with the recommended routes of merchant ships, and the width of the track belt is obviously characterized. The number of ships passing through the southern waters of the Taiwan Strait has increased significantly, and the focus of traffic safety in the South China Sea should also focus on major route belt and important straits.

Decarbonising ASEAN coastal shipping: Addressing climate change and coastal ecosystem issues through sustainable carbon neutrality strategies

This study analyzes the impact of ASEAN's goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 on climate change and coastal ecosystems by examining carbon emissions and energy usage from 2019 to 2050 using different scenarios to reduce emissions and meet global temperature goals. This research proposes strategies to reduce carbon emissions and mitigate climate change effects on coastal ecosystems, focusing on evaluating CO2 emissions from ASEAN's coastal shipping sector. Geospatial data was used to analyze ship activity and develop carbon neutrality strategies. Various sources are used to gather data, including the Maritime Portal, exact Earth AIS, FASA and GFW. This study finds that container ships emitted 13.7 × 106 t of CO2 in 2019, with the transportation sector contributing 3.8% of the total greenhouse gas in 2020. Without regulations, CO2 emissions could increase fourfold by 2050. The study recommends implementing policies such as adopting clean fuels, energy efficiency standards and fuel-related regulations to reduce CO2 emissions by 65–80% by 2050. It also emphasizes the importance of cleaner technologies, regulatory considerations and collaboration, which would have positive implications for coastal ecosystems. This study is beneficial to professionals in the maritime and shipping industries, policy makers, environmental consultants, sustainability specialists, and international organizations.

The Big Picture: An Improved Method for Mapping Shipping Activities

Density maps support a bird’s eye view of vessel traffic, through providing an overview of vessel behavior, either at a regional or global scale in a given timeframe. However, any inaccuracies in the underlying data, due to sensor noise or other factors, evidently lead to erroneous interpretations and misleading visualizations. In this work, we propose a novel algorithmic framework for generating highly accurate density maps of shipping activities, from incomplete data collected by the Automatic Identification System (AIS). The complete framework involves a number of computational steps for (1) cleaning and filtering AIS data, (2) improving the quality of the input dataset (through trajectory reconstruction and satellite image analysis) and (3) computing and visualizing the subsequent vessel traffic as density maps. The framework describes an end-to-end implementation pipeline for a real world system, capable of addressing several of the underlying issues of AIS datasets. Real-world data are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework. These experiments show that our trajectory reconstruction method results in significant improvements up to 15% and 26% for temporal gaps of 3–6 and 6–24 h, respectively, in comparison to the baseline methodology. Additionally, a use case in European waters highlights our capability of detecting “dark vessels”, i.e., vessel positions not present in the AIS data.

Impacts of Ship Emissions on Air Quality in Southern China: Opportunistic Insights from the Abrupt Emission Changes in Early 2020.

In early 2020, two unique events perturbed ship emissions of pollutants around Southern China, proffering insights into the impacts of ship emissions on regional air quality: the decline of ship activities due to COVID-19 and the global enforcement of low-sulfur (<0.5%) fuel oil for ships. In January and February 2020, estimated ship emissions of NOx, SO2, and primary PM2.5 over Southern China dropped by 19, 71, and 58%, respectively, relative to the same period in 2019. The decline of ship NOx emissions was mostly over the coastal waters and inland waterways of Southern China due to reduced ship activities. The decline of ship SO2 and primary PM2.5 emissions was most pronounced outside the Chinese Domestic Emission Control Area due to the switch to low-sulfur fuel oil there. Ship emission reductions in early 2020 drove 16 to 18% decreases in surface NO2 levels but 3.8 to 4.9% increases in surface ozone over Southern China. We estimated that ship emissions contributed 40% of surface NO2 concentrations over Guangdong in winter. Our results indicated that future abatements of ship emissions should be implemented synergistically with reductions of land-borne anthropogenic emissions of nonmethane volatile organic compounds to effectively alleviate regional ozone pollution.

Policy and Implementation of Coral Reef Protection in the Face of the Threat of Foreign Ships

Protection of coral reefs in Indonesia from damage caused by foreign ships is an important issue in preserving the maritime environment. is based on Law Number 27 of 2007 and the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention (UNCLOS 1982) which provides the legal basis for protecting marine ecosystems. Steps to increase coral reef protection include setting up zones that limit ship activities, implementing sanctions and strict fines, development of an effective monitoring system, increasing public awareness about the impacts of foreign vessels, and educating fishermen about sustainable fishing practices. International cooperation is an important aspect in dealing with this problem, with collaboration between Indonesia, neighboring countries, and organizations international. This joint effort aims to preserve coral reefs which are a valuable natural resource for Indonesia. The importance of preserving coral reefs as a crucial ecosystem and valuable natural resource for Indonesia must not be ignored. Protection of coral reefs must be a priority in efforts to preserve the environment in Indonesia for a sustainable future.

Occurrence, distribution and sources of petroleum contamination in reef-associated sediments of the Gulf of Mannar, India

The distribution of saturated hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was assessed in superficial sediment samples collected from Mandapam island groups, Gulf of Mannar, India. The hydrocarbon distribution pattern and the n-alkane indices (e.g., carbon preference index (CPI) and natural n-alkanes ratio (NAR)) were deployed to differentiate between the biogenic and anthropogenic sources. Petroleum pollution was indicated by the pristane/phytane ratio close to 1. Presence of a prominent unresolved complex mixture (UCM) as well as hopane concentrations further supported this assertion. The evaluation of petrogenic sources of contamination were also comprehended by various diagnostic ratios of PAHs. The sites associated with shipping activities, tourism, and located near the mainland and accessible portions of the islands exhibited high petroleum contamination. Correlation analysis underlines the significance of combining petroleum-specific marker compounds and diagnostic ratios to improve the assessment of human influence on marine ecosystems.

Ship emissions reduction via slow steaming without disrupting the logistical supply chain: A case study of the port of Felixstowe

ABSTRACT In this era of global supply chains and just-in-time logistics, the speed with which shipping companies can deliver goods to their customers is an economic competitive advantage. The growth of international trade means more ships and more voyages which will contribute to the increasing global emissions inventory. Nonetheless, developments in ship environmental performance have not matched the increase in shipping activities. Several environmental protection and emissions reduction measures have been identified but are yet to be implemented globally due to technological gaps and their capital-intensiveness. This paper focused on addressing the challenges of applying “slow steaming” as a measure of cutting emissions. It demonstrated that by applying analytical models, the optimal berthing capacity can be defined and that by implementing the model, ships can employ slow steaming to reduce emissions. The paper also proposed a collaboration between port and ship owners/companies where real-time information is exchanged to facilitate access and swift cargo operations at ports so that ships can employ speed reduction techniques during a sail.

Maritime rights, obligations, and liabilities of intelligent ships from the perspective of risk distribution

ABSTRACT The technical energy and economic benefits contained in ship intelligence will drive the maritime industry to continue to develop in this direction. In this process, intelligent ship activities will pose challenges to existing maritime law, and existing maritime law will also affect the development scale of ship intelligence. In the interaction between the two, maritime law should not only conform to the laws of science and technology, but also maintain due restraint and caution. A relatively stable and clear allocation mechanism of rights and liabilities is the key to maintaining maritime legal order. Ship intelligence will bring complex technical risks and maritime disputes, and require corresponding risk distribution liability mechanisms. It is the most important way for maritime law to respond to ship intelligence by clarifying the rights and obligations of different subjects of intelligent ships and determining the relevant liabilities.

Propagation of ship noise in shallow water over a high shear-speed seabed

Assessing the acoustic impact of shipping close to the coast and within ports and harbours requires an understanding of the propagation of underwater sound in these environments. In the Australian context, this often means propagation over seabeds with shear speeds approaching the in-water sound speed, a situation that results in very different propagation conditions to the low shear speed sediments more commonly encountered in other parts of the world. Acoustic propagation modelling approaches were explored using a dataset of continuous underwater recordings featuring a mix of shipping, industrial, and recreational activities, acquired from 23 Jul to 16 Sep 2022 in Cockburn Sound, off the west coast of Australia. Cockburn Sound is a sheltered marine embayment with a relatively uniform water depth of 17–20 m in the 5 km × 11 km central portion of the basin, with a thin, variable thickness (0.5 m–5 m) layer of silty sediments overlying a calcarenite basement. The results of modelling the calcarenite basement as an equivalent fluid were compared to those obtained by modelling it as an elastic solid, and with measurements. Subsequent implications of the choice of geoacoustic model will be discussed

Learning Ship Activity Patterns in Maritime Data Streams: Enhancing CEP Rule Learning by Temporal and Spatial Relations and Domain-Specific Functions

Maritime surveillance systems are of particular importance for the smooth and safe operation of maritime traffic. Such systems must efficiently analyze the continuous stream of incoming ship movement data to provide an up-to-date picture of the situation at sea. Complex Event Processing (CEP) is a software technology dedicated to the analysis of data streams in real time and seems to be promising for maritime surveillance as well. CEP is based on rules that usually have to be formulated manually by domain experts. Recently, several approaches of learning CEP rules have been proposed. However, all these approaches are limited to standard CEP rule languages which are not well suited for describing maritime situations. In this paper, we extend Bat4CEP, an innovative bat-inspired approach to automatic CEP rule learning, to meet the specific needs of the maritime domain. In particular, we extend the rule language of Bat4CEP to include temporal-spatial operators and domain-specific functions. This extended rule language makes it possible to express complex maritime facts in a simple and understandable form. Furthermore, it is shown how the proposed rule language extensions can be integrated into the Bat4CEP learning approach. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated through extensive experiments with real maritime data streams.

Vector acoustic observations of underwater noise energetics over a 24 h period in Puget Sound, Washington, as influenced by ferry and ship traffic

Vector acoustic measurements of underwater noise made continually over a 24-h period within a small bay on the west side of Puget Sound, Washington State are discussed. The bay contains the Washington State ferry landing at Kingston with measurement site approximately 1 km distant from the landing, at water depth 42 m. Periodic, nearby ferry traffic, and episodic large-vessel shipping activity punctuate the observations which will be compared with those made in deeper waters. Potential and kinetic energies in key shipping decidecimal bands are equal within calibration uncertainty; a practical result towards the inference of kinematic properties from pressure-only measurements within inland waters complementing similar results obtained in off shore waters. An important exception exists when the noise field is dominated by a vessel passing directly over the sensor, as was demonstrated by the deployment vessel moving at speed 7.5 knots. Observed near the seafloor, broadband noise emissions from a vessel passing directly above exhibit frequency bands where potential acoustic energy is greater than kinetic energy (and vice versa in neighboring frequency bands). This phenomenon is also examined with a model based on multiple interfering reflections from the seabed, sea surface, and buried sediment layers.

Relevance and potential of the Arctic Sea Routes on the LNG trade

The retreat of the ice around the freezing waters of the Arctic Ocean is opening new waterways where shipping activity could transport commodities between continents. One of the essential products is natural gas - LNG, which is transported in large tankers from exporters to importers. This study aims to explore the dynamics of the LNG trade by using these new tentative routes with conventional sea lanes and estimating the changes in the LNG trade. We utilize Agent-Based Modeling to develop a global LNG model with interactive GIS features, where the agents are the players in the LNG market. The results demonstrate the preponderance of the North-East Passage (NEP, Eurasian Arctic waters) over the North-Western Passage (NWP, the Canadian Arctic) in providing a shortcut connecting Europe with Asia. This passage favors a growing exporter like Russia with exporting facilities in Siberia and future strategic projects to increase liquefaction capacity. The NEP becomes crucial when considering scenarios of a European ban on Russian imports, as European countries are planning due to the crisis with Russia. On the importing side, the Asian Pacific and South Asian importers are the winners with a diverse and shorter LNG supply source. Future Canadian projects may also benefit from these new highways. However, there are also substantial challenges to providing the NEP with the proper infrastructure and systems to make the Polar LNG journeys safe and sound shortly. Beyond that, the Arctic sea corridors may alleviate the high LNG transit through the conventional routes and their chokepoints, but they are not a replacement for the conventional ones, not even with the most favorable conditions.

Influence of ship emissions on PM2.5 in Shanghai: From COVID19 to OMICRON22 lockdown episodes

Air quality has improved significantly in the recent 10 years, but there is still a wide gap compared to the WHO AQG level. The concentration of PM2.5 during OMICRON in 2022 was 21.7 μg m−3, which marked the lowest historical record under the lockdown status of the whole urban area, still exceeding the national Level 1 standard. PMF results have shown that the contributions of ship emissions increased from 2020 to 2022 during the historical OMICRON episodes, with growth rates of 9.7% and 10.7%, respectively. AIS data indicated an overall increase in shipping activities around Shanghai during the OMICRON22-2021 period. The strict control of urban activities during the silent period in 2022 reduced ship activities by 21.0% and 31.8% in the ChongMingMsa and WuSongMsa ranges close to Shanghai, respectively. However, significant growth was observed in the sea regions of ShanghaiMsa and ZhouShan-NingBoMsa, with growth rates of 44.2% and 33.7%, respectively. The total number of anchored ships in the sea region of YangShanGangMsa increased by 56.7%. CWT analysis indicated that the lockdown measures only changed the distributions of the ship emissions. More forceful measures for the reductions of the ship emissions should be considered.

Marine Non-Indigenous Species Dynamics in Time and Space within the Coastal Waters of the Republic of Ireland

Documenting temporal and spatial occurrence trends of Non-Indigenous Species (NIS) is essential to understand vectors and pathways of introduction, and for horizon scanning for future introductions. This study provides an overview of marine NIS found in the Republic of Ireland up to 2020. Taxonomic groups, species origin, and location of first reporting (counties) were compiled and analysed focusing on the last three decades. While the unambiguous characterisation of introduction events is challenging, analysis of 110 species corroborated the global weight of evidence that shipping activities to/from ports and marinas are the most likely vectors and pathways in Ireland. A comparable review study for the Netherlands revealed that most NIS were first introduced to mainland Europe and subsequently would take on average &gt;15 years to reach Ireland. In the last two decades there has been an increase in NIS-focused surveys in Ireland. Incorporating data from these surveys in centralized national repositories such as the National Biodiversity Data Centre, will strongly aid the evaluation of potential NIS management responses. Furthermore, the availability of robust baseline data as well as predictions of future invaders and their associated vectors and pathways will facilitate the effective application of emerging monitoring technologies such as DNA-based approaches.