Shell Surface Research Articles

Sem analysis of new bio-nanoadsorbents synthesized based on hazelnut shell and magnetite nanoparticles

A research study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a newly synthesized bionanoadsorbent in removing oil from wastewater. Shirvan oil was used in our experiment to extract oil from the aquatic environment as part of our research work. The hazelnut shell was used as a bioadsorbent to remove Shirvan oil from water experimentally. In our research work, the synthesis process of a bio-nanoadsorbent incorporating Fe3O4 nanoparticles was carried out to enhance the efficiency of the bioadsorbent and its adsorption capabilities. To test the adsorption assay for the synthesized biosorbent and bionanoadsorbent, the optimal adsorption time, optimal temperature, and pH were determined. The optimal adsorption time was determined to be 30 minutes for the biosorbent and 12 minutes for the bio-nanoadsorbent (61.25% and 92.5%). SEM analysis of bio-nanoadsorbents synthesized from hazelnut shells and hazelnut shell-Fe3O4 nanoparticles revealed that the Fe3O4 nanoparticles wholly covered the surface of the hazelnut shells. It was also determined that the agglomeration of Fe3O4 nanoparticles inside hazelnut shells is due to the monodisperse and homogeneous distribution of nanoparticles.

Effect of microwave pasteurization on bacterial quality of table eggs during refrigerator storage

Experiments were carried out at the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, during the period from October 26th 2023 to December 20th 2023, to study the effect of pasteurizing treatments of shell table egg using traditional Microwave oven on its quality characteristics during Zero, 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of refrigerator storage. A total of 120 fresh table eggs (White shell eggs) were collected from 20000 Luhman layer hens flock at Al-Amir project commercial farm, Al-Musaib city. These eggs were divided into 4 treatment of microwave pasteurization treatments which were Zero, 10, 20, and 30 sec. Results revealed that the numbers of total bacteria and total coliform on the surface of table egg shells is affected by pasteurization with a microwave immediately after treatment (Zero time), the lowest number was for treatment with pasteurization for 30 seconds, and the number of bacteria was in pasteurization treatments were significantly lower compared to the control treatment. As the storage period progressed, the number of total bacteria on the surface of the shell continued to decrease significantly from the control treatment. This was also the case after storage for 2, 4, and 8 weeks, the two pasteurization treatments for 20 seconds and 30 seconds recorded the lowest values. In conclusion, microwave pasteurization of table egg is very imported to extending shelf life of table eggs during refrigerator storage.

Taxonomic revision of the land snail genus Perpolita (Gastrodontidae: Gastropoda)

Using an integrative approach considering nuclear and mitochondrial molecular phylogeny, shell morphology, expressed ecological niches and biogeography, we revise the taxonomy and nomenclature within the Holarctic land snail genus Perpolita (Gastrodontidae; Gastropoda). All supported taxa were found to be not only genetically distinct but also to possess diagnostic conchology, especially in terms of colour and the strength of microsculptural spiral grooves (‘sillons’) cut into the bottom shell surface. Our revision resulted in: (i) synonymization of Perpolita suzannae into P. dalliana; (ii) erection of Lapa gen. nov. to encompass species limited to tropical/subtropical habitats in the Caribbean basin; (iii) elevation of Perpolita radiatella to a full species, ranging from Continental Europe to the Yukon. It had previously been confused with both P. electrina and P. hammonis; (iv) erection of Perpolita radiatella hesperia subsp. nov. to designate a distinct genetic race ranging from the Altai Mountains to central Europe. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:3FFD4B50-1CD2-4C1C-A27C-F20C9EA7534C

Full shell surface coupling along a line with non-conforming meshes

Abstract In intricate, large-scale metal structures, the modelling efficiency and flexibility are substantially limited by the requirements of finite element size, shape, edge orientation compliance and nodal alignment throughout the domain. Such limitations often necessitate the use of complex transitional meshes in intersection regions of plated components, thereby resulting in complex global mesh configurations and significantly increased computational demands. Within this backdrop, this paper presents an original and systematic methodology for translational and rotational coupling of thin plate and shell surfaces along an arbitrary 1D interface, which provides a systematic framework for: (i) geometric modelling of weld lines; (ii) coupling of regions with different mesh densities or element types within a system; and (iii) domain partitioning problems with computationally heterogeneous partitions. The methodology is based upon novel coupling element formulations, which employ principles of the mortar method for interface discretisation and an augmented Lagrangian Multiplier approach for constraint enforcement, and have been implemented for application with co-rotational Reissner–Mindlin shell elements. A series of numerical examples demonstrates the accuracy, versatility, and substantial computational and practical benefits of the developed framework for surface coupling along a line in large-scale metal structures.

Influence of Ni60-WC Bionic Unit on the Wear Performance of 20CrMnTi Steel Prepared via Laser Cladding

In recent years, the field of bionic engineering has advanced at a remarkable pace. Numerous engineering challenges have been addressed through inspiration drawn from biological organisms in nature. In this paper, laser cladding was employed to fabricate a bionic unit inspired by the radial ribs of the bivalve shell surface morphology on 20CrMnTi steel, with the aim of enhancing its wear performance. The metallic powder used in the experiments was prepared by blending Ni60 alloy powder with tungsten carbide (WC) in a predetermined ratio. The WC content was maintained within a mass percentage range of 15% to 60% in the composite powder system. The microstructure and properties of the bionic unit were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and a hardness tester, while its dry sliding wear resistance was evaluated using a block-on-ring tribometer. The influence of the WC content on the microstructure, hardness, surface roughness, and wear performance of the bionic unit was investigated. The experimental results revealed that the bionic unit exhibited a dual microstructure comprising equiaxed crystals and fine dendritic structures. The incorporation of WC induced pronounced grain refinement, while the dispersed WC particles formed effective metallurgical bonding with the Ni-substrate. A positive correlation was observed between the WC content and hardness, with peak hardness reaching 1008 HV0.2 at 60% WC. Tribological analysis demonstrated a wear mechanism transition from dominant abrasive wear to a hybrid abrasive–adhesive wear. The wear volume of the bionic unit decreased with increasing WC content, and the extent of damage was reduced.

Effects of pumpkin leaf (Telferia occidentalis) and scent leaf (Ocimum grattisimum) meal additives on external and internal egg characteristics of laying chickens

Telferia occidentalis (fluted pumpkin leaf) and Ocimum gratissimum (scent leaf) meals were added as additives in the diets of laying chickens to assess the external and internal characteristics of the eggs. A total of 420 Isa-brown point-of-lay pullets were randomly allocated in a completely randomized design to seven dietary treatments (T1 - T7). T1 served as the control diet with no inclusion of test ingredients; pumpkin leaf meal (PLM) and scent leaf meal (SLM). In other treatments or diets, PLM and SLM were included per 100kg feed as follows; T2 250g PLM, T3 250g SLM, T4 500g PLM, T5 500g SLM, T6 250gPLM+250gSLM, and T7 500g PLM+500g SLM. Data were collected on egg production in three phases (cycles) of egg laying. Phase one was marked as egg production period during which the birds were between 18 and 28 weeks old, phase two spanned from 28 to 38 weeks old, while phase three covered the laying periods from 38 to 48 weeks old. At the end of each laying cycle, four eggs were taken per replicate per treatment for assessment of internal and external characteristics. Egg weight, egg width, egg shell surface area and shell thickness were significantly (P>0.05) low in the control eggs in all laying cycles. Yolk weight was highest (P<0.05) in T5 (12.97g) in the first laying cycle. Yolk heights were only significant (P<0.05) in second and third cycles and respectively highest in T6 19.17 and T1 (19.47mm). Albumin height was significantly affectected only in the third cycle and was highest in the control eggs (11.73mm). In cycle one, Haugh unit was significantly highest in T4 (108.57) while in cycles 2 and 3 it was highest in T3 (181.99 and 181.54 respectively). In conclusion, the eggs from laying birds fed supplemented diets had improved external and internal qualities as compared to those from control group especially at the second and third laying cycles. These results suggest that Telferia occidentalis and Ocimum gratissimum can be used as natural alternatives to the imported synthetic antibiotics in the diets of laying chickens. This might in addition to saving foreign exchange in Nigeria since antibiotics and other poultry drugs are imported, will also enhance the quality of eggs consumed.

The earliest cowries: the origin of cypraeoid gastropods

Cowries, the family Cypraeidae, form a diverse and conspicuous group of gastropods living in tropical to subtropical seas. Their shell is convolute (last whorl covers all previous ones) with a narrow, slit-like siphonate aperture bearing denticles (“teeth”). When extended, a large part of their shell surface is covered by a soft fleshy mantle. The earliest cowries were reported from the Upper Jurassic of Sicily: Cypraea tithonica and Cypraea gemmellaroi. Subsequently, these species had been assigned to various cypraeid genera. Examination of the type material of Cypraea tithonica re- veals that this species represents a new genus: Coffeacypraea Nützel & Schneider. Cypraea gemmellaroi also belongs to this new genus and is potentially synonymous with Coffeacypraea tithonica. The Upper Jurassic caenogastropod genera Colombellina and Zittelia (family Colombellinidae) also have narrowly elongated siphonate apertures and are closely related to Cypraeidae but their shells are not convolute. The origination of Cypraeidae and Colombellinidae contributed considerably to the Mesozoic–Cenozoic caenogastropod radiation.

Оценка параметров модели подводного аппарата на основе расчета характеристик рассеяния нестационарного сигнала

The results of a numerical solution of the problem of scattering an unsteady sound signal on a finite isotropic cylindrical shell located in an infinite liquid medium are obtained. The shell has hemispherical tips and is considered as a model of the hull of an uninhabited underwater vehicle. Incident pulses from a rectangular envelope and frequency-modulated pulse signals at different angles of the model location are considered. The solution of the problem involves decomposing the Fourier images of the pressures and potentials of the shell material into series according to the eigenfunctions of the Helmholtz equation for a given surface shape. Using the spectrum of the scattered signal in the frequency band, the shape and duration of the scattered pulse are found. To calculate the latter, the values of the angular scattering characteristics of stationary sound were used, obtained based on the numerical solution of the boundary integral equation at nodal points on the shell surface. The temporal and spectral scattering characteristics for different shell thicknesses and materials for the reverse, specular, and shadow directions are calculated and analyzed.

First Record of Cyst Nematode (Heterodera filipjevi) on Wheat in Shaanxi Province of China.

The cyst nematode pathogens can cause a yield loss of 30-50% via stunting root growth on grains (Bonfil et al. 2004). Heterodera avenae, H. filipjevi, and H. latipons are identified as the most economically influential and harmful species on wheat (Toumi et al. 2016). H. filipjevi was first detected in Henan Province in 2010, and had subsequently spread to many provinces (Peng et al. 2010; Peng et al. 2016; Cui et al. 2021). In May 2022, wheat plants showing yellowing and premature senescence were observed in different wheat planting areas throughout Shaanxi Province. Nine soil samples were collected from Pucheng County (34°94'32"N, 109°57'23"E) of Shaanxi Province. Among them, six soil samples were detected to have cysts via the sieving-decanting method with an average cyst population density of 10.6 cysts per 100 cubic centimeters of soil. The cysts and second-stage juveniles (J2s) were identified based on both morphological and molecular identification. Morphologically, the cysts are lemon shaped, with a protruding vulval cone. The shell surface had a Z-shaped pattern and covered with a white subgrain layer. The cone of the vulva is bifenestrate in horseshoe-shape. Underbridge exists and is well-developed. The measurements of the cysts (n=16) as follows: body length 670.24 ± 60.67 (593.43 to 778.42) μm; body width 479.03 ± 54.51 (355.91 to 567.52) μm; length/width ratio 1.41 ± 0.16 (1.20 to 1.72); fenestra length 52.30 ± 4.32 (46.82 to 59.13) μm; fenestra width 27.59 ± 3.39 (22.42 to 34.91) μm; vulval slit length 9.17 ± 0.47 (8.69 to 10.37) μm. J2s measurements (n=15) as follow: body length 522.46 ± 24.18 (482.54 to 572.23) μm; body width 26.47 ± 3.08 (22.21 to 30.16) μm; stylet length 23.42 ± 3.24 (16.48 to 29.11) μm. These morphological characteristics and morphometrics are consistent with those of H. filipjevi (Peng et al. 2010). The DNA of single cyst was extracted with four replicates (Shao et al. 2022). The COI fragment sequence was amplified with the specific primers (HfF9/HafR8) according to Niu's research (Niu et al. 2016). The identities of amplification fragments (Genbank PQ650771, PQ650772 and PQ650773) are 98.77%, 99.08% and 98.77% matching the published sequences of H. filipjevi (MG523031.1 and MK093059.1), respectively. We also used the RAPD species-specific primers of H. filipjevi (HfF1/HfR1) to acquire 647bp sequences (Genbank PV165784, PV165785 and PV165786) which have 99.54%, 99.38% and 99.38%identities with published H. filipjevi sequence (KC529338.1) (Peng et al. 2013). Pathogenicity was confirmed by infecting wheat (Triticum aestivum 'Weilong 169'). The eggs of the cyst nematode population hatched at 15℃, and the emerged J2s were used for potted wheat inoculating in greenhouse under 18-24℃. Nine plants in three pots were inoculated and three plants in one pot remained served as the uninoculated control, the inoculum was 800 J2s per pot. After three months, an average of 15.7 cysts were detected from each of the inoculated plants, and the cysts were identified as H. filipjevi via molecular characteristics. To our knowledge, this is the first report of H. filipjevi in shaanxi. As Shaanxi is an important part of the Huang-Huai-Hai wheat region in China, where its occurrence should be attached great importance.

C─S Bonds Modulated Nanointerface Tension to Create Stable Magnetic Hollow Nanocarbons for Efficient Microplastics Capture

AbstractMicroplastic pollution poses significant threats to aquatic ecosystems and human health. Hollow nanomaterials are promising adsorbents for microplastics remediation due to their tailorable architectures, functions, and large contact area. Nevertheless, the structural stability of well‐defined nanostructures has always been a critical factor, and understanding the stability principle is desired. Herein, we fabricated magnetic hollow nanocarbons as “nano‐analytical tool”, revealing that the stability is related to additional pressure caused by nanointerface tension at curved carbon shell surface. To mitigate this, we introduced C─S bonds by sulfurizing carbon matrix, suppressing the condensation of oxygen‐containing groups and thereby reducing interface tension. As a showcase, the stable hollow Fe3O4@C/S enabled rapid and efficient microplastics capture (100% within 10 s, 53 600 mg g−1 capacity) under an alternating magnetic field, owing to the magnetically accelerated mass transfer and increased contact area. Additionally, sulfur modification broadens applicability range where carbon surface is oppositely charged to microplastics, expanding the universality in capturing multiple types of microplastics, even under challenging conditions including different pH and salinities. This work offers guidance into the precise synthesis of hollow nanomaterials from nanointerface perspective. The design principles involving sulfur modification and high‐contact area may open prospects for high‐capacity microplastics capture in complex aquatic environments.

C-S Bonds Modulated Nanointerface Tension to Create Stable Magnetic Hollow Nanocarbons for Efficient Microplastics Capture.

Microplastic pollution poses significant threats to aquatic ecosystems and human health. Hollow nanomaterials are promising adsorbents for microplastics remediation due to their tailorable architectures, functions, and large contact area. Nevertheless, the structural stability of well-defined nanostructures has always been a critical factor, and understanding the stability principle is desired. Herein, we fabricated magnetic hollow nanocarbons as "nano-analytical tool", revealing that the stability is related to additional pressure caused by nanointerface tension at curved carbon shell surface. To mitigate this, we introduced C-S bonds by sulfurizing carbon matrix, suppressing the condensation of oxygen-containing groups and thereby reducing interface tension. As a showcase, the stable hollow Fe3O4@C/S enabled rapid and efficient microplastics capture (100% within 10 seconds, 53600 mg/g capacity) under an alternating magnetic field, owing to the magnetically accelerated mass transfer and increased contact area. Additionally, sulfur modification broadens applicability range where carbon surface is oppositely charged to microplastics, expanding the universality in capturing multiple types of microplastics, even under challenging conditions including different pH and salinities. This work offers guidance into the precisely synthesis of hollow nanomaterials from nanointerface perspective. The design principles involving sulfur modification and high-contact area may open prospects for high-capacity microplastics capture in complex aquatic environments.

Evaluation of Aspergillus oryzae as a Surrogate of Aspergillus flavus and Radiofrequency Dielectric Heating to Control Aspergillus Mold in Inshell Hazelnuts.

This study evaluated the thermal inactivation properties of Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) and Aspergillus oryzae (A. oryzae) in hazelnut kernels and shells to assess the suitability of using A. oryzae as a surrogate and explored the potential of radiofrequency (RF) dielectric heating to control Aspergillus mold. Both molds exhibited similar heat sensitivities at 45, 55, and 65°C, achieving complete inactivation at 65°C without holding time, though resistance persisted at 45°C even with prolonged heating. Notably, A. flavus was 5°C more heat-resistant and more sensitive to holding time compared with A. oryzae. The critical inactivation temperature was 55°C for A. oryzae and 60°C for A. flavus. At 50°C, A. oryzae displayed comparable thermal resistance in hazelnut shell and kernel powders, but its behavior diverged at 55°C. While A. oryzae reduction was observed in shells during inoculation, no reduction occurred in kernels. RF heating achieved a 0.48-log reduction in A. oryzae in inoculated in-shell hazelnuts when the kernel temperature reached 70°C, increasing to a 0.81-log reduction when the shell temperature reached 65°C. The incomplete inactivation on the shell surface might be attributed to the low moisture content and poor thermal conductivity of the shells. Lipid oxidation of RF-heated kernels was evaluated by fatty acid content and K values, and no significant differences were observed from the unheated samples. These findings highlight the potential of using A. oryzae as a surrogate of A. flavus and RF heating to inactivate Aspergillus to ensure hazelnut safety and prevent lipid deterioration.

Bacterial microcompartment architectures as biomaterials for conversion of gaseous substrates.

Bacterial microcompartment architectures as biomaterials for conversion of gaseous substrates.

Research on frequency trimming of uncoated micro hemispherical resonator using ion beam etching

Abstract The fused micro hemispherical resonator gyroscope (MHRG) possesses notable advantages such as a high quality factor and excellent structural symmetry, making it one of the most precise micro electromechanical system (MEMS) gyroscopes available today. Frequency split is a critical factor affecting the performance of the MHRG. Due to material defects and manufacturing errors, the initial frequency split of the MHRG is relatively large, necessitating trimming techniques to reduce frequency splitting and enhance gyroscope performance. Therefore, low-damage and high-precision frequency trimming is an effective mean to improve gyroscope performance. This paper proposes a frequency split trimming technology for uncoated micro hemispherical resonator structures based on ion beam etching. Through theoretical and simulation analysis, the influence of the shell surface trimming model on the frequency splitting of the resonator structure is examined. For detecting frequency splitting in uncoated micro hemispherical resonator, a planar interdigital electrode testing system is established to accurately identify the magnitude of frequency split and the direction of the rigid axis. Finally, an ion beam trimming experiment is designed, The experiments achieved frequency splits below 100 mHz for uncoated resonator and below 50 mHz for coated resonator. These results experimentally validate the accuracy of the trimming model., thereby effectively enhancing the performance of the micro hemispherical resonator gyroscope.

Method for Maintaining Technical Condition of Marine Diesel Engine Bearings

The aim of the research was to determine the impact of antifriction coatings on the technical condition of marine diesel engine bearings. Various epilams were used as antifriction coatings, with a thin layer applied to the surfaces of the bearings of the marine diesel engines 12V32/40 MAN-Diesel&Turbo. The thickness of the epilam coating adsorbed on the metal surface was controlled by ellipsometry. It was found that the thickness of the epilam layer on the surfaces of marine diesel engine bearings could reach 11.2 nm to 17.0 nm. The adsorption time required does not exceed 10 min. It was shown that the epilam nanolayer applied to the metal surface led to an increase in the structural characteristics of the oil boundary layer (thickness: from 12.3 µm to 15.2–18.3 µm; contact angles: from 10.2 deg to 15.8–17.4 deg). It was experimentally confirmed that the epilam coating of bearing surfaces significantly reduced their wear. For the 12V32/40 MAN-Diesel&Turbo marine diesel engine, in the case of epilaminating, the wear of the bearing shell surface was reduced by 6.1–27.6%, with the greatest reduction in wear occurring for the stern (most loaded) bearings. This helped to maintain the technical condition of the bearings of marine diesel engines.

Multimodal Finger-Shaped Tactile Sensor for Multi-Directional Force and Material Identification.

Multimodal tactile perception is crucial for advancing human-computer interaction, but real-time multidimensional force detection and material identification remain challenging. Here, a finger-shaped tactile sensor (FTS) based on the triboelectric effect is proposed, capable of multidirectional force sensing and material identification. The FTS is composed of an external material identification section and an internal force sensing section. Three materials are embedded into the surface of the silicone shell in the fingerpad, forming single-electrode sensors for material identification. In the force sensing section, the silicone shell's outer surface is coated with conductive silver paste as a shielding layer. The inner wall has four silicone microneedle arrays and a silicone bump, while five silver electrodes are coated on the internal polylactic acid skeleton. The components connect via interlocking structures near the fingernail, allowing localized contact and separation between the silicone shell and skeleton, enabling force direction detection through signals from the five electrodes. Additionally, the outer sensors achieve 98.33% accuracy in recognizing 12 materials. Furthermore, integrated into a robotic hand, the FTS enables real-time material identification and force detection in an intelligent sorting environment. This research holds great potential for applications in tactile perception for intelligent robotics.

An Air-Operated, High-Performance Fe-Ion Secondary Battery Using Acidic Electrolyte.

Fe2+ have emerged as the ideal charge carriers to construct aqueous batteries as one of the most competitive candidates for next-generation low-cost and safe energy storage. Unfortunately, the fast oxidation of Fe2+ into Fe3+ at ambient conditions inevitably requires the assembly process of the cells in an oxygen-free glovebox. Up to date, direct air assembly of aqueous Fe-ion battery remains very desirable yet highly challenge. Here oxidation of Fe2+ is found at ambient condition and is completely inhibited in an acidic electrolyte. A proton/O2 competitive mechanism in the acidic electrolyte is revealed with reduced coordinated O2 in the Fe2+ solvated shell for this unexpected finding. Based on this surprise, for the first time, air-operated assembly of iron-ion batteries is realized. Meanwhile, it is found that the acidic environment induces the in situ growth of active α-FeOOH derivate on the VOPO4·2H2O surface. Strikingly, the acidic electrolyte enables an air-operated Fe-ion battery with a high specific capacity of 192 mAh g-1 and ultrastable cycling stability over 1300 cycles at 0.1 A g-1. This work makes a break through on the air-assembly of Fe-ion battery without oxygen-free glovebox. It also reveals previously unknown proton/O2 competitive mechanisms in the Fe2+ solvated shell and cathode surface chemistry for aqueous Fe2+ storage.

Surface quantification of the wood-abrasive shell regions of the shipworm Teredo navalis indicates functional differentiation

Wood-boring shipworms are notorious for their destructive activity, using specialized calcareous valves with denticulate surface ornamentations to bore into wood. While the general morphology of shipworm shells has been well-studied, detailed quantitative analyses of their surface morphometrics and topography have not been undertaken. This exploratory study examined the structural details of the shell surfaces of the shipworm Teredo navalis, focusing on two anterior shell regions involved in wood abrasion: the anterior lobe (AL) and anterior median lobe (AmL). Using 2D and 3D imaging, the ornament morphology and surface topography were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The findings revealed distinct differences in the shape and size of ornamentation between the two shell regions, supporting their functional specialization. Topographic analyses reflected peak-dominated and less abrupt surface textures on the AL, exhibiting considerably greater surface roughness than the valley-dominated surface with steeper peaks on the AmL. These differences indicate functional specialization. The AL resembles a serrated file tool, while the AmL functions as a rasp-like tool, highlighting their roles in different stages of the wood-boring process.

Effect of microwave pasteurization on bacterial quality of table eggs during refrigerator storage

Experiments were carried out at the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, during the period from October 26th 2023 to December 20th 2023, to study the effect of pasteurizing treatments of shell table egg using traditional Microwave oven on its quality characteristics during Zero, 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of refrigerator storage. A total of 120 fresh table eggs (White shell eggs) were collected from 20000 Luhman layer hens flock at Al-Amir project commercial farm, Al-Musaib city. These eggs were divided into 4 treatment of microwave pasteurization treatments which were Zero, 10, 20, and 30 sec. Results revealed that the numbers of total bacteria and total coliform on the surface of table egg shells is affected by pasteurization with a microwave immediately after treatment (Zero time), the lowest number was for treatment with pasteurization for 30 seconds, and the number of bacteria was in pasteurization treatments were significantly lower compared to the control treatment. As the storage period progressed, the number of total bacteria on the surface of the shell continued to decrease significantly from the control treatment. This was also the case after storage for 2, 4, and 8 weeks, the two pasteurization treatments for 20 seconds and 30 seconds recorded the lowest values. In conclusion, microwave pasteurization of table egg is very imported to extending shelf life of table eggs during refrigerator storage.

Effect of microwave pasteurization on bacterial quality of table eggs during refrigerator storage

Experiments were carried out at the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, during the period from October 26th 2023 to December 20th 2023, to study the effect of pasteurizing treatments of shell table egg using traditional Microwave oven on its quality characteristics during Zero, 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of refrigerator storage. A total of 120 fresh table eggs (White shell eggs) were collected from 20000 Luhman layer hens flock at Al-Amir project commercial farm, Al-Musaib city. These eggs were divided into 4 treatment of microwave pasteurization treatments which were Zero, 10, 20, and 30 sec. Results revealed that the numbers of total bacteria and total coliform on the surface of table egg shells is affected by pasteurization with a microwave immediately after treatment (Zero time), the lowest number was for treatment with pasteurization for 30 seconds, and the number of bacteria was in pasteurization treatments were significantly lower compared to the control treatment. As the storage period progressed, the number of total bacteria on the surface of the shell continued to decrease significantly from the control treatment. This was also the case after storage for 2, 4, and 8 weeks, the two pasteurization treatments for 20 seconds and 30 seconds recorded the lowest values. In conclusion, microwave pasteurization of table egg is very imported to extending shelf life of table eggs during refrigerator storage.