Understanding how environmental gradients influence bivalve shell characteristics is essential for developing ecological knowledge, strengthening consumer preferences, and increasing market value. This study employed geometric morphometrics and digital color profiling to assess the impact of cultivation sites (Khurushkul, Moheshkhali, and Chowfaldandi) and depths (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 m) in raft-based mariculture on the shell morphology and coloration of the green mussel Perna viridis along the southeastern coast of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. At each site, a total of 150 mussels were collected directly from raft-culture socks, with 50 individuals sampled from each of the three depths, resulting in a total sample size of 450 mussels. Morphometric variation was assessed by geometric techniques, and coloring was measured using RGB, HSV, and CIELAB models under standardized imaging conditions. Environmental and trophic conditions varied across sites and depths, producing distinct phenotypic patterns in mussels. Khurushkul individuals were more elongated with the most saturated and brilliant green hues of coloration, Chowfaldandi mussels were compact and appeared pale and chalky in color, and Moheshkhali populations showed intermediate traits. Multivariate analyses supported strong spatial separation with >90 % classification accuracy. Depth gradients further shaped morphology and color: shallow mussels were larger and greener, mid-depth individuals exhibited a more vivid brownish tone, and deeper mussels were smaller, dorsally compressed, and weakly pigmented, reflecting reduced light, food availability, and hydrodynamic differences. These findings indicate that site-specific hydrographic conditions, associated food availability, and vertical gradients collectively shaped mussel phenotype, underscoring the adaptive plasticity of P. viridis to local ecological conditions. These findings also provide compelling evidence that P. viridis exhibits pronounced adaptive plasticity, enabling its phenotype to mirror localized ecological conditions. Ecologically, the study demonstrates that shell traits serve as sensitive integrators of environmental variability, making them powerful bioindicators for detecting habitat quality, trophic shifts, and environmental stress in tropical coastal systems. From a practical perspective, the phenotypic indicators identified in this study can inform site selection, optimize culture depth, and improve broodstock and farming management for green mussel mariculture. Overall, the study provides a framework for integrating shell-based phenotypic traits into aquaculture planning and coastal environmental monitoring in the Bay of Bengal region.

Allometric shell scaling drives body size-dependent shifts in preference and performance in a hermit crab.

From morphology to nanoscale chemistry: resolving drivers of shell alteration in marine gastropods.

Abstract BACKGROUND This work investigated the synthesis of TiO 2 ‐P25/polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposites, denoted as PANI– TiO 2 , via chemical oxidative polymerization under different aniline:H + molar ratios, and evaluated their performance in heterogeneous photocatalysis (HP). Although this parameter is directly related to PANI properties, it has been insufficiently explored in the literature. Therefore, the aniline concentration was fixed while two conventional HCl concentrations (0.1 and 1.0 mol L −1 ) were employed. RESULTS Significant differences were observed in both PANI and PANI–TiO 2 synthesized under distinct aniline:H + ratios. Spectroscopic characterization revealed that PANI synthesized in 0.1 mol L −1 HCl exhibited more oligomeric structures, lower oxidation degree, and reduced electrical conductivity. The incorporation of TiO 2 ‐P25 promoted stabilization of quinoid segments in PANI, induced a core–shell morphology, and shortened the synthesis time. The composites synthesized in 1.0 mol L −1 HCl exhibited improved dispersion in water, an important characteristic for HP applications. Photocatalytic experiments demonstrated that TiO 2 ‐P25, a benchmark and challenging catalyst for visible‐light sensitization, exhibited photosensitization by PANI under both visible and UV irradiation. Under visible‐light irradiation, the TP20HA sample, synthesized in 1.0 mol L −1 HCl, achieved approximately 35% sulfamethoxazole (antibiotic) removal after 120 min. Under UV irradiation, the same sample exhibited an apparent rate constant approximately 18% higher than that of TiO 2 ‐P25. CONCLUSION The photosensitization of TiO 2 ‐P25 depended on nanocomposite characteristics and HP experimental parameters, including the spectral range of incident radiation, color, and pH of the contaminant solution. The results demonstrated that the aniline:H + ratio strongly influenced the physicochemical properties and photocatalytic performance of the obtained materials. © 2026 The Author(s). Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

This study investigates the structural, optical, morphological, magnetic, and photocatalytic properties of Fe3O4/TiO2 nanocomposites (FeT NCs), synthesized through a modified sol-gel method for the photodegradation of Reactive Yellow 145 (RY145). Characterization of FeT NCs (PL, XRD, FTIR, VSM, DRUV-Vis, DLS, Zeta potential, XPS, BET, SEM, TEM, TGA) revealed that Fe3O4 incorporation into TiO2 enhances charge separation, suppresses electron–hole recombination through Ti–O–Fe linkages, and improves photocatalytic efficiency. The calcined 0.025FeT3 exhibited high crystallinity with dominant anatase TiO2 and no rutile transition. SEM and TEM revealed a core–shell morphology with Fe3O4 cores encapsulated by TiO2, while aggregation was minimized by synthesis conditions. Optimal photocatalytic performance (84.51% % RY145 removal at neutral pH) was achieved using 1 mg mL-1 0.025FeT3 following pseudo-first-order kinetics. The Langmuir–Hinshelwood model yielded rate and equilibrium constants of 2.80 mg.L-1 min-1 and 2.42 L mg-1, respectively. Mechanistic and scavenging experiments indicated that photogenerated holes and •OH radicals dominated the degradation process. The FeT catalyst maintained high stability over six cycles. Magnetic measurements showed soft magnetic behavior with low coercivity and remanence, favoring easy recovery. The reduced bandgap (2.62 eV) facilitated visible-light activation, while BET analysis confirmed a mesoporous structure with high surface area. XPS verified the oxidation states of Fe and Ti, and HPLC confirmed RY145 decomposition via azo bond cleavage and oxidation to carboxylic acids, demonstrating efficient and sustainable photocatalytic activity. 0.025FeT3 demonstrated efficient, stable, and magnetically retrievable photocatalytic activity under visible light, highlighting its potential for sustainable treatment of textile wastewater. To optimize the batch experimental data, a novel ML-driven predictive framework was tested to model and map the relationships between the selected optimization parameters (FeT contents, FeT dose, reaction time), to predict RY145 photodegradation efficiency, and to identify the optimal operating window for improved photocatalytic performance (using three regression measures R2, MAE, and RMSE). The CNN models outperformed with a predicted accuracy and R2 value of 0.91. Based on the results, ML-based evaluation outperformed manual optimization and traditional statistical methods, delivering a more efficient and reliable way for process optimization.

ABSTRACTAccurate species delimitation underpins freshwater biodiversity assessment and conservation, yet taxonomic uncertainty remains a major impediment for many invertebrate groups. Velesunioninae (Unionida; Hyriidae) constitutes the most diverse group of Australian freshwater mussels but is poorly documented in the Kimberley and Pilbara regions of north‐western Australia, where only three species have been reported across an area spanning ~930,000 km2. These distributions have historically been inferred from shell morphology, despite evidence that shell characters can overlap among species and that genetic data have identified species complexes elsewhere in Australia. Here we integrate genetic and morphological data to test for the presence of undescribed species within Velesunioninae collected from five drainages across north‐western Australia. Phylogenetic analyses of multi‐locus molecular data (COI, 16S, 28S and 18S) identified five discrete lineages, including one described species (Lortiella froggatti), one previously recognised undescribed lineage (Velesunio ‘sp. Lineage A’) and three previously unknown lineages. Except for L. froggatti which displayed a distinct shell morphology, morphological characters were unreliable in distinguishing Velesunio lineages. Velesunio ‘sp. Lineage A’ and L. froggatti were identified across large geographic distances (1320 km and 550 km, respectively), while the three novel Velesunio lineages showed more restricted distributions. Overall, our results suggest that the apparently widespread morpho‐species previously reported from north‐western Australia may instead comprise complexes of both broadly distributed and geographically restricted undescribed taxa. Further targeted genetic surveys will be necessary to clarify species distributions and support conservation management of freshwater mussels in a region increasingly affected by water extraction and mineral development.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the crashworthiness performance of bio-inspired circular multi-cell tubes with graded wall heights and different feder arrangements for automotive safety applications. Inspired by the morphology of turtle shells, the study aims to maximize energy absorption (EA) and specific energy absorption (SEA) while minimizing peak crash force (PCF) to enhance passenger safety. It seeks to determine the optimal geometric parameters of lightweight PLA + structures produced via 3D printing technology to achieve superior impact resistance. Design/methodology/approach Energy-absorbing tubes were manufactured using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) with sustainable PLA + filament. A Taguchi L9 orthogonal array experimental design was used to minimize the number of experiments. The study analyzed four control parameters: number of feders, side-by-side feder arrangement, height difference between inner/outer cylinders and tube thickness. Quasi-static axial compression tests were conducted to evaluate deformation behavior. Performance indicators, including SEA, EA, PCF and Crash Force Efficiency (CFE), were analysed using Signal-to-Noise (S/N) ratios to determine optimal geometric configurations. Findings Results indicate that tube thickness and side-by-side feder arrangement significantly influence total EA and CFE. The graded height design successfully controlled initial deformation stages. Taguchi analysis identified the F6S3T2H2 configuration as optimal for maximum energy dissipation capacity. Conversely, the F4S1T1H6 design demonstrated the lowest PCF, offering a smoother crushing behavior beneficial for reducing deceleration risks. Increasing the number of side-by-side feders improved structural stability and CFE significantly, while single-feder designs exhibited lower performance due to crack propagation during crushing. Originality/value This paper presents a novel energy absorber design combining turtle-shell-inspired morphology with graded height differences and specific feder arrangements. It uniquely applies the Taguchi method to optimize these geometric parameters for PLA + structures produced via FDM. The study provides valuable experimental data on the crashworthiness of graded multi-cell structures, offering a lightweight solution for enhancing passive safety systems in the automotive industry. It specifically highlights the critical role of feder arrangement in maintaining structural integrity under load.

ABSTRACT This study presents a taphonomic analysis of freshwater bivalve shells from a mass accumulation at the Isla El Disparito archaeological site, located in the Iberá Wetlands of northeastern Argentina. The main objectives were to characterise taphonomic features and assess differences in ecology, size, shell morphology and transport between Diplodon charruanus, Diplodon parallelopipedon and Castalia sp. Shells were collected from two transects and examined for abrasion, bioerosion, fragmentation and notches. D. parallelopipedon was the most abundant species, with no significant differences in left/right valve ratios between the Diplodon species. Abrasion was the most frequent alteration, while fragmentation was relatively low. V-shaped notches were more frequent in D. parallelopipedon, suggesting that these bivalves may have been occasionally exploited as a food resource by human populations. The predominance of Diplodon shells and their taphonomic characteristics are consistent with a primarily anthropic accumulation. This study contributes to understanding subsistence strategies and environmental conditions in South American wetland archaeological contexts through the analysis of freshwater mollusc remains.

The oyster traditionally referred to as Booneostrea subucula (Jousseaume in Lamy, 1925) exemplifies persistent generic instability in Ostreinae, driven by misidentified type material and debated synonymies spanning multiple genera, subfamilies and even families. We reassessed the identity of Ostrea subucula and the validity of Booneostrea Harry, 1985 using an integrative approach that combined shell morphology, anatomy and multilocus phylogenetic data. Phylogenetic analyses reveal two deeply divergent, reciprocally monophyletic lineages. The Western Indian Ocean lineage corresponds to O. subucula sensu stricto and ranges from Rodrigues to Yemen and Oman. By contrast, the northern Arabian-Persian Gulf lineage represents a distinct species, here described as Ostrea sorosubucula sp. nov. Despite substantial genetic divergence, morphological differences are subtle, mainly in the adductor muscle scar. Re-examination of historical material reveals that the type concept of Booneostrea is based on misidentified or now-untraceable shells. Ostrea subucula and Ostrea setoensis Habe, 1958 are morphologically and genetically distinct, and O. subucula does not conform to the shell features historically used to define Booneostrea. We conclude that Booneostrea cannot be applied in a taxonomically consistent and meaningful way and should be treated as a nomen dubium. By resolving this long-standing confusion and documenting an endemic Gulf lineage, this study significantly contributes to stabilising generic concepts in Ostreinae and demonstrates the power of integrating molecular and morphological evidence in oyster systematics. ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:ECDB3E11-0C17-4EE9-A253-36EC59B28DD8.

The irregular surface morphology of the turtle shell can be applied to the design of the floating plate of a rice transplanter to mitigate the serious problems of mud and water resistance. An adult Brazilian turtle was selected as the research object in this study. A 7‐axis absolute arm measuring machine and Geomagic Studio software were used to acquire and process point cloud data of the turtle’s plastron. Based on the structural characteristics of the turtle shell, four curved surfaces with dense point cloud distributions were segmented, filtered using CATIA software, and exported as three‐dimensional coordinate data. MATLAB was used to perform polynomial fitting of the three‐dimensional point cloud data. The fitting equations for the four surfaces, as well as the sum of squared errors (SSEs), root mean square error (RMSE), and coefficient of determination (R2), were obtained. The results showed that the maximum relative errors between the fitted and actual values for the front, rear, and side models were 8.96%, 9.36%, and 5.86%, respectively. The corresponding mean relative errors were 4.58%, 4.67%, and 2.98%, respectively. These mean relative errors fall within the ±5% tolerance permitted in engineering design, thereby verifying the validity of the models and enabling the transformation of the turtle plastron surface from a biological form into a mathematical model. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the bionic application of the turtle plastron surface morphology and offers a reference for the bionic design of floating plates for rice transplanters.

Phase-separating DNA condensates have a range of potential uses, from synthetic cells to microreactors, uniquely combining programmable nanoscale subunits with tuneable microscale properties. However, DNA condensates are inherently unstable, leading to dynamic heterogeneity and uncontrolled mixing, limiting their ability to control complex reaction pathways. Here, we develop multi-layered DNA condensate 'droplets' composed of DNA nanostars, where nanostars with different DNA sequences form distinct core and shell regions. Nanostar properties were first explored to understand how structural changes in geometry, valency, and interaction strength affect droplet phase-separation temperature, size, stability, and permeability. We show that when pairs of nanostars self-assemble in the same solution, the order of phase-separation determines core or shell destination, whereas the proportion of surfactant nanostars that link the two populations determines shell morphology. Testing 50 different nanostar combinations, we found that membrane-like systems, where the shell fully encloses the core, form if the difference in phase-separation temperatures of the two nanostars is greater than 3 °C with 16-25% surfactant nanostars. For 3 different core nanostars, we demonstrate a range of shell nanostars with different material properties and morphologies. Core-shell droplets have well-defined size, stability over time, and core permeability is controlled by shell properties. Furthermore, droplet size and membrane thickness were controlled by adjusting the thermal annealing rate during assembly. These techniques provide a diverse library of droplets suitable to be used as microscale reaction compartments, with predictable size, mono-dispersity, membrane thickness, and permeability. We envision that core-shell DNA nanostar droplets will open new avenues for assembling programmable materials that combine DNA condensates with DNA molecular circuits, exploiting cell-like properties such as compartmentalisation and controlled transport to achieve programmable synthetic micro reactors.

Erosive wear in pipe elbows subjected to liquid–solid two-phase flow is a major cause of material degradation and service failure in industrial piping systems. In this study, erosion characteristics of pipe elbows were investigated through erosion mapping experiments and numerical simulations. The effects of flow velocity and particle diameter on erosion location and intensity were analyzed. Erosion was found to be mainly concentrated on the outer wall of the elbow within the angular range of 10° to 90°, and both erosion intensity and affected area increased with increasing particle diameter and flow velocity. Dean vortices were shown to play an important role in particle transport and erosion distribution, especially for small particles. Inspired by the ribbed morphology of shells, a biomimetic elbow was further designed and evaluated through an orthogonal numerical study considering flow velocity, particle diameter, rib number, and rib diameter. The results indicate that the ribbed structure can effectively improve erosion resistance by altering particle trajectories, reducing particle impact probability, and dissipating kinetic energy through low-velocity rotating flow between adjacent ribs. This finding provides useful inspiration for addressing erosive wear problems in engineering applications.

Studying contemporaneous spatial patterns of genomic diversity can yield important insights into the evolutionary processes that structure populations and shape patterns of adaptation. In contrast to the large number of marine species with planktonic larvae, populations of marine taxa with low dispersal and deep evolutionary divergences offer an opportunity to reveal the phylogeographic histories of marine ecosystems. Here, we constructed a draft genome assembly for the low-dispersing marine dogwhelk, Nucella canaliculata, and studied patterns of genomic diversity and shell morphometrics in 19 populations distributed along approximately 1500 km of the west coast of North America. We observed significant population structure with a strong phylogeographic break at Monterey Bay, California, which was matched with divergence in shell morphology. Genomic patterns, concomitant with computer simulations, suggest that there were at least two refugial populations during the last glacial maximum that subsequently experienced post-glacial expansion and admixture. Lastly, linking genotype to phenotype, we identified candidate loci underlying variation in shell morphology. These findings demonstrate how high-resolution genomic data reveal the roles of phylogeography, selection and historical events in shaping the spatial distribution of genetic variation, offering key insights into the processes that structure modern coastal populations and their potential to respond to future climatic changes.

Abstract Iron-doped Carbon-based nanoparticles (Fe-CBNs) are emerging as highly versatile platforms for precision oncology by integrating catalytic, magnetic, optical, and immunomodulatory functions within a single construct. This review first outlines the fundamentals of Fe incorporation into graphitic and amorphous carbon matrices, emphasizing how iron speciation, heteroatom (e.g., N) co-doping, and carbon architecture tune electronic structure, surface polarity, and redox microenvironments. We then survey key synthetic routes, including biomass pyrolysis, plasma, sol–gel, chemical vapor deposition, hydrothermal and microwave-assisted methods that afford precise control over core–shell morphology, pore structure, and Fe–N–C active sites. These structural attributes underpin unique properties relevant to cancer therapy including enhanced Fenton/Fenton-like catalysis for chemodynamic therapy, efficient near-infrared photothermal conversion, robust magnetic responsiveness for targeting and hyperthermia, high drug-loading capacity, and multimodal MRI/fluorescence/photoacoustic imaging. Mechanistic sections detail how Fe-CBNs exploit the acidic, H₂O₂-rich tumor microenvironment to generate reactive oxygen species, trigger ferroptosis and apoptosis, and amplify heat-induced cytotoxicity under alternating magnetic fields or light irradiation. We further describe their roles as smart drug carriers, and as immunomodulators that repolarize tumor-associated macrophages, inhibit epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and synergize with chemotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade. Finally, we discuss translational challenges and future opportunities, including stimuli-responsive and ligand-targeted designs, logic-gated therapeutic cascades, and machine-learning-guided materials optimization. The evidence positions Fe-CBNs as promising next-generation theranostic nanoplatforms capable of uniting chemodynamic therapy, photothermal/photodynamic and magnetic hyperthermia, ferroptosis induction, drug delivery, immunotherapy, and image guidance within integrated, patient-tailored cancer treatments. Graphical Abstract

Granular mapping conducted in Kakamega and Bungoma counties of western Kenya provided strong evidence of intestinal schistosomiasis among school-age children in this area. However, it was unclear whether the observed infections were due to active transmission. To address this gap, a follow-up malacology survey was conducted to determine the presence of snail vectors and ascertain active transmission. Nineteen Wards with ≥10% prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni were selected from Kakamega and Bungoma counties. From these Wards, 42 primary schools with the highest prevalence of S. mansoni were used to identify nearby water bodies with human-water contact activities for sampling snail vectors. Live snails were sampled by experienced collectors using a handheld dip-net scoop in standardized sampling frames for ~30 minutes at each water body. Snails were counted and identified to species-level based on shell morphology. Site locations sampled for snails were mapped using a geographical information system, and the type of water body recorded. All Biomphalaria and Bulinus snails were transported to the laboratory where they were screened for cercariae. Cercariae were identified to basic taxonomic groups using standard identification keys. The relative and mean abundance and prevalence of Schistosoma sp. infection in snails was determined. Out of 4,245 snails collected, 3,341 (78.7%, 95% CI: 77.5-79.9) were putatively identified as Biomphalaria pfeifferi, 88 (2.1%, 95% CI: 1.7-2.5) as Bulinus globosus, 664 (15.6%, 95% CI: 14.6-16.7) as Lymnaea natalensis and 152 (3.6%) as other species. B. pfeifferi were found in 36 out of the 42 primary school regions (85.7%), with the highest number (605 snails) recorded at Indangalasia in Lusheya-Lubinu Ward. A total of 87 (2.6%, 95% CI: 2.07-3.14) B. pfeifferi shed Schistosoma sp. cercariae. The mean abundance of B. pfeifferi was similar between streams (16 ± 35) and swamps/marshes (20 ± 31) (P = 0.356), but was higher compared to rivers (4 ± 10) (P = 0.005). The high abundance of B. pfeifferi coupled with the observation of field-caught snails shedding cercariae confirms autochthonous schistosomiasis transmission corroborating the reported human infections in Kakamega and Bungoma counties. Incorporation of focal snail control to complement chemotherapy will accelerate interruption of transmission in these areas.

Does boldness stamp a morphological mark? Evidence of decoupling in the invasive giant African snail Lissachatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822).

Early ontogeny and palaeoecology of the Silurian Boionautilus – the first appearance of shell morphology of extant nautilids but with short embryonic development

Conductive core–shell superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) are emerging as multifunctional additives for cementitious materials, combining moisture management with electrical functionality. In cement-based systems, a swellable polymeric core enables internal curing and crack-sealing through controlled water uptake and release, while a conductive shell introduces ionic and/or electronic charge transport, addressing key limitations of conventional non-conductive SAPs. This dual functionality provides a pathway toward smart cementitious composites with enhanced durability, self-sensing capability, and moisture-responsive behavior. This review focuses on the physical chemistry mechanisms governing conductive core–shell SAPs in cementitious environments, with emphasis on swelling thermodynamics, water transport kinetics, interfacial phenomena, and charge transport mechanisms. The roles of osmotic pressure, elastic network constraints, ionic effects, and pore solution chemistry are critically discussed, together with their impact on conductivity, hydration processes, microstructure development, and long-term performance. The relative contributions of ionic and electronic conduction are examined in relation to hydration state, shell morphology, and percolation of conductive networks. In addition, the relevance of core–shell SAP architectures to sustainable packaging is briefly discussed as a secondary application, illustrating how similar physicochemical principles—such as moisture buffering and functional coatings—apply beyond construction materials. Finally, key knowledge gaps are identified, including long-term stability in highly alkaline environments, trade-offs between swelling capacity and conductivity, environmental impacts of conductive phases, and the need for integrated experimental and modeling approaches. Addressing these challenges is essential for the rational design and practical implementation of conductive core–shell SAPs in next-generation cementitious materials.

Taxonomic decisions are critically dependent on the reliability of the analysed characters. However, when character conflicts arise, such as discrepancies between shell morphology and molecular data, relying solely on prior assumptions about the systematic significance of characters and taxa can lead to erroneous conclusions. This is because inductive reasoning, unlike deduction, produces probabilistic rather than definitive conclusions. The uncertainty inherent in induction stems from the incompleteness of our observations; thus, using a partial or selective dataset increases the likelihood of error. To address this issue, we conducted a case study using the genus Cathaica. First, we reconstructed molecular phylogenies based on all available published datasets. Next, we performed discrete and continuous character optimisations to identify apomorphic characters. Finally, we explored the correlation between molecular distances and shell morphological distances. Our character optimisation revealed that shell characters are highly variable and often discordant with molecular data, whereas discrete genital characters exhibit stronger congruence with phylogenetic relationships. Notably, molecular distances were not significantly correlated with shell landmark Euclidean distances, underscoring the mismatch between genetic and shell-based evidence. Based on these findings, we propose that C. zhangcunxiangi, C. wangjiaxunae and C. sculptilis are synonyms of C. fasciola, and C. mengi is a synonym of C. pyrrhozona. This study emphasises that relying solely on partial datasets or untested characters, without considering the probabilistic nature of non-deductive inference, can lead to misleading taxonomic interpretations.

The electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance of Cu@Ag core-shell composites is significantly determined by the silver shell morphology and core-shell interface properties. However, in-situ regulation of these features remains challenging due to the unclear formation mechanism for the Ag shell. Herein, we present a ligand-regulated synthesis in which ammonia is employed to precisely control the growth of the silver shell during liquid-phase reduction. Ammonia forms stable [Ag(NH3)2]+ complexes with silver ions, which modify the deposition kinetics. Such a shift transitions the coating process from rapid, anisotropic plating to controlled, uniform growth. Consequently, the morphology of the silver shell evolves from plate-like to particle-like structure, accompanied by the formation of an Ag-Cu transition layer at the core-shell boundary. These structural refinements dramatically reduce the electrical resistivity from 6.42 Ω·cm to 6.37 × 10- 4 Ω·cm. And the optimized structure exhibits superior EMI shielding effectiveness of 85.4dB across 5.85-18GHz range, with a peak radiation suppression of 26.8dB. Moreover, the SE is further enhanced to 101.7dB through a stratified stacking strategy. This work demonstrates ligand regulation as an effective strategy for enhancing EMI shielding performance.