Shear Speed Research Articles

Characteristics of the Turkana low-level jet stream and the associated rainfall in CMIP6 models

The Turkana low-level jet stream (TJ) is important to climatic conditions over northern Kenya and East Africa. The representation of the TJ in climate models varies due to the TJ interaction with Turkana channel that is influenced by model resolution and influences the model representation of the regional climate. This study compares features of the TJ in CMIP6 AMIP model simulations with ERA5. Models reveal climatological wind speeds that match those of the reanalysis from the ERA5 at the jet entrance (13 m/s) but lower magnitudes of wind speed and vertical shears compared to ERA5 within the Turkana channel. The models with slowest wind speeds, have a flattened Turkana channel and fail to exhibit the terrain constriction at 37° E which otherwise aids in accelerating winds to form a jet core. Furthermore, they fail to represent the narrowing of the channel as in ERA5, thereby forming blocking walls in the channel, forcing vertical ascent and mixing, and weakening shear. This boosting of ascent motion promotes rainfall formation and enhances wet anomalies at the exit of the TJ when the jet stream is weaker. By applying a new narrowing index, we demonstrate the need to improve topography details in the CMIP6 models, particularly those with resolution coarser than 1.5°, in order to properly simulate the TJ and the observed rainfall over the northwestern areas of eastern Africa.

The Measurement of Shear Characteristics of Paddy Soil in Poyang Lake Area

Understanding the shear characteristics of paddy fields is of great significance for the design of high-trafficability paddy wheels and to improve the trafficability of the tiller in paddy fields. Taking the paddy soil in Poyang Lake area of Jiangxi Province as the research object, a simple, self-designed bevameter was constructed to measure the apparent cohesion c and apparent internal friction angle φ of paddy soil with water content of 37% by weight using an annular shear plate. The effects of different shear speeds, shear grouser heights, and shear plate diameters on the measured c and φ were investigated. The measured values of c and φ were 1.89–2.35 kPa and 10.2–11.4°(deg), respectively. With the increase in shear speed, shear plate diameter, and grouser height, the value of c increased. Shear plate diameter and shear speed had small effect on c, whose change rate did not exceed 7.8%. However, shear grouser height had a greater influence on c, and the measured c increased by 24.5%. The influence of the three factors on φ followed the order: shear speed > shear plate diameter > shear grouser height, but the variation in φ did not exceed 1.2°(deg). The optimal operational conditions were: shear plate diameter of 250 mm with inner diameter of 150 mm, shear grouser height of 10 mm, with a shear speed of π/120 rad/s, and the apparent cohesion and apparent internal friction angle are 1887.8 pa and 11.06° (deg), respectively.

Characterization of water droplets size distribution in aviation turbine fuel: Ultrasonic homogeniser vs high shear speed mixer

Pumps, pressure drops across fittings, and flight operations (such as turning manoeuvres, take-off, and landing) are some of the many sources of turbulence mixing and shearing in aircraft fuel systems, therefore, making it an inevitable condition. Literature established that shearing conditions would influence the droplets and droplets size distribution in an oil/water emulsion. So, low intensity shearing conditions could be beneficial as it promotes droplets coalescence, which could be a driving force for a weak emulsion. However, to date no experimental data has shown the influence homogenising intensity and total water content has on dispersed water droplets size distribution in aviation fuel. Therefore, to expand knowledge of quantification of measurements of dispersed water droplets in aviation fuel, this study characterizes dispersed water droplets in aviation turbine fuel, varying available laboratory homogenising devices and water content. Results presented show that droplets count increases with water concentration and shearing effect. To provide more statistical evidence, kurtosis and skew values were calculated from the extrapolated data and compared with data from a hexanol/water mixture given that hexanol is likely to form a stable emulsion. Experimental results show that the higher the homogenising intensity the more stable the emulsion is likely to be with a higher kurtosis and skew value close to that for the hexanol/water mixture. Therefore, observations show that mild shearing conditions (high shear mixing in this case) could help promote droplets coalescence, leading to a better separation ability.

Quantification of motion-induced measurement error on floating lidar systems

Abstract. Floating lidar systems (FLSs) are widely used for offshore wind site assessment, and their measurements show good agreement when compared to trusted reference sources. However, some influence of motion on mean wind speed data from FLS has to be assumed but could not have been quantified with experimental methods yet because the involved uncertainties are larger than the expected impact of motion. This study describes the motion-induced bias on horizontal mean wind speed estimates from FLS with the help of simulations of the lidar sampling pattern of a continuous-wave (CW) velocity–azimuth display (VAD) scanning wind lidar. Analytic modeling is used to validate the simulations. It is found that the mean bias depends on amplitude and frequency of motion, the angle between motion and wind direction, and wind speed and strength of wind shear. The simulations are used to quantify the measurement deviation that is caused by motion for the example of the Fugro SEAWATCH Wind LiDAR Buoy (SWLB) carrying a ZX 300M profiling wind lidar. The strongest bias of −0.67 % of the measurement values was estimated for a test case with “strong” waves aligned with the inflow wind direction. Under “normal” wave conditions the bias is smaller. The reason for these low errors lies in a fortunate combination of the frequencies of lidar prism rotation and tilt motion.

Quantifying vertical wind shear effects in shallow cumulus clouds over Amazonia

Abstract. This study analyses and quantifies the effects of vertical wind shear (VWS) on the properties of shallow cumulus cloud fields over Central Amazonia. We perform idealised simulations with high resolution (50 m horizontally and 20 m vertically) using the Dutch Atmospheric Large-Eddy Simulation (DALES) model, changing the initial conditions and large-scale forcing of VWS. The resulting cloud field is analysed by applying a cloud tracking algorithm to generate Lagrangian datasets of the life cycle of individual clouds as well as their time-varying core and margin dimensions. The reference run has no wind speed or directional shear and represents a typical day in the local dry season. Numerical experiments with moderate and high wind speed shear are simulated by adding linear increases in the wind speed of 1.2 and 2.4 m s−1 km−1, respectively. Three additional runs are made by adding 90∘ of wind rotation between the surface and the top of the domain (5 km) on top of the three wind speed shear conditions. We find that clouds developing in a sheared environment have horizontal equivalent diameter increased by up to 100 m on average, but the cloud depth is reduced. Our quantification shows that VWS tends to increase the size of the cloud cores but reduces their relative area, volume, and mass fractions compared to the overall cloud dimensions. The addition of 2.4 m s−1 km−1 of VWS decreases the relative core area by about 0.03 (about 10 % of the overall average) and its volume and mass ratios by about 0.05 (10 %–25 % in relative terms). Relevant for the cloud transport properties is that the updraught speed and the liquid water content are lower within the cores, and consequently so is the upward mass flux. All quantifications of mean cloud properties point to the inhibition of convective strength by VWS, therefore hampering the shallow-to-deep transition. However, open questions still remain given that the individually deepest clouds were simulated under high environmental shear, even though they occur in small numbers. This could indicate other indirect effects of VWS that have opposite effects on cloud development if found to be significant in the future.

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Turbulence parameters measured by the Beijing mesosphere–stratosphere–troposphere radar in the troposphere and lower stratosphere with three models: comparison and analyses

Abstract. Based on the quality-controlled observational spectral width data of the Beijing mesosphere–stratosphere–troposphere (MST) radar in the altitudinal range of 3–19.8 km from 2012 to 2014, this paper analyses the relationship between the proportion of negative turbulent kinetic energy (N-TKE) and the horizontal wind speed and the vertical shear of horizontal wind domain and gives the distributional characteristics of atmospheric turbulence parameters obtained by using different calculation models. Three calculation models of the spectral width method were used in this study – namely the H model (Hocking, 1985), N-2D model (Nastrom, 1997) and D–H model (Dehghan and Hocking, 2011). The results showed that the proportion of N-TKE in the H model, N-2D model and D–H model increases with the horizontal wind speed u and/or the vertical shear of horizontal wind speed ∂u∂z, and the maximum values are 60 %, 45 % and 35 %, respectively. When the∂u∂z is greater than 0.006 s−1, the N-TKE of the H model increases sharply with ∂u∂z; the increase rate is about 20%0.002s-1. For these three models, the results are similar except that the vertical shear of the horizontal wind speed is greater than 0.006 s−1. When ∂u∂z&gt;0.006 s−1, the proportion of N-TKE in the N-2D and H models increases with ∂u∂z, while the proportion in the D–H model is less than 10 % and has slight variation. However, it is still necessary to consider the applicability of the N-2D model and D–H model in some weather processes with strong winds. The distributional characteristics with height of the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate ε and the vertical eddy diffusion coefficient Kz derived by the three models are consistent with previous studies. Still, there are differences in the values of turbulence parameters. Also, the range resolution of the radar has little effect on the differences in the range of turbulence parameters' values. The median values of ε in the H model, N-2D model and D–H model is 10−3.2–10−2.7, 10−3.0–10−2.6 and 10−3.3–10−2.8 m2 s−3, respectively. The median values of Kz in these three models are 100.3–100.7, 100.4–100.7 and 100.1–100.5 m2 s−1.

Extraction optimisation of total polyphenols from Bletilla striata by high-shear dispersing emulsification technology, and their anti-melanogenesis activity

Bletilla striata is a good source of plant polyphenols which have regulatory functions on melanogenesis. In the present work, to maximise the yields of total polyphenols extracted from B. striata, the effects of Tween-60 concentration, shear speed, shear time, ethanol concentration, temperature, and material-to-solvent ratio on extraction of polyphenols were assayed using the high-shear dispersing emulsification technology (HSDE). The obtained data were analysed using the response surface methodology, which showed that the optimal extraction conditions were as follows: Tween-60 concentration of 2.00%, ethanol concentration of 69%, shear speed of 17,200 rpm, and extraction temperature of 55°C. Under these conditions, the extraction of the total polyphenols from B. striata was 13.79 ± 0.34 mg/g. Furthermore, the anti-melanogenesis activity of the total polyphenols extracted from B. striata was evaluated using α-MSH-induced B16F10 cells. Results showed that the total polyphenols from B. striata could significantly inhibit melanin production. Overall, these results presented the optimal conditions for the extraction of total polyphenols from B. striata, and also revealed the potential anti-melanogenesis values of B. striata polyphenols.

EFFECT OF LDPE/CR ADMIXTURE ON THE PROPERTIES OF BITUMINOUS BINDER USED IN PAVING APPLICATIONS

A plastic-elastomer admixture was prepared by blending the recycled low density polyethylene (LDPE) and crumb rubber (CR) recycled from wasted tyres in the presence of tall oil. They are blended in two ratios 1:2 and 1:3, LDPE/CR respectively. In this study two wasted materials, LDPE and CR were taken to improve the properties of base bitumen binder. The CR in the form of powder having particle size less than 0.7 mm, was used blended with melted bitumen at 160-1700C with the help of high speed shear mixer for 1 hour. In the same manner the different compositions were made 3, 5, 8 and 12 percent by weight of LDPE, CR and LDPE/CR combination in both ratios 1:2 &amp; 1:3. These modified blends are characterized in terms of penetration, softening point and viscosity, which found better as compared to base bitumen. The most suitable results are obtained when LDPE, CR and LDPE/CR were used below 8% by weight. The elastic recovery test of 8% by weight of LDPE/CR in the ratio 1:3 meets the requirement of specification and this composition is best suited to be for road constructions.

Dynamic Amplification Factors of Partial-Interaction Composite Beams Acted Upon by the Moving Load

This paper focuses on the dynamic response, mainly dynamic amplification factors (DAFs), of partial-interaction composite beams (PICBs) based on the Timoshenko beam theory (TBT). By assuming that each sub-beam behaves as an independent Timoshenko beam, the governing differential equations of motion of the PICBs are derived under the action of dynamic load. The natural frequencies and modal shapes for simply supported PICBs are also extracted. For decoupling the governing differential equations of motion, the orthogonality property of two distinct vibration modes is checked and applied for further analysis. The modal superposition method is then utilized to derive the analytical expressions of transverse deflection, interfacial shear slip, and normal stresses of the PICBs subjected to the moving load. Finally, two test beams are organized to validate the proposed methodology. For this purpose, the results which are calculated by ANSYS and obtained from available methods are appropriately compared. The effects of shear connector stiffness and speed of the moving load on the DAFs of the PICB acted upon by the moving constant load are discussed.

Fracture mechanism of AISI 1025 rod shearing in automatic multi-stage cold forging and critical shearing speed

Experimental and numerical studies on shearing processes that focused on automatic multi-stage cold forging (AMSCF) are conducted to reveal the mechanisms of the fracture phenomena that occur in the cold rod shearing process in AMSCF. First, AISI 1025 (treated for AMSCF, specifically called SWCH25F) coil-rod of radius 17.5 mm was straightened and cut by an AMSCF machine at operating speeds of 20–90 rpm to elucidate the effects of speed on the surface quality of the sheared billet. Second, a universal testing machine was used in combination with a special shearing apparatus for experimental cold rod shearing to measure the shearing load-time (or stroke) curve and examine fracture mechanisms at sufficiently low speeds. Fractographical observations showed that speed clearly affects the cold shearing of a straightened coil-rod. The surfaces of billets sheared at low speeds showed clear evidence of ductile fracture, whereas those sheared at normal speeds did not. The experimental results were used in thermoviscoplastic finite element (FE) analysis together with the flow behaviors of the material in the cold-forging temperature range to explain the brittle fracture of the ductile material during cold coil-rod shearing in AMSCF. The concept of a critical coil-rod shearing speed for acceptable surface quality is presented.

Effect of high shear homogenisation on physicochemical, microstructure, particle size and volatile composition of residual pineapple pulp

SummaryWaste or by‐product utilisation is on focus to reduce the environmental threat and acquiring wealth out of waste. This study was planned to understand the effect of high shear homogenisation (SH) on physicochemical, microstructural, particle size, dietary fibre and volatile composition of residual pineapple pulp (RPP) for its utilisation. Shear homogenisation with three levels of rotor speed, that is 5000, 15 000 and 30 000 rpm, was employed for 5, 10 and 15 min. These responses reveal that the shear speed of 15 000 rpm for 10 min was relatively better in colour retention and enhanced soluble dietary fibre (SDF) by 48%. Increased levels of SDF after treatment help in the utilisation of RPP and its suitability for food supplementation. A gradual reduction in particle size from 40 to 400 μm was observed with shear homogenisation. Optical microscopy images revealed that larger cell fragments, fibrous nature and dense hairy mass of pomace were disrupted at 15 000 rpm. Moderate shear speed triggers the release of additional aroma volatiles, whereas higher rpm and time resulted in degradation of volatiles. The shear homogenised RPP is used for the development of fibre‐enriched yoghurt and incorporation at a 5% level resulted in high acceptable sensory scores.

Establishment of Wind Gust Estimation Equation in Bohai Sea

Wind gusts over the ocean can have a great influence on maritime transport and production operations. However, owing to the scarcity of marine observation data and the complex causes of wind gusts, the estimation and forecasting of gusts at sea are even more difficult. In this study, a gust estimation equation applicable to the Bohai Sea is established based on observation and reanalysis data, with representative observation stations on the coast and offshore in the Bohai Sea. During the process, partial correlation analysis and a significance test of correlation coefficient differences were used to further clarify the influence of average wind speed and vertical wind shear at different heights on wind gusts. The final gust estimation equation includes a mean wind speed term, a turbulence term, and a convection term, which are statistically significant contributors; in addition, there are clear physical meanings. Comparing two gust factor methods in this study, the average errors and fitting errors of the least squares gust estimation equation are the smallest. For wind gusts between 10 and 26 m/s, the fitting error in the gust estimation equation is 7.68–12.25% and 21.10–30.08% lower than those of the two gust factor methods in this study. The gust estimation equation better reflects the difference of wind gusts typical under different average wind speeds and vertical wind shear conditions, so a better prediction for wind gusts can be achieved.

Analysis of lower limb prosthetic socket interface based on stress and motion measurements.

The study was designed to establish a biomechanical assessment platform for the lower limb residuum/socket interface as a function of duration and speed of movement. The approach exploits an interface sensor which measures multi-directional stresses at the interface. The corresponding interface coupling motion was assessed using a 3D motion capture system. A longitudinal study, involving a trans-femoral amputee, was conducted with nine repeated level walking sessions over a 12-month period. The effect of walking speed on interface biomechanics was also assessed. Interface peak pressures and shear stresses in the range of 55–59 kPa and 12–19 kPa were measured, respectively, over all sessions in the 12 months study period at the posterior-proximal location of the residuum. The peak pressure and longitudinal shear values were found to fluctuate approximately 11% and 40% as against its maximum value, respectively, over 12 months. In addition, up to 12° of angular coupling and up to 28 mm of pistoning were recorded over a gait cycle, which was found to change by 29% and 45% respectively over the study period. The variation in walking speed, by altering self-selected cadence, resulted in changes of pressure and shear stresses at mid-stance of the gait cycle. In particular, as compared with self-selected cadence, for fast speed, peak pressure and peak longitudinal shear stress decreased by 5% and 33%, respectively. For slow speed, peak pressure and peak longitudinal shear stress increased by 7% and 17%, respectively. The corresponding angular and pistoning revealed a variation of up to 29% and 45%, respectively. This biomechanical assessment approach shows promise in the quantitative assessment of interface kinematics and kinetics for lower limb prosthetics, the usage of which could assist the clinical assessment of prosthetic socket fit.

Statistical Inference of Sound Speed and Attenuation Dispersion of a Fine-Grained Marine Sediment

Acoustic recordings of signals in the 1.5–4.0-kHz band were analyzed for information about the sound speed and attenuation frequency dispersion of a fine-grained sediment found in the New England Mudpatch. Analysis of piston cores established prior bounds for a geophysical parameterization of a seabed model that predicts Kramers–Kronig dispersion relations. Sediment layers are described by the Buckingham viscous grain shearing (VGS) model that accounts for the effects of overburden pressure of compressional and shear speeds and attenuations. A statistical inverse problem was solved by using multiple samples of received levels recorded on two vertical line arrays as a function time and hydrophone depth for six frequencies in the 1.5–4.0-kHz band. A statistical inference model that assumed both model parameters and data samples are random variables quantified information content from marginalization of a conditional posterior probability distribution for the geophysical parameters that characterize the mud layer. From the inferred geophysical parameter point estimates the sediment sound speed and attenuation frequency dispersion are predicted and compared to previously reported direct measurements. Also, the predicted sound-speed gradient in the mud sediment from the VGS model is compared to a previous inference that utilized explosive sources.

Investigation of Atmospheric Dynamic and Thermodynamic Structures of Typhoon Sinlaku (2020) from High-Resolution Dropsonde and Two-Way Rawinsonde Measurements

Profiling the vertical atmospheric structure for typhoons remains challenging. Here, the atmospheric dynamic and thermodynamic structures were investigated during the passage of Typhoon Sinlaku (2020) over Xisha Islands in the South China Sea for the period 28 July to 2 August 2020, mainly based on two-way rawinsonde and dropsonde measurements in combination with surface-based automatic weather station observations, disdrometer measurements, and Himawari-8 geostationary satellite images. The study period was divided to three stages: the formation stage of tropical depression (pre-TD), tropical depression (TD), and tropical storm (TS). The wind speed and local vertical wind shear reached the maximum value at 3 km above mean sea level (AMSL) before the typhoon approached the Xisha islands. Pseudo-equivalent potential temperature (θse) was found to decrease with the altitude below 2 km AMSL; temperature inversions occurred frequently within this altitude range, particularly during the TS stage. This seemed a typical capping inversion that indicated a downward motion above 2 km AMSL. The temperature increased slightly with the development of Typhoon Sinlaku (2020) at altitudes of 8–10 km AMSL. This indicated that our observations presumably captured the air mass warmed by the condensation, which was a good signature of an upper air in the tropical cyclone. In addition, wind speed (particularly in the lower stratosphere), specific humidity, and equivalent potential temperature escalated significantly when the tropical depression strengthened into Typhoon Sinlaku (2020), which indicated that the typhoon constantly obtained energy from the sea surface during its passage over the study region. The thermodynamic and dynamic structures of atmosphere advance our understanding of the inner structure of typhoons during the different evolutionary stages.

Determining the Shear Resistance in Landslides with Respect to Shear Displacement and Shearing Time in Drainage-Controlled Ring Shear Tests

Shear stress is an important parameter in estimating the slope stability and flow dynamics in mass movements. The ring shear test can often be employed to determine the residual shear stress because of its suitability for large deformations for assumed in situ stress and drainage conditions. Determination of the residual shear stress of weathered landslide materials composed of coarse-grained sediments was examined with respect to the shear displacement and drainage condition. Based on the experimental results, the shear stress of landslide materials has typical maximum and minimum values (i.e., peak and residual shear stress). The measured shear stress generally increases with an increase in shear speed regardless of drainage condition. In general, the residual shear stress can be measured when a relatively long shearing time is applied. The residual shear stress, which is known as the minimum shear resistance at the initiation of landslide occurrence along the pre-existing slip surface of the landslide body, is also measurable even though limited shear displacement (0.1–100 mm) and shear speed (0.1–100 mm/s) are applied. The minimum range of residual shear stress of weathered soils obtained from the ring shear tests is roughly half of the value obtained from the direct shear tests. The residual shear stress can be used to estimate the reactivation of slope movement.

Efficient recovery of phenol from phenolic wastewater by emulsion liquid membrane

AbstractThe recovery of phenol from phenolic wastewater by emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) was investigated. The W/O emulsion was prepared with kerosene, Span−80, carrier, liquid paraffin, and NaOH solution. The effects of NaOH concentration, oil–internal solution ratio, shearing speed, Span−80 concentration, and carrier type and concentration on emulsion breakage were studied. In the single factor experiments of stability of W/O emulsion, the lowest percentages of emulsion breakage were achieved at a NaOH concentration of 0.03 g/ml, an oil–internal solution ratio of 2:1, a shearing speed of 1500 r/min, a Span−80 concentration of 8%, a tributyl phosphate (TBP) concentration of 0.8%, and an ethyl acetate concentration of 0.8%, respectively. Then, the effects of nine factors on extraction efficiencies of phenol were investigated. This indicated that the effects of shearing speed, oil‐internal solution ratio, emulsion‐external solution ratio, liquid paraffin concentration, and mixing speed on extraction efficiencies of phenol were limited. However, the carrier concentration, NaOH concentration, Span−80 concentration, and phenol concentration had important impacts on the extraction efficiency of phenol. The extraction efficiency of phenol could reach 99.7%. Besides, the results of orthogonal experiments indicated that during the extraction of phenol by ELM, the order of importance of factors was NaOH concentration &gt; emulsion‐external solution ratio &gt; volume fraction of Span−80 &gt; volume fraction of TBP. After extraction, the recycled emulsion with Span−80 could not easily be effectively demulsified through heating, which only provided the highest demulsification efficiency of 18.2%. However, the recycled emulsion could be effectively demulsified through centrifugation, which could get the highest demulsification efficiency of 86% at a centrifugal rotational speed of 2000 r/min and a centrifugal time of 25 min.

Tropical Cyclone Intensity Prediction Using Deep Convolutional Neural Network

In this study, deep convolutional neural network (CNN) models of stimulated tropical cyclone intensity (TCI), minimum central pressure (MCP), and maximum 2 min mean wind speed at near center (MWS) were constructed based on ocean and atmospheric reanalysis, as well Best Track of tropical hurricane data over 2014–2018. In order to explore the interpretability of the model structure, sensitivity experiments were designed with various combinations of predictors. The model test results show that simplified VGG-16 (VGG-16 s) outperforms the other two general models (LeNet-5 and AlexNet). The results of the sensitivity experiments display good consistency with the hypothesis and perceptions, which verifies the validity and reliability of the model. Furthermore, the results also suggest that the importance of predictors varies in different targets. The top three factors that are highly related to TCI are sea surface temperature (SST), temperature at 500 hPa (TEM_500), and the differences in wind speed between 850 hPa and 500 hPa (vertical wind shear speed, VWSS). VWSS, relative humidity (RH), and SST are more significant than MCP. For MWS and SST, TEM_500, and temperature at 850 hPa (TEM_850) outweigh the other variables. This conclusion also implies that deep learning could be an alternative way to conduct intensive and quantitative research.

Wind turbine power performance characterization through aeroelastic simulations and virtual nacelle lidar measurements

The power performance of a wind turbine depends on several characteristics of the inflow, such as wind speed, turbulence and wind shear. Additionally, wind turbine control strategies affect the power performance of the wind turbines; under certain conditions one might want to, e.g., intentionally misalign the turbine with respect to the main wind direction. Here, we evaluate whether the accuracy in power performance evaluation can be improved by using multi-dimensional power curves in the form of multivariate polynomial regressions, which define the power output as function of wind speed, turbulence and yaw misalignment. The analysis is conducted on a dataset of virtual power performance measurements, which is generated through aeroelastic simulations combined with a simulator of nacelle lidar measurements. Results show that the multi-dimensional power curves can provide higher accuracy than those derived using the IEC standard for power curve measurements; the error in power prediction is nearly halved compared to that using the IEC standard power curve method. Additionally, we show that nacelle lidar measurements increase the accuracy of the multi-dimensional power curves when compared to using mast-based anemometer measurements.