People increasingly live in complex, heterogeneous communities characterized by differentiation, where groups may lack the shared history and/or close ties that can nurture trust in more traditional communities. How does trust generalize from an interaction with one stranger––either trustworthy or untrustworthy––to subsequent interactions with other strangers? Does trust generalize more from or toward interactions with outgroup members than ingroup members? And, does an interaction with one stranger affect someone’s willingness to interact with strangers from the same group moving forward? This study examines these questions using a repeated trust game in which 1,255 US White adults were paired with a White or Latino partner who behaved in a trustworthy or untrustworthy way. Results reveal that participants paired with an untrustworthy outgroup member in the first round were less likely to choose an outgroup partner for the second round. This effect is pronounced among participants who likely were uncertain initially about their partner’s behavior. These participants also gave less in the second round when their first-round partner behaved in an untrustworthy way. Our findings highlight the need to treat a willingness to interact with outgroup members as an outcome of intergroup contact.

Abstract: Beset by winter weather, a dying deer, and a shared history of loss and illness, "The Good Thing" follows a father and daughter as they take a walk through the woods in rural Vermont.

This article examines the shared history of digital infrastructure between Canada’s now defunct telecom monopoly, Nortel Networks, and the newly independent states of Eastern and Central Europe (ECE), particularly Ukraine and Russia. Through the 1990’s telecom monopolies were in a battle to build the internet, and Nortel’s mission was “to be the architect of a world of networks,” with Canada at its centre (Bell System Memorial 1997). By the year 2000, Nortel was the dominant global supplier of high-speed optical networks (Hunter 2018), digitizing capitalism across the world, with ECE no exception. But in the fallout of the Dot Com Crash, stock prices plunged, development of new products stopped, and Nortel executives were arrested for fraud. Nortel still continued to obtain considerable contracts with ECE telecoms, despite several key customers in Western countries having lost confidence in the company (Calof et al., 2014). With some of the most lax lending regulations, the Canadian government through Export Development Canada (EDC) lent and guaranteed risky loans, encouraging post-Soviet states to continue choosing Nortel despite its declining products. EDC propped up Nortel beyond its viability, and locked ECE states into outdated equipment that would be costlier to service and upgrade. Unpacking the history of Nortel in ECE highlights the Canadian infrastructural nationalism at the expense of EDC development and raises questions about its lasting impacts.

This work focuses on the so-called MI VIDA PROJECT, developed by the Cinematheque of Andalusia since 1990 in a first phase and redesigned in 2016, which is still in effect today, centered on the recovery, cataloging, and digitization of home films made in this autonomous community. With clear language free of technical jargon, it explains what a family and amateur film is, the characteristics that make up this type of cinema, its historical origins, and subsequent development. It discusses the work of the Cinematheque of Andalusia in this area since it has access to the film material, its subsequent processing, and completion. The dissemination it carries out with this material, with concrete examples, and its impact on the media. The importance of this as an archival and study resource of the shared history of the Andalusians over the last hundred years, the evolution of society, customs, landscapes, cities, cultural events, and everyday life. familiar. The private core from which these recordings arise and transcends from that sphere to reach the general public. Filming with numerous formal and structural defects that stem from their spontaneity, freshness, and freedom, characteristics that define it. Ultimately, it poses a series of challenges and obstacles that this institution faces in order to move forward, including technical, material, and human aspects. The growing need for specialization and the demands placed on all personnel, combined with the different access possibilities available to the public through the multiple distribution channels that currently exist.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a critical policy analysis of the systemic deficits in operationalizing the Directive (2012 / 28/EU), using Italy as a paradigm case of implementation deficits. Design/methodology/approach Moving beyond a simple review, this analysis is grounded in a doctrinal and regulatory review approach, critically examining the bureaucratic complexity, lack of operational tools and regulatory uncertainties that have limited the unlocking of this cultural heritage. Findings Thirteen years after the Directive’s adoption, the balance sheet appears highly disappointing, and the application of the legislation has proven largely ineffective, primarily due to persistent administrative deficits at the national level. Research limitations/implications This study highlights the need for comprehensive reform of the Directive’s national transposition and suggests implications for policy analysis concerning the implementation gap between EU legislation and Member State practice. Practical implications The analysis concludes by reflecting on the need to simplify procedures, expand the scope for beneficiary institutions and integrate orphan works with open licenses and Rights Statement tools, enabling effective digital access while respecting intellectual property rights. Social implications Facilitating access, the ultimate goal of the proposed reform holds significant social implications. Unlocking this previously inaccessible cultural heritage contributes to the preservation, democratic dissemination and public enjoyment of shared history, fostering education and research across societies. Originality/value This study’s primary contribution is its critical policy analysis, which integrates legal-doctrinal review with institutional evidence (European Union Intellectual Property Office data and administrative reports). It provides an in-depth focus on the systemic administrative barriers in the Italian context, offering a comparative case study for analyzing wider EU implementation challenges.

Late-Cenozoic tectonic versus glacial control on the topographic evolution of the Terskey Range, Kyrgyz Tian Shan

The relationship between food and medicinal plants is longstanding and complex, with many species serving both roles. This study explores the food-medicine continuum at a continental scale, analysing phylogenetic patterns of plants used for food, medicine and condiments across three ecologically and culturally distinct Eurasian regions: Iberian Peninsula, Caucasus and West Himalaya. We applied an adapted phylogenetic hot node analysis to identify plant lineages significantly rich in useful species across each use category and region, thereby revealing cross-cultural patterns of plant use and enlarging the potential of the method beyond bioprospecting. We found overlap between lineages used for food and medicine, and between condiments and medicine, both across and within regions. Condiments, often classified as food, had a higher overlap with medicinal plants, reinforcing the idea that they play a critical role in bridging nutrition and health. Our results indicate that the food-medicine continuum transcends cultural boundaries and is grounded in shared history. Our study highlights the value of integrating phylogenetic and ethnobotanical approaches to understand multifunctional plant lineages, an approach that can support food security and healthcare amid global environmental and health challenges.

Abstract The trajectories of the English language in Singapore and Malaysia have undergone different developmental paths since English first arrived in both countries. Although they have a shared history, divergent language planning and policies in each country have resulted in varietal differences in Singapore English and Malaysian English. This article compares research done in the 21st century on each variety in the realm of applied linguistics and world Englishes. We also discuss possible future research directions in the Englishes of both varieties that can help both countries to address relevant issues faced, such as how research on the varieties can help build the necessary varietal language models generated by artificial intelligence for applications in the health industry and the urgent importance of future research helping to shed light on ethical, diverse, inclusive and sustainable approaches to the teaching and learning of languages in multilingual and multicultural global contexts of communication.

Abstract Novel ecosystems often emerge from the co‐occurrence of species with no shared evolutionary history, leading to unique and potentially synergistic interactions. Positive interactions between non‐native species can be crucial for successful invasions. In this study, we investigate the novel interaction between two invasive mammals ( Axis axis and Sus scrofa ) and their role as dispersers of the invasive tree species Gleditsia triacanthos . We assessed this dispersal mechanism at a local scale in Entre Ríos, Argentina, by faeces sampling. We analysed the seed content in faeces and performed germination experiments to compare them to non‐consumed seeds. Additionally, using global occurrence data, we mapped the co‐occurrence of both mammal species with G. triacanthos to identify regions of potential synergistic interactions. We estimated a density of 1917 faeces per hectare for A. axis and 267 for S. scrofa . Of the faeces sampled, 56% of A. axis and 37% of S. scrofa faeces contained at least one G. triacanthos seed. The average number of seeds per faeces was 6.8 for deer and 2 for wild boar. Germination experiments confirmed the germination capacity of seeds consumed by both mammals. Global co‐occurrence analysis revealed widespread spatial overlap, with stronger co‐occurrence between G. triacanthos and S. scrofa . Synthesis and applications . Our study provides empirical evidence that management plans should adopt an integrated approach. The movement of invasive animals significantly influences propagule pressure and, given their broad distribution and widespread use of the landscape, merely reducing plant density is insufficient. These animals ensure the dispersal of the few invasive plants that may remain. Therefore, management strategies should not only focus on controlling plant density but also on regulating animal populations, especially those that facilitate the spread of non‐native species. Such integrated management is crucial for preventing the reinforcement of invasive dynamics and improving long‐term control efforts.

Floral color is a stunning, complex trait that has long served as a model for connecting genetics, development, evolution, and ecology. Nevertheless, few mechanistic models relate flower color to the pigments that produce variation, nor has there been much exploration into theoretically possible flower color variation. Here we explored these topics using an anthocyanin-derived theoretical color-space approach. We characterized flower color, floral anthocyanin concentrations, evolutionary history, and biogeography for 51 species of neotropical Ruellia to compare extant color diversity to an anthocyanin-derived theoretical color space and analyzed potential drivers of variation. To build the color space, we utilized reflectance spectrometry, HPLC, double-digest restriction-site-associated next-generation sequencing, and an extensive data set of Ruellia occurrences. An anthocyanin floral color model predicted a significant portion of the observed variation in reflectance spectra. Flowers spanned most of the theoretically possible color space, but with phenotypes clustered at the extreme edges of the space. Species of Ruellia exhibited less biochemical constraint than other well-studied lineages, commonly producing three or more types of anthocyanins (39%), but still showed evidence of constraint. Shared evolutionary history and biogeographical overlap were not strong predictors of color disparity between species pairs. Anthocyanins were primary predictors of flower color in Ruellia, but a significant portion of variation remained unexplained by our model, implicating additional mechanisms (e.g., co-pigmentation and pH) underlying flower color. Modeling color space provided a powerful framework for quantifying evolutionary constraints, offering insights into the mechanisms shaping phenotypic diversity.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: This article examines how Polish media narrate issues related to Ukrainian refugees and how these narratives evolve over time alongside political, social, and economic developments. Our analysis covers the first two years of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, from February 2022 to February 2024. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: Our research utilizes qualitative content analysis to identify dominant frames, themes, and discursive strategies used by the newspapers, focusing on two of Poland’s most influential newspapers: Gazeta Wyborcza and Rzeczpospolita. The article outlines changes in the media narratives and situates them within changing contextual conditions, without assessing audience reception or public perception. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The argument proceeds in three steps: (1) it situates media discourse within the broader theoretical framework of trust, migration, and media framing, outlining how symbolic narratives are constructed during humanitarian crises; (2) it compares the coverage of both newspapers, mapping the transformation of refugee-related narratives across political and economic contexts; and (3) it examines how shifts in media framing correspond with broader societal and political developments observed during the same period, without drawing conclusions about their mutual influence. RESEARCH RESULTS: Initially, both outlets framed the refugee influx through humanitarian solidarity, highlighting shared history and moral responsibility. Over time, however, narratives began to emphasize challenges related to welfare strain, labor competition, and social cohesion. This change intensified during politically sensitive moments—such as the 2023 grain crisis—when public debate focused on national resources and solidarity fatigue. These developments signaled a shift toward more ambivalent or issue-focused portrayals of refugees and unfolded alongside broader societal tensions of the period. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The study shows that media outlets function not merely as transmitters of facts but as co-creators of social trust and collective meaning. By revealing the mechanisms through which trust is built and destabilized, the article contributes to understanding the politicization of humanitarian crises and offers insights for more balanced media communication.

This paper examines the “Litvinism” controversy, a persistent source of tension in Lithuanian-Belarusian relations centred on competing interpretations of the shared history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL). The study undertakes a comparative analysis of influential historical narratives from both Lithuania and Belarus, drawing from a wide range of sources, including academic publications, textbooks, Wikipedia articles, and YouTube content. The research methodology identifies and systematically compares eight core thematic points of contention: the GDL’s political structure, its ethnic nature, the framing of its Slavic element and chancery language, the nature of its territorial expansion, the foundation of Vilnius, the interpretation of historical Lithuania’s names, and the geographical location of historical Lithuania. The analysis shows that Lithuanians and Belarusians hold deeply entrenched, often divergent views on the history of the GDL. The points of convergence are relatively scarce; however, they seem to offer a real chance for conversation and finding some common ground.

Since the 1990s, a growing corpus of trans memoirs has expanded the literary representation of trans lives. These memoirs normally explore trauma, transition, confrontation with their pasts, and personal healing. Within this context, this article examines the portrayal of transfemininity and transmasculinity through a comparative study of Kai Cheng Thom’s Fierce Femmes and Notorious Liars and Thomas Page McBee’s Man Alive. Thom and McBee construct their trans identities through different narrative strategies: Thom emphasises transfeminine identities as bodies intersected by multiple axes of marginalisation, whilst McBee presents a more solitary trajectory that interrogates masculinity and its entanglement with violence. Firstly, I situate both memoirs in relation to the conventions of trans writing, tracing how each text simultaneously adopts and subverts to reconfigure different modes of representation. Secondly, I analyse the narrative tropes that permeate these texts, such as geographical displacement, (non)linearity, and temporality as central devices in the articulation of trans experience. I argue that both authors reconceptualise transness as an ongoing process rather than a fixed arrival, navigating tensions of pathologisation, community and shared history. In this sense, these memoirs operate as critical interventions within trans studies, reorienting dominant narratives and discourses surrounding trans embodiment and identity.

Abstract:- The research explores the transformative power of photography as a tool for advocating historical interaction between tribal and non-tribal communities and promoting sustainable practices. The study emphasizes the significance of visual storytelling and its potential to bridge cultural divides, foster understanding, and strengthen relationships between diverse communities. The research investigates how photography can be utilized to document and preserve traditional knowledge, practices, and cultural heritage of tribal communities, while also highlighting their interactions with non-tribal counterparts. It aims to underscore the importance of acknowledging the shared history and cultural exchange between tribes and non-tribal communities in promoting mutual respect and coexistence. By visually capturing the harmonious relationship between tribal communities and their natural surroundings, photography can act as a catalyst to raise awareness about sustainable living and environmental protection, the study said, promoting sustainable practices. Another important aspect of the study is the emphasis on sustainable practices. Tribal historical interaction has been instrumental in highlighting the importance of eco- friendly practices, sustainable resource management, and conservation of natural habitats. Through compelling visual narratives, the research demonstrates how the traditional knowledge of Indigenous communities can inform modern sustainable practices for both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal populations. In addition, the study explores how sustainable practice contributes to the empowerment of tribal communities. By giving them a platform to showcase their cultural heritage and traditional practices, photography helps in promoting cultural pride and identity. This empowerment, in turn, increases agency in shaping their future and influencing policy decisions related to their heritage and the environment. Imagining Heritage: Photography as a Tool for Advocating for Aboriginal and Non- Aboriginal Historical Connections and Sustainable Practices illustrates the transformative power of photography in preserving cultural heritage, fostering historical dialogue, and promoting sustainable practices. Through its ability to inspire empathy and understanding, photography serves as a catalyst for positive change, enhancing the relationship between tribal and non-tribal communities and creating a more harmonious and sustainable future. Keywords – Sustainable Development Goals, Photography, cultural Heritage, Interaction, Visual Narrative.

ABSTRACT Keeping in mind how memory and history constitute power, this article advocates the use of existing oral histories of subalterns that make rich contributions to our understanding of regional towns such as Uralla and Guyra, in the New England Tablelands. By paying close attention to subaltern oral histories outside the written record, including Indigenous narratives, we can better understand our shared history in place. By drawing on past subjective oral histories while working collaboratively with community, this essay supports processes of heritagisation that first deconstruct and then describe meaningful histories, thus contributing to decolonisation. Oral history is not always easily accessed and its protagonists do not consistently explicate their intersubjectivity. Nonetheless, this article builds on Lynn Abrams’s view of oral history as advocacy while acknowledging the need for care in its use for heritagisation.

This paper explores the portrayal of an obfuscated female protagonist in the minimalist videogame Unpacking, which narrates its story entirely through its mise-en-scène. Adopting a social semiotics approach, the study delves into how the socially constructed elements of the game's mise-en-scène assist players in ‘unpacking’ the protagonist's identity and narrative. Unpacking introduces a novel approach to ludonarratology by intentionally omitting the direct presence of the protagonist, instead focusing on the spaces and objects that players interact with. As players progress through the protagonist's life, these spaces and objects become laden with social significance, creating a shared history between the player and the protagonist. The game diverges from traditional storytelling methods, offering an environment where the story is pieced together through the objects unpacked in each new space the protagonist inhabits. These objects serve as signifiers of her memories, aspirations, and life stages, evolving beyond mere gameplay elements into artefacts that shape her life story. A significant aspect of this paper is its discussion of the novel portrayal of a female protagonist who is omitted from visual representation. Rather than focusing on her physical appearance, the game emphasises unearthing her identity through gameplay, allowing players to discover who she is. The game exemplifies how minimalist narrative techniques, rooted in social semiotics, can foster rich and engaging storytelling experiences. By omitting a visible protagonist, Unpacking allows players to explore and interpret the narrative through the spaces and objects they encounter and the connections they establish between them. This article's significance lies in its examination of Unpacking as a case study for understanding how minimalist narrative techniques can effectively convey a complex and emotionally resonant story through unconventional means.

The EU's soft power is not only a factor of the Community’s attraction but also a driver of change in the candidate countries. Culture remains one of the most “visible” and influential components of soft power. Culture and cultural heritage, reflecting cultural diversity and a shared history, are the cement that shapes and contributes to a common European sense of belonging; to the EU's social cohesion and democratic values, as well as to the sustainability, attractiveness and viability of its economy. Through the Creative Europe program, the European Commission invests in culture in the candidate countries as it is convinced that culture contributes to EU integration. Investment in culture is seen as a means of showing the candidate country that it is culturally part of Europe and deserves a role in the joint construction of European culture and identity. The European Commission’s strategies, i.e., introducing new forms of multi-level governance, channelling investment into culture, and creating European partnerships in the distribution of funding, contribute to “governance through culture”. By joining the Creative Europe program in 2016 and receiving candidate country status in 2022, Ukraine enhanced the international visibility of Ukrainian culture, which is an important factor in shaping the country’s positive image on the international stage. Ukraine’s participation in Creative Europe also contributes to the formation of a common cultural narrative based on mutual respect, dialogue and solidarity – the principles that underpin European identity. The program also stimulates the development of creative industries, which has a positive impact on the economy, employment and social cohesion as it helps Ukrainian organizations adapt to European standards, increases their competitiveness and promotes the sustainable development of the cultural sector.

This study aims to evaluate the enhancement effects of trade agreements on North Macedonia’s bilateral trade flows. By applying an augmented gravity model to a panel data set covering 94 countries for the period between 1995 and 2023, we provide evidence that trade agreements indeed enhanced Macedonian trade flows. Findings indicate larger enhancement effects of trade agreements on imports vis-à-vis exports. To some extent, this outcome aligns with expectations since, even before the implementation of these agreements, more than 80 percent of Macedonia's exported goods already targeted destinations covered under current free trade zones. Despite being beneficial, this study also revealed that trade agreements themselves appeared less influential relative to other factors such as shared history and cultural proximity. Evertheless, when analyzing the dynamics of the effects of expansion related to trade agreements over the past twenty years, it becomes obvious that their impact is gradually increasing. However, despite the fact that the initial benefits may seem insignificant, sustainable interaction within trade zones ultimately brings greater benefits over a longer period of time.

ABSTRACT There is a growing trend of celebrating tribal cultural festivals at the state and national level, either sponsored or co-sponsored by the state or corporate entities as part of their corporate social responsibility. These festivals are often created, invented, or hybridised to attract and promote tourism. The main attractions of these festivals are rock concerts and beauty pageants. This detracts from the value system established by the ancestors of the tribes, who envisioned a communitarian principle of coexistence and celebration. Building on my ethnography, this paper argues that festivals have become a space where civil society leaders and the state forged a new relationship and established a clandestine nexus to facilitate governance and development in tribal areas. Furthermore, I posit that the invented and manufactured tribal festivals, co-opted by the state, are antithetical to the purpose of festivals that nurture, preserve, and propagate group identities shaped by shared history and the dynamics of social life.

The article examines how Jewish heritage is commemorated in the cities of Lower and Upper Silesia, Poland. After World War II, these parts of Poland experienced a selective representation of its past, in which Polish narratives were prioritized, often overshadowing the German presence. Through a comparative analysis, this research examines recent initiatives, including the opening of the Upper Silesian Jews House of Remembrance in Gliwice and the activities of various organizations in Wrocław dedicated to preserving local Jewish history. Using qualitative methodologies (in-depth interviews with museum staff and direct observations), as well as the examination of various texts, this study analyzes how nationalism shapes the representation of the Holocaust in different organizations and highlights the challenges in effectively educating the public about the shared history of Poles and German Jews in contemporary Poland.