Share Of Consumption Research Articles

Analysis of energy intensity indicators in production of mineral fertilizers

The article presents the results of the calculation of the energy consumption of the main and auxiliary technologies for the production of mineral fertilizers, interrelated as a single energy technology system (ETS). At the stage of the primary analysis of fuel, electricity and heat consumption indicators of individual technologies of the mineral fertilizers industry, the task was set to determine the energy intensity of specific technologies depending on intra-system distribution of flows of fuel and energy resources (FER) between the ETS production facilities for the output of target products.On the basis of a mathematical model, according to the averaged specific consumption rates of fuel and energy resources of the main and auxiliary technologies for the production of one ton of product, the values of specific energy consumption for target technologies for the production of mineral fertilizers were obtained. The analysis of the calculated indicators of energy consumption enabled to identify the most energy-intensive technologies.. It is shown that in the total energy consumption of the target technology, the share of energy consumption of auxiliary industries is up to 97% of the total energy intensity. Besides, the paper cosiders the key factors that determine the level of energy efficiency of industry enterprises under study.Through the example of an existing technology for the production of mineral fertilizers of one technological line with a capacity of 27.5 t/h (in terms of the finished product), the calculation of energy consumption was performed. The paper states that the modernization of the technology for the production of mineral fertilizers through the utilization of thermal SERs emitted into the environment would reduce the energy consumption of the technology by 6.33%.The mathematical model used in the study makes it possible to determine the values of energy consumption of technologies in the mineral fertilizer production industry with the greatest accuracy. The analysis of the data obtained shows that the studied technologies of the industry are characterized by irrational consumption of fuel and energy resources and, therefore, need a more thorough and systematic approach in determining energy saving reserves and ways to rationalize them in the energy technology system (ETS).

Sustaining essential health services inLao PDR inthe context ofdonor transition andCOVID-19.

Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) aims at graduating from least developed country status by 2026 and must increase the level of domestic financing for health. This paper examines how the government has prepared for the decline of external assistance and how donors have applied their transition approaches. Adapting a World Health Organization (WHO) framework, reflections and lessons were generated based on literature review, informal and formal consultations and focus group discussions with the Lao PDR government and development partners including budget impact discussion. The government has taken three approaches to transition from external to domestic funding: mobilizing domestic resources, increasing efficiency across programs and prioritization with a focus on strengthening primary health care (PHC). The government has increased gradually domestic government health expenditures as a share of the government expenditure from 2.6% in 2013 to 4.9% in 2019. The Ministry of Health has made efforts to design and roll out integrated service delivery of maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health services, immunization and nutrition; integrated 13 information systems of key health programs into one single District Health Information Software 2; and prioritized PHC, which has led to shifting donors towards supporting PHC. Donors have revisited their aid policies designed to improve sustainability and ownership of the government. However, the government faces challenges in improving cross-programmatic efficiency at the operational level and in further increasing the health budget due to the economic crisis aggravated during Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Working to implement donor transition strategies under the current economic situation and country challenges, calls into question the criteria used to evaluate transition. This criterion needs to include more appropriate indicators other than gross national income per capita, which does not reflect a country's readiness and capacity of the health system. There should be a more country-tailored strategy and support for considering the context and system-wide readiness during donor transition.

The global emission mitigation potential of avoiding waste and product lifespan extension by Chinese households

This paper examines the emission mitigation potential of Chinese households’ low-carbon behavior by 2030 through a global carbon footprint scenario analysis. The emission reduction effect is estimated by comparing the projected global emissions in 2030 in a lifestyle emulation scenario and a low-carbon scenario, in which Chinese households adopt low-carbon consumption behaviors. Lifestyle emulation is modeled based on what we call “world Engel curves”, which describe how the expenditure share of a certain consumption good depends on the total per capita expenditures for household consumption (which depends on income). By including a dynamic link between household lifestyle changes and GDP, we then obtain the emission projections under different scenarios in 2030, based on the historical data for 49 countries from 1995 to 2011 from EXIOBASE. Our results show that adopting a mild low-carbon lifestyle by households helps only little in terms of reducing GHG emissions. Reducing avoidable waste and expanding the lifetime of products are not enough to help meeting the 2 °C goal. More drastic changes are required.

A Study of the Impact of China's Internet Economy on the Agricultural Industry

In recent years, China has faced the challenge of economic transformation and the triple pressure of contracting demand, supply shocks and weakening expectations. In the past, China's economic growth was mainly driven by trade and investment. Nevertheless, the share of consumption in the economy has been increasing, becoming one of the most critical factors in China's economic development. The rapid development of Internet technology has promoted online consumption, thus providing a good opportunity and a platform for selling agricultural products online in remote areas. This paper focuses on the impact of the development of China's Internet economy on the agricultural industry. It is found that the development of China's Internet economy has a positive impact on the development of the agricultural industry and the sale of agricultural products. Whether in the pre-epidemic, epidemic, or post-epidemic period, online sales of agricultural products show a continuous growth trend. This paper also presents the problems of selling agricultural products online and provides reasonable solutions.

The impact of tax expenditures on economic growth: The US experience

In the last decade, assessing the tax expenditures’ economic efficiency has grown in importance due to the increasing number of situations where stakeholders use tax benefits for personal enrichment. The problem is aggravated by the very nature of tax expenditures, which represent budget revenue losses. The expediency of tax expenditures can be proved by estimating their impact on economic growth. The paper aims to measure such impact using the case of the USA. Methodologically, the study relies on Barro’s conception of endogenous growth. The study applies econometric methods of analysis. The data for the study is taken from the Global Tax Expenditures Database (GTED), the U.S. Department of the Treasury, the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, and the U.S. Census Bureau for 1998–2022. The results indicate no correlation between the share of tax expenditures in a specific sphere in the total amount and their efficiency (the strength of the positive impact on GDP). For instance, the tax expenditures in commerce and housing have the greatest share (35.4 %), yet their impact is relatively weak compared to other categories of tax expenditures: 1 dollar of expenditures induces a 0.04 dollar increase in GDP. At the same time, tax expenditures in the social sphere with an insubstantial share of 2 % generate a 10 times higher return (a 0.49 dollar increase in GDP per 1 dollar of expenditures). Therefore, the structure of tax expenditures with an explicit social orientation appears to be the most preferable for the USA.

Inefficiency Analysis of Tax Efforts in Special Category States of India: Evidence from a Stochastic Frontier Model

The current article examines the tax efforts of India’s main mountainous states that have been accorded special category status by the National Development Council. These states have been under persistent budgetary pressure and are partially reliant on central funds in the form of grants in ‘aid’ and other central transfers. The present article employs the Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) model to assess ‘tax effort’ of special category states. The model results implied that ‘tax effort’ rises with increase in the share of secondary sector, revenue expenditure and road infrastructure. Further, the level of debt lowers ‘tax effort’, whereas the introduction of FRBM and Goods and Service Tax Regime (GST) has raised the inefficiency in own tax mobilization. On the basis of tax effort index, computed through John Drew (JLMS) methodology, this study also indicates that Assam, Uttarakhand, and Jammu and Kashmir are in a far better position in tax efforts score compared to the north eastern special category states. JEL Codes: H2, H21, H22, H71

On the Impacts of Government Size on Economic Growth in India: Some Evidence from Smooth Transition Autoregression Model

This article examines the threshold effects of government size (measured as a percentage share of government final consumption expenditure in GDP) on economic growth from a non-linear perspective. We apply a smooth transition autoregression (STAR) model to estimate the threshold level of government size and its impact on economic growth in India for the period spanning from 1971 to 2019. The empirical results reveal that the relationship between government size and economic growth is non-linear. The study finds a statistically significant positive relationship between the size of the government and economic growth below the estimated threshold level of government size of 10.45 per cent. Above the 10.45 per cent threshold level, government size has a deleterious impact on economic growth. The results also reveal that the transition from one extreme economic phase to another is gradual. The findings of our study recommend that policymakers can enhance India’s economic growth by restricting government size to the estimated threshold level or by reducing the size of the government when it lies well above the threshold level. JEL Codes: JEL H00, JEL E6, JEL E62

Optimization of normal operation mode of an electric system with renewable energy sources in Mongolia

This article is aimed at developing an algorithm for optimizing the operation modes of the electric power system of Mongolia, particularly the central power system that include not only conventional thermal power plants, but also renewable sources (wind and solar power plants). This power system accounts for a large share of electricity consumption and generation in Mongolia. The method of linear programming was chosen to minimize financial costs and active power losses during power generation at thermal power plants, while Newton’s method was used to minimize power losses. In addition, the article uses load schedules of each node of the studied power system for its modeling based on the ranking model. Load graphs are predicted using ensemble machine learning algorithms. After the optimization by the criterion of power loss minimization in the grid, power losses were found to be 3.05% of the total power consumption (with power losses in the basic variant of 3.12% and the average selling price of thermal power plants of 0.51 units). Thus, the reduction in losses amounted to 0.07 percentage points, or 2.24%. In terms of the cost minimization criterion, the average selling price of electricity was 0.49 units, i.e., decreased by 3.92%. Average losses of electric power in the grid decreased by 0.6%. According to empirical data, the suggested algorithms can be applied to the optimization of power distribution between thermal power plants by given criteria. The suggested algorithms are implemented using pandapower, a Python-based tool for power system analysis, thus creating a unified system of predictive analytics of power system operation modes

Foundation of the small open economy model with product differentiation

We derive a small open economy (SOE) as the limit of an economy as the number or size of its trading partners goes to infinity and trade costs also go to infinity. We obtain this limit in the Armington, Eaton–Kortum, Krugman, and Melitz models. In all cases, the trade of the SOE with the foreign countries approaches a finite limit, and the domestic expenditure share for the SOE approaches a limit that is not zero or unity. The foreign countries can be either infinitely many SOEs, or alternatively, one or many large countries with domestic expenditure shares that approach unity. We illustrate the usefulness of this framework by obtaining a formula for the optimal tariff in the SOE – depending on the elasticity of domestic wages with respect to the tariff – that is consistent with all models.

The dynamic role of technological innovations and energy structure in China's industrial coal consumption growth: a joint production theoretical decomposition analysis.

China's energy-intensive industries utilize the leading proportion of coal to meet the demand for its industrial outputs, while on the other hand, these industries also assure the provision of livelihood to millions of people, and capping the share of coal consumption for these industries can adversely affect the industrial and economic growth of China. Thus, to achieve the Pareto improvement between environmental pollution and industrial output growth, it is essential to comprehend the patterns of coal consumption in these industries. Hence, the present research intended to analyze the potential drivers of coal consumption by applying a joint LMDI, DEA, and the production theoretical decomposition approach. Findings indices that, first, industrial output growth was the crucial driver to simulate the industrial coal consumption, while the potential coal intensity and coal technology changes exhibited the reverse effect. Second, the coal inputs and industrial output efficiency, along with the improvements in technological gaps, were found to be the imperative factors in decelerating coal consumption. Third, the energy industrial group was discovered to have more potentials of coal conversation as compared to the non-energy industrial group. Moreover, results also indicated that coal pure technical efficiency is accelerating coal growth, which revealed that coal can be saved by enhancing coal allocative efficiency. These findings laid the empirical ground to design a feasible coal conservation policy for achieving the imperative goals of environmental protection without compromising industrial output growth.

Study on the Development Status and Future Trends of New Energy Electric Vehicles in China

In recent years, energy shortage and environmental problems have become increasingly serious, and the development of new energy electric vehicles has become a new breakthrough. China's new energy electric vehicle market has entered a new stage of explosive growth, with significant growth in the proportion of private consumption and market share. However, the driving and inhibiting factors about the development of new energy automobile industry are still unclear; how the future trend of China's new energy industry development will be has not yet been fully answered; is it really a substitution relationship between new energy electric vehicles and traditional energy vehicles? How can China quickly capture market share in the complex and changing global market? To what extent does the popularization of new energy vehicles have an impact on the environment? Solving these problems will be of great significance to China's new energy development strategy. To address the above issues, this paper constructs the corresponding model and solves them. Finally, the constructed model is briefly evaluated and further discussed.

A study on the effectiveness of financial development on economic growth of Morocco

Economic growth’s theories suggest that a developed financial sector can promote the economy growth. However, the ability of financial sector to boost the economic growth depends on its ability to finance the economy. This paper investigates the relationship between Morocco's economic growth and financial development (FD). We base our study on the crucial role of banking sector in economic growth in developing countries through their financial intermediation. In order, to verify this relationship the vector error correction model (VECM) is used on secondary data: real GDP per capita (GDP) and a set of explanatory variables representing the financial development sector, specifically the ratio of private sector credit (CPS) and control variables including the share of government consumption (PC), the real interest rate (IR), trade openness (TO), and the inflation rate (INF). Our secondary data comes from the Central Bank of Morocco database and covers 56 quarters from 2007Q1 to 2020Q4. The findings support the long- and short-term benefits of financial sector development for economic growth in Morocco.

Share of food group expenditure in Mexican households according to the gender of the head of household and size of the locality.

To evaluate differences in the percentage of expenditure on food groups in Mexican households according to the gender of the household head and the size of the locality. Analysis of secondary data from the National Household Income and Expenditure Survey (ENIGH) 2018. We estimated the percentage of expenditure on fifteen food groups according to the gender of the head of household and locality size and evaluated the differences using a two-part model approach. Mexico, 2018. A nationally representative sample of 74 647 Mexican households. Female-headed households allocated a lower share of expenditure to the purchase of sweetened beverages and alcoholic beverages and higher percentages to milk and dairy, fruits and water. In comparison with metropolitan households, households in rural and urban localities spent more on cereals and tubers, sugar and honey, oil and fat and less on food away from home. Households allocate different percentages of expenditure to diverse food groups according to the gender of the head of the household and the size of the locality where they are located. Future research should focus on understanding the economic and social disparities related to differences in food expenditure, including the gender perspective.

The Enhancing Effect of Government Cost Accounting Informatization on Fiscal Expenditure Efficiency

Abstract Accounting is an important part of the modern economy and society, and accounting informatization has gradually become the development trend of an accounting system. Government fiscal expenditure efficiency is also significantly affected by accounting automation. The study improves the DEA-BBC model to measure the efficiency of fiscal expenditure and adopts the PSM-DID model to construct the model of the effect of accounting informatization on the efficiency of fiscal expenditure according to the theory of government cost accounting and accounting informatization. The effect of government accounting information technology on fiscal expenditure efficiency is empirically studied. Government cost accounting information is selected as the explanatory variable, fiscal expenditure efficiency is selected as the explanatory variable, and control variables are introduced for regression analysis. The mean value of fiscal expenditure efficiency is 0.743, the minimum value is 0.216, the maximum value is 1.000, and the standard deviation is 0.230. The coefficient of government cost accounting informatization is 0.058 before adding control variables, but it increases to 0.065 after adding control variables. For every 1% decrease in government cost accounting informatization, the proportion of fiscal expenditure, the proportion of education expenditure, medical expenditure share, and social security and employment expenditure share rise by 1.1568, -0.4135, -0.2764, and -0.5011 units, respectively. The higher the government’s financial self-sufficiency and the smaller the government, the more efficient fiscal expenditures.

Effectiveness of Public Procurement Process Guarantees in Donor Funded Projects in the Eastern Africa

The importance of effective risk management in public procurement, given its substantial share of government expenditure, cannot be overstated. This study evaluated the application of procurement guarantees, identified challenges, and assessed their impact on project success in Eastern Africa, focusing on Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, and South Sudan. The study targeted project managers, procurement officers, finance managers, and auditors, employing a descriptive cross-sectional study design with a purposive sample of 36 respondents. Data was collected through online survey questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive and thematic analysis, with qualitative data interpreted using Braun and Clarke’s approach. The findings indicated that many respondents reported extensive use of procurement guarantees within their organizations, with successful examples like the USAID Emergency WASH Response in South Sudan and projects involving IFAD, BHA, EU, and the Water Trust Fund. Various projects, such as the Kenya Livestock Commercialization Project and initiatives like home visits for families, demonstrated the wide range of sectors benefiting from these guarantees, potentially supporting broader development goals. The study identified three primary themes related to the impact of guarantees on project success: Risk Management and Accountability, Enhanced Performance and Quality Assurance, and Efficiency and Fairness in Procurement. Performance bonds and retention guarantees were highlighted as particularly effective, although challenges like project delays and financial losses due to inadequate guarantees were common. Key obstacles included operational inefficiencies, financial constraints, and legal barriers. The study recommended improving processes, accountability, efficiency, and risk management through capacity building and training, underscoring the need for skill development and adherence to compliance to ensure successful project outcomes.Top of Form

NATIONAL DEFENCE EXPENDITURES, INTERNAL SECURITY EXPENDITURES AND REAL ECONOMIC GROWTH

This study investigated the influence of government defence and security expenditures on economic growth in Nigeria using annual time series data for the period 1981-2021. The study used government recurrent and capital defence expenditures, and as well as government recurrent and capital internal security expenditures as the main explanatory variables. The Autoregressive Distributive Lag approach was used to analyze the data. The results revealed that the shares of government recurrent defence expenditures in GDP and recurrent internal security expenditures in GDP had negative and insignificant impact on economic growth. The share of government capital defence expenditure in GDP had positive and insignificant impact on economic growth. Similarly, the share of government capital internal security expenditures in GDP had a positive but insignificant impact on economic growth. The study recommends that government should encourage the adequate implementation of the budgetary provision for defence and internal security expenditures, and also that government should device a means to technologically monitor the disbursement of funds for national defence and internal security in the fight against the security challenges.

PROVISION OF HEALTH SERVICES TO THE POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT: THE CASE OF AZERBAIJAN

The purpose of the research – the study aims to evaluate the progress made in Azerbaijan's healthcare system, considering recent developments. This includes assessing their impact on life expectancy at birth, a crucial indicator of population reproduction. Additionally, the research seeks to identify potential avenues for future development in light of existing challenges. The methodology of the research – descriptive analysis and comparative analysis methods were used in the research. The practical importance of the research - deeply understanding the current state of the healthcare sector is crucial for successfully implementing the activities outlined in the demographic development concept, which aims to improve the population's quality of life. This research lays the groundwork for future analyses that will utilize econometric models to explore the intricate relationship between health and demographic indicators. The results of the research - recent reforms in Azerbaijan's healthcare system have broadened access to medical services for the population, leading to a notable increase in life expectancy. Notably, the establishment of the Institute of Family Physicians and the enhanced collaboration between public and private medical institutions have played a crucial role in tackling key challenges. These include addressing regional disparities in healthcare deve­lopment indicators and increasing the share of healthcare expenditures within the national GDP. The originality and scientific novelty of the research - the processes in the healthcare system were analyzed comprehensively, linking them to demographic indicators. This descriptive analysis revealed positive trends in the field of medicine, accompanied by an increase in life expectancy.

Food Security Analysis of Farmer Households in Subwatershed Keduang, Wonogiri Regency, Central Java, Indonesia

Food security is the individual ability to access sufficient food physically and economically, safe, and nutritious. Limited fulfillment of food in farmer households is determined by restricted physical access, economical, and another social factor. The geographical conditions of Wonogiri Regency which is dominated by dry land, climate change, and high input prices for agricultural production facilities certainly affect the food security of farmer households. This study aims to determine the proportion of food expenditure; analyze the energy consumption level; and analyze the degree of farmers household’s food security in the subwatershed Keduang, Wonogiri Regency, Central Java. This research was conducted in Sidoharjo, Jatipurno, and Jatisrono sub-district with a purposive sampling method. Data analysis was performed using the farmer household’s income and expenditure method, energy and protein consumption, and cross indicators between the food expenditure and energy consumption adequacy. The results show that the farmer households food expenditure was IDR 1 571 956 or 61.11 % from the share of total expenditure; energy consumption level of 80.34 % is moderate; the degree of household food security of farmer households shows that 44.44 % are food resistance, 3.33 % are food vulnerable, and 52.22 % are lack of food.

Insulating materials based on silica aerogel composites: synthesis, properties and application.

The rapidly increasing growth in the world's population has created enormous environmental issues, such as the greenhouse effect, global warming, ozone layer depletion, acid rain, and excessive energy usage. The construction sector, in particular, accounts for a significant share of worldwide energy consumption, making it a major contributor to these challenges. Effective building insulation is crucial for decreasing energy demand, minimising heat loss, and lowering environmental impact. Aerogels have acquired popularity as insulation materials due to their outstanding qualities such as great thermal insulation, flame retardancy, lightweight construction, and environmental friendliness. Silica aerogels, in particular, are emerging as game changers in the construction insulation sector, accounting for a sizable proportion due to their low thermal conductivity and simplicity of manufacture. This paper gives a thorough overview of silica aerogel production processes, the key qualities necessary for aerogel-based composites, and the most recent advances in their use in building insulation. It also examines how to overcome inherent obstacles such as mechanical fragility and high manufacturing costs, providing technologies that improve mechanical strength and long-term durability. By incorporating silica aerogels into construction materials, the industry may significantly reduce energy consumption while also contributing to the creation of sustainable, energy-efficient buildings.

МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ВІДНОВЛЮВАЛЬНИХ ДЖЕРЕЛ ЕНЕРГІЇ НА ПРИКЛАДІ КРАЇН ЄС ТА УКРАЇНИ

The research examines the use of renewable energy sources in the countries of the European Union and Ukraine, as well as modeling the dependence between indicators of the country's energy dependence and the share of renewable energy in the final energy consumption. The purpose of the article is a theoretical-statistical analysis of the prospects for the use of renewable energy sources and modeling of the impact of the intensity of renewable energy usage on energy security indicators on the case of the European Union and Ukraine. The mechanisms of regulation of the renewable energy market in European countries were considered, the analysis of the use of renewable energy sources in Germany and France was carried out. The dynamics of the use of renewable energy facilities in Ukraine are analyzed. Despite the promising development of renewable energy sources in Ukraine, most projects are currently suspended during military operations, although the renewable energy sector plays a significant role in Ukraine's recovery plans. Based on the data of the EU countries and Ukraine, a correlation analysis was conducted between the level of energy dependence and the share of renewable energy sources in final consumption and the existence of a negative correlation between the variables was established. On the basis of indicators of energy dependence and the share of RES in final consumption by the method of cluster analysis, the analyzed countries are divided into five clusters. However, for a more detailed study of the influence of the indicators of the intensity of use of renewable energy sources on the indicators of the economic and social spheres, additional data are needed, which constitutes the perspective of further research in this field. The conducted analysis revealed significant differentiation between the analyzed countries. Ukraine is included in the cluster with EU countries that have a share of RES in final consumption from 10% to 30% and the level of energy dependence exceeds 50%. Ukraine has the lowest level of RES share in final consumption. The development of renewable energy will allow the country to reduce the level of energy dependence, which will positively affect the energy and economic security of the country.