Shady Places Research Articles

MEMBANGUN BISNIS TANAMAN HIAS INDOOR DI KOTA KUPANG MELALUI KEGIATAN KEWIRAUSAHAAN MAHASISWA PROGRAM STUDI AGRIBISNIS FAKULTAS PERTANIAN UNIVERSITAS NUSA CENDANA

The indoor ornamental plant business in Kupang City is quite a promising business. The survey results provide an indication that the demand for indoor ornamental plants continues to grow. This provides a promising business opportunity if pursued professionally and strategically so that it can generate profits. The target market for this business is the people of Kupang City who need indoor ornamental plants, such as offices, lecture halls, residential houses, shady places, etc. The choice of types of indoor ornamental plants in this business are leaf ornamental plants and flower ornamental plants, with good quality provisions, regular maintenance and fertile, quality soil. The objectives of this activity are (1) Building students' entrepreneurial interest in the field of indoor ornamental plants; (2) Channeling your interest or hobby in ornamental plants; (3) Increase and popularize interest in ornamental plants among the people of Kupang City. The method used in this activity is direct student participation in the production and marketing process of indoor ornamental plants. As a result of this activity, the students involved were motivated to produce and pursue indoor ornamental plant business.

Review on Evaluation of Phytochemical Analysis of Kalmegh (Andrographis Paniculata) Leaf Extract

Andrographis paniculata is an herbaceous plant which is commonly known as “King of Bitters” and belongs to the family Acanthaceae. Andrographis paniculata is one of the commonly used herbal medicines worldwide.It is an erect plant which grows mainly as under shrub in tropical moist deciduous forests. It grows erect to a height of 32-100cm in moist shady places with glabrous leaves and white flowers with rose-purple spots on the petals. This plant is the richest source of bioactive constituents. Andrographolide is generally considered an essential bioactive component of plant A. Paniculata. Andrographolide is colorless, crystalline in appearance and has a very bitter taste. the andrographolide are multifarious and include: analgesic, antipyretic, antiretroviral, antimalarial, anti-hyperglycaemic, hepatoprotective, immunemodulatory, protective against alcohol induced toxicity and cardio protective activity and anticancer activity Its phyto extract can protect human against a number of diseases.Kalmegh is used both in Ayurvedic and Unani System of medicines for possess immunological, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic and hepatoprotective properties. Andrographolide is an interesting pharmacophore with anticancer and immunomodulatory activities and hence has the potential to be developed as an anticancer chemotherapeutic agent as well.. The A. paniculata treats a wide range of diseases in traditional medicinal systems, and its intended benefits must be evaluatedThe present communication deals with the anti-diarrhoeal properties of the alcoholic extract, its fractions and pure compounds isolated from A. paniculata.In the ayurvedic system of medicine currently widely practiced in Indian, Andrographis paniculata is often used in combination with other herbs and health care procedures for helping patients suffering from diverse spectrums of organ pathologies and mental health problems

Interaction and integration among behaviors of adult Drosophila in nature.

Living in environments whose ecologies vary in periods as short as 24 h is a challenge for animals as Drosophila species that inhabit pear and apple orchards. These orchards have sunny and shady sections. The size and shape of these habitats change daily according to the position of the sun in the sky. Sunny areas are related to dryness and water loss, and shady places have lower temperatures and higher humidity. The presence of heterospecific flies may lead to competition for space and food. In sunny habitats we did not find adult Drosophila. In shady sections we found conspecific groups D. melanogaster, D. simulans, D. immigrans, D. subobscura, and the Chilean endemic D. pavani perched on grasses and herbs at 8-10 cm from fruits that had fallen on the ground. In the fruits, 99% of the adults were females and they were not grouped. The way in which daily changes in the size and shape of shady habitats together with the presence of heterospecific adults influence the selection of places to live is poorly understood in Drosophila. Our experiments show that adults of the five species prefer dark areas. The experimental results show that the odors of each species: i) influence conspecifics to select similar perch sites and decrease mobility, and ii) increase mobility in heterospecific adults and modify their perch site preferences. Attractions between conspecifics, the repulsions between species, and preferences for shaded areas matter in choosing a place to live in the five Drosophila species. These behaviors seem to have evolved as coordinated routines, contributing to the coexistence of the five Drosophila species in the apple and pear orchards examined.

Genetic diversity analysis of Centella asiatica L. Urban in Vietnam with RAPD marker

Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., belonging to the Apiaceae family, grows widely in shady, moist or marshy places. C. asiatica has been used in traditional medical systems in Asia for over 100 years. A better understanding of genetic diversity is essential for its conservation and use. In this study, we performed the genetic diversity analysis for 24 cultivars of Centella asiatica using 24 selected RAPD markers. There are genetic differences among the studied samples. However, the molecular screening with RAPD markers shows that genetic difference (0.0025–0.2194) and genetic diversity indices (%P = 42.02%, h = 0.1272, I = 0.1938) are relatively low. Besides, HUIB_CA06 and HUIB_CA26 (from Thua Thien Hue province) are genetically different from the remaining varieties, which warrants further analysis of these varieties.

Habitat of Maranthes corymbosa Blume in Sempu Island Nature Reserve and the ex situ conservation efforts

Sempu Island Nature Reserve is an island conservation area that located in East Java. One of tree species that grows in the Sempu Island Nature Reserve is Maranthes corymbosa. This species is known as “triwulan” by local people. Triwulan is known as one of the plant species that has potential as building materials. Therefore, even though the conservation status of this species is still classified as safe according to the WCMC (1998) or World Conservation Monitoring Centre (i.e. LC or Least Concern), it can still experience threats because of the benefits of the wood which are known to the public. The condition of M. corymbosa itself in Sempu Island NR is still relatively well preserved because it may be due to the status of Sempu Island NR as a relatively protected conservation area. This study aims to determine the condition of the natural habitat of M. corymbosa in the Sempu Island NR and to provide additional information about several conservation efforts that have been carried out. M. corymbosa was commonly found in habitats at lowland areas, with low light intensity or shady places and in cool or humid areas in Sempu Island NR. Ex situ conservation efforts for this species have been carried out by several botanical gardens in Indonesia (Purwodadi BG, Bogor BG and Cibodas BG), one of which is by making it a collection in the garden area.

Results of the Introduction of Some Species of Lianas on the Absheron

The article presents data on the methods of reproduction, the dynamics of growth and development of primary seedlings, the study of phenology, as well as the structure of the root system and the nature of the growth of 1-3-year-old plants of the species Trachelospermum jasminoides (Lindl.) Lem., Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd., Vitis amurensis Rupr., Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton and Smilax aspera L. in the conditions of Absheron. In 2017-2019, in the conditions of open and closed ground of the Central Botanical Garden, research was carried out on seed and vegetative propagation. Since they are new introducers, a number of bioecological features have not been comprehensively studied. The species V. amurensis, T. jasminoides and S. aspera were studied in the open conditions of Absheron, and in the closed conditions: B. spectabilis and J. sambac. The species V. amurensis, T. jasminoides, B. spectabilis, S. aspera grew rapidly in sunny areas, while the species J. sambac grows better in shady places. During the study, the highest results when propagated by cuttings were found in the species S. aspera (90%), B. spectabilis(80%) and V. amurensis (90%). During seed propagation, the highest percentage of germination was observed in the species V. amurensis (80%) and S. aspera — (80%) in the first ten days of March when seeds were sown to a depth of 2-3 cm. When studying the root system of the vines of the studied species, it was observed that V. amurensis has about 20 lateral roots, S. aspera has 60, and J. sambac with a fibrous root system has more than 60 lateral roots. As a result, it was found that under the soil and climatic conditions of Absheron, of the studied species, V. amurensis and S. aspera grow and develop normally, bloom profusely and form high-quality seeds, while in the species B. spectabilis and J. sambac, despite abundant flowering during the year, the formation of seeds is not observed.

Commercial Potentials and Agronomic Status of Etlingera elatior, a Promising Horticulture Plant from Zingiberaceae Family

Etlingera elatior or torch ginger is a species under the Zingiberaceae family, primarily distributed in tropical forests and humid, shady places. It is a coarse herb often growing in large colonies, characterized by elongated leafy stems up to 5 m height arising from underground rhizomes. It is known as kantan in Malaysia and kecombrang in Indonesia. The inflorescence is famous as an ingredient in Malay, Indonesian and Thai dishes. The extract from its stem is used to reduce swelling, and post-partum women use the leaves while the fruits are used to treat earache, diarrhea, coughs, and mouth sores. Because it has a beautiful appearance, it is also widely marketed as a promising floriculture and horticulture plant. Recently, the rising demand from customers for the versatility and durability of cut flowers has made farmers and the horticulture industry search for new cultivars. Thus, researchers are keen to generate cultivars with various colors, shapes, yields, and longer vase life. This could be done through different techniques such as intensive germplasm collection, hybridization programs, and plant biotechnology techniques. Towards achieving these aims, this review provides current insight on E. elatior from botanical, physiological growth, breeding, taxonomy, ecology, commercial potential, postharvest, medicinal, and food nutritional aspects.

ANALYSIS OF PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA (Burm.f.)Nees

Medicinal plant plays a vital role in our life. We have been using plants since ancient time, for food, clothes, shelters and medicine. India has been traditionally rich in different types of medicinal plants and many useful drugs obtained from the screening of such medicinal plants. Andrographis paniculata is an annual Herb. It grows roadside, shady places and moist places. The plant is also known as king of bitter, because it is extremely bitter in taste. Andrographis paniculata is one of the most important medicinal plants which are used in many kinds of diseases like leprosy, bronchitis, ulcers, cancer and dysentery etc. In our study we have investigated different phytochemicals in whole plant by using different solvents for extraction.

Laboratory and field insights into the dynamics and behavior of Argentine ants, Linepithema humile, feeding from hydrogels.

Hydrogels that have absorbed a liquid containing a toxicant are a novel form of bait-delivery for ant control. Here, we study the abilities of Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) workers to imbibe liquid from hydrogels. We quantified feeding behavior with: (i) hydrogels containing different sucrose concentrations (20, 30, 40 and 50% w/w); (ii) hydrogels versus liquid droplets; and (iii) hydrogel age (air exposure time). We also performed a field assay to assess visits by L. humile and other ant species to hydrogels. Ingested volume and feeding time decreased with increasing sucrose concentrations, but the number and duration of pauses were similar. Feeding from hydrogels was slower than from a liquid droplet and ants imbibed less liquid and fed for shorter times from hydrogels. Feeding time increased with hydrogel age, whereas ingested volume decreased and approached zero after 120 min under laboratory conditions. In the field, ants attended the hydrogels during the full 120-min study period. When L. humile workers found a hydrogel, they monopolized it to the exclusion of other ant species. L. humile occupied and dominated hydrogels predominantly in shaded locations. Hydrogels with sucrose concentrations no greater than 30% appear best for liquid uptake by L. humile. Hydrogels not in direct sunlight will have greater attendance by L. humile and, therefore, less attendance by non-target ant species. Shady and humid places may prolong the longevity of hydrogels, which would imply higher intakes. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Why is dense vegetation in city parks unpopular? The mediative role of sense of privacy and safety

The density of vegetation in parks and forests has a significant impact on user preferences. However, the results of research thus far have not provided a clear determination regarding the relationship between plant density and preference, or the causes. We assumed that the variables that would explain the impact of plant density on preferences are privacy and safety, which also mutually influence each other. We designed a study that evaluated 124 photos selected randomly from a sample of 500 photos of parks and forests. The study was carried out in a lecture room equipped with a projector on which photographs were displayed. The photos were assessed by 104 participants randomly divided into 3 groups, each of which rated the photos in terms of one aspect (perceived safety, privacy and landscape preference).The plant density was measured in the photos in three layers, as a relative number (1) plants providing cover, (2) sky clearings among the crowns, (3) illuminated surfaces along horizontal planes. The results showed that all three variables measuring plant density affect preferences (respectively: r = −0.41; .50, .43) while privacy and safety are mediators in these relationships (the mediation paths are statistically significant). In addition, safety is a mediator in relation to privacy and preference. So, what we are dealing with here is a form of double mediation: plant density affects preferences in such a way that it increases a sense of privacy that would have a positive effect on preferences were it not for the threat associated with it. This is the reason why sheltered and shady places are unpopular even though they offer a sense of privacy. This means that in parks, but only those without the presence of criminal and anti-social behaviour / with no risk of crime (monitored, private, etc.) it is worth introducing quiet, sheltered places that will satisfy the sense of privacy and positively influence how the users feel.

Распространение видов семейства Orchidaceae Juss. в кустарниковой и лесной растительности Нахичеванской автономной республики

The results of studies on the distribution of species of the Orchidaceae Juss. family in the shrubbery and forest vegetation of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic have been presented in paper. The Listera ovata (L.) R. Br. species was identified in small groups (by 2–3 individuals in each) in the upper part of the Duylunchay river basin of the Ordubad districts, in the lower and middle mountains in the vicinity of the Mazra River, in formations in shady places have been revealed during the studies. Species Listera ovata (L.) R. Br., Dactylorhiza umbrosa (Kar. & Kir.) Nevski, D. salina (Turcz. ex Lindl.) Soó, Orchis simia Lam., O. mascula (L.) L., Platanthera chlorantha (Custer) Rchb., Anacamptis laxiflora ssp. palustris (Jacq.) Kuropatkin & Efimov, of the Orchidaceae family are most often found among the shrubbery and forest vegetation of the study area.

Photosynthetic and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Characteristics of Isodon rubescens (Hemsley) H. Hara

The ecological and economic cultivation of Isodon rubescens is currently being carried out. The demand of I. rubescens for light intensity should be made clear to estimate whether the environmental conditions of an area are suitable for cultivating I. Rubescens and improve cultivation techniques. The photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of I. rubescens were determined with a Li-6400 photosynthesis system and PAM-2500 portable chlorophyll fluorescence apparatus. The results showed that there was no obvious midday depression of photosynthesis in I. rubescens leaves. The light compensation point and light saturation point of I. rubescens leaves were 21.83482 µmol·m−2·s−1 and 802.262 µmol·m−2·s−1, respectively. The CO2 compensation point and CO2 saturation point of I. rubescens leaves were 101.7199 µmol·mol−1 and 1674.514 µmol·mol−1, respectively. The maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II ((Fm-Fo)/Fm) in I. rubescens leaves reached 0.7. The electron transport rate of photosystem II in I. rubescens leaves reached 20 μmol electrons/(m2·s). I. rubescens can tolerate intense light above the light compensation point and utilize low light. I. rubescens leaves have a strong photoprotective capacity. I. rubescens can grow in both sunny and shady places. The most important factor affecting photosynthetic efficiency in I. rubescens leaves is the concentration of CO2 in air.

Etnobotani Familia Zingebaraceae (Suku Jahe-Jahean) di Desa Koto Dua Lama Kecamatan Air Hangat Kabupaten Kerinci

Zingiberaceae belongs to the Spermatophyta division, Angiospermae sub division, Liliopsida class, Zingiberidae sub class, Zingiberales order. Zingiberaceae is a plant with habitus in the form of perennial herbs that are aromatic. Zingiberaceae is a basic plant from tropical forests which is found in many shady places and valleys, sometimes also found in secondary forests. In Koto Dua Lama village, many species of Zingiberaceae are found, but have not been inventoried or reported scientifically. This study aims to diversify zingiberacaeae species found in the village of Koto Dua Lama. This type of research is qualitative research. In this study exploratory survey methods were used. The techniques used in collecting data are observation and collection of plants and documentation. In this study 11 species of Zingiberaceae were included in 8 genus and 2 sub-families including Costus speciosus (Sitawa), Alpinia galanga (Lengkueh), Amomum cardomomum (gandan bumbu), Curcuma domestica (kunyit), Curcuma mango (kunyit temu), Curcuma xanthorrhiza (Temulawak), Etlingera elatior (Sabung), Hedychium coronarium (Suli), Kaemferia galanga (Ceku), Zingiber Cassumnar (Kunyit Melai) and Zingiber Officinale (padi-padi). Each type has its own description or characteristics.

Field notes: terrestrial orchids in the Lappadata Forest, Bone, South Sulawesi

Plant exploration activities were carried out in the Lappadata Forest Area, Matirro Bulu Village, Libureng District, Bone Regency, South Sulawesi in July 2017. It was succeeded in recording as many as seven species of terrestrial orchids, namely: Eulophia nuda Lindl., Dienia ophrydis (J.Koenig) Seidenf., Crepidium koordersii (J.J.Sm.) Szlach., Nervilia aragoana Comm. ex Gaudich., Nervilia plicata (Andrews) Schltr., Nervilia puntata (Blume) Makino, and Habenaria beccarii Schltr. They grew in shady and damp places on thick or humid soil. This paper will discuss the field notes of those terrestrial orchids found in Lappadata Forest Area.

Продуктивність і біохімічні показники крові корів різних генотипів в умовах східного регіону України

The purpose of work – is to discover productivity and to determine biochemical indicators changes in blood serum of different genotypes of cows in Eastern Ukraine. Investigations were made in “Plugatar” and “Kalinovskoe”, Lugansk region. Three breeds of cows were used in scientific-domestic experience: control – consisted of Red Steppe Breed, experimental1 – imported Holstein German selection animals, experimental2 – Ukrainian Black-and-White animals, brought from central areas of Ukraine. The conditions of maintenance were the same for experimental cows. Microclimatic conditions were characterized in warm period by high temperatures (38-40°C) especially at day time with stall-camp system of maintaining, free access to feeds. Macro and microclimate condition were estimated by physical capacities of air (temperature, relative humidity, solar flux level, atmosphere pressure) and chemical composition (carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide content), powder pollution and microflora contamination. Health condition estimated by etiology, feed and water supplements. Humoral resistant factors were considered from interior indices of blood – blood serum bactericidal activity, lysozyme activity of blood serum, from cellular - neutrophil phagocytic activity. In blood serum of experimental cows were determined total protein content and its portions, carotene, alkalinity reserve, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, immunoglobulin level Ig M, Ig G, Ig A. It is established, that cows of Red Steppe Breed are well adapted to natural and climatic conditions of Eastern area of Ukraine. Animals of Ukrainian Black-and-White breed have well-adapted potential in nonspecific natural resistance and diary productivity during cold and transitional period (autumn, spring), at 10-12° C, relative humidity not higher 75 %, in summer period- respectively 20-24°C and humidity 75-80 %. Biochemical and clinical indicators strongly vary in non-adapted cattle – total protein content and gamma globulin, carotene and alkalinity reserve, calcium and phosphorus decrease in blood serum, that considered as stressful condition for unfavorable environmental high temperature. Animals can not reach their genetic potential, consequently, their productive indicators in milk yield 7,9 % less in comparison with Red Steppe Breed, 13.3% less than Ukrainian Black-and-White. To wide distribution of Holstein breed German selection in certain district of Ukraine should take priority of production and feed use, grown in climatic zone and to maintain animals in shady places during summer time (30-40°C)

Pharmacological Effects of Natural Compounds Extracted from Urtica dioica Evaluated by in Silico and Experimental Methods

Urtica dioica is a perennial plant of the family of Urticaceae, originating in Eurasia. Nettle lives in temperate regions, prefers shady places, moist soil and rich in nutrients. Worldwide nettle is considered weed. Nettle was used in the past for its medicinal properties on the body and to cure diseases such as arthritis, rheumatism, urinary tract infections, kidney stones, gingivitis, hair loss, or ulcer. It is a plant rich in nutrients, with a high content of minerals and vitamins, especially vitamin A and C. The nettle has uses in both pharmaceutical and cosmetic and nutrition processes. Nettle extract contains ursolic acid and quercetin, giving the plant antioxidant and anti-aging effects. Studies on the nettle have demonstrated a multitude of pharmacological uses including: pharmacological, antiviral, antibacterial, hepato-protective, hypotensive, diuretic and anti-inflammatory effects. The methods of extraction of the compounds used in the plant were maceration and distillation using ethanol-water-soluble solvent, used because of its extraction capacity. At the same time, the metals in the nettle were determined taking 2 samples of the root, the stalk and the nettle leaves, but also the soil from which the plant grew and were analyzed by Spectroscopy Elemental Isotope Analysis using an X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analyzer. By cheminformatics and bioinformatics tools we elucidate for first time: (i) the drug like features and bioavailability of ursolic acid and quercetin (ii) by predictive ADMET a set of pharmacokinetic features like: absorption, distribution, metabolized, blood brain barrier and nervous system barrier crossed and toxicology features (AMES, carcinogens, hepatotoxicity, Maximum tolerated dose (human)). Our results showed that quercetin is a good candidate as antioxidant and anti-aging effects.

Complete plastome sequence of Atalantia kwangtungensis (Rutaceae): an endemic “near threatened” shrub in South China

Atalantia kwangtungensis (Rutaceae) is a small shrub (1–2 m tall) distributed in moist and shady places throughout evergreen broad-leaved forests having altitudes that range from 100 to 400 m in West Guangdong, Southeast Guangxi, Hainan province of China. It has been ranked as a near threatened (NT) species in China. Here, we report and characterize the complete plastid genome sequence of A. kwangtungensis in an effort to provide genomic resources useful for its conservation. The complete plastome is 160,248 bp in length and contains the typical structure and gene content of angiosperm plastomes, including two inverted repeat (IR) regions of 27,151 bp, a large single-copy (LSC) region of 87,483 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,463 bp. The plastome contains 110 genes, consisting of 77 unique protein-coding genes (ycf1 is a pseudogene), 29 unique tRNA genes, and 4 unique rRNA genes. The overall A/T content in the plastome of A. kwangtungensis is 61.6%. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using the entire plastome, including spacers, introns, etc., and we determined that A. kwangtungensis and Merrillia caloxylon were closely related. The complete plastome sequence of A. kwangtungensis will provide a useful resource for the conservation genetics of this species as well as for the phylogenetic studies in Sapindales.

A new subspecies of <i>Crepis palaestina</i> (Asteraceae) from Turkey

Crepispalaestina subsp. babcockii Inceer & Aksu Kalmuk subsp. nov. (Asteraceae, Cichorieae) is described and illustrated. It grows in shady places and red pine forest in southwest Anatolia, Turkey. The chromosome number of the new subspecies is 2n = 2x = 8. The diagnostic morphological characters that distinguish C. palaestina subsp. babcockii from morphologically similar taxa C. palaestina subsp. palaestina and C. pulchra are discussed, and a conservation status for the new taxon is suggested.Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 25(1): 45-49, 2018 (June)

Artificial reefs for sea cucumber aquaculture confirmed as settlement substrates of the moon jellyfish Aurelia coerulea

In coastal areas with a high intensity of human activities, expansion of artificial structures may enhance Aurelia spp. blooms because these constructions may provide additional substrates for the settlement and proliferation of the polyps. In the present study, the possible occurrence and distribution of Aurelia coerulea ephyrae and polyps were investigated in sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) culture ponds that contain huge amounts of artificial structures. Our results showed that A. coerulea ephyrae were widely distributed in the A. japonicus culture ponds along the Bohai and Yellow Seas. Furthermore, underwater photography revealed that polyps of A. coerulea mainly occurred on the undersides of the artificial reefs made by plastic sunshade nets, tiles and substrate cages. The artificial reefs may decrease the time A. coerulea planulae spend settling, provide more hidden, calm and shady places for the settlement and proliferation of A. coerulea planulae, and thus were suitable substrates for the moon jellyfish A. coerulea. Our study suggests that the A. japonicus culture ponds may act as nursery grounds for the jellyfish A. coerulea and may potentially enhance the blooms of this species in the coastal waters along the Bohai and Yellow Seas.

Biogeography of Sri Lankan bryophytes: the present status

Bryophytes (liverworts, mosses and hornworts) are the closest living relatives of the first group of plants that successfully colonized land. This small but well-established group of plants is unique among other land plants in having a dominant gametophyte phase in their life cycle and a single unbranched sporophyte that depends on the dominant gametophyte plant. Bryophytes occur throughout the world in all continents, occupying an assortment of habitats, especially in moist shady places. Many species have broad geographic ranges that may span two or more continents. Dispersal of bryophytes is brought about by spores, vegetative propagules or by unspecialized fragments of the gametophyte. The bryophyte flora of Sri Lanka remains relatively poorly researched. According to checklists available, the Island harbours 560 mosses, 327 liverworts and five hornworts. Most of the collecting has been in the southern half of the country, especially in the Central Highlands. Exact locality details are missing for most of these specimens. There is no documentation for moss or liverwort Flora of Sri Lanka. Lack of a thorough taxonomic foundation is a major impediment to study the biogeography of Sri Lankan bryophytes. O’Shea (2003) presented a summary of current knowledge of biogeography of Sri Lankan mosses. According to his statistical analysis based on existing records Sri Lankan mosses show strong relationships with India, Indochina, and Malaysia but a much lower affinity with Africa. Here we conducted a similar study for liverworts and hornworts using Kroeber’s percentage of similarity, which suggests that Sri Lankan liverworts and hornworts show a considerable similarity with those of Java, Malaysia, Thailand, and India. However, more and wider systematic field explorations and taxonomic studies are needed to understand the biogeography of Sri Lankan bryophytes. To address this, field explorations and phylogenetic studies are being carried out, and the results will contribute to elucidate the biogeographic affinities of Sri Lanka’s bryophyte flora.