Sexually Transmitted Infections Research Articles

Impact of three different interventions designed to improve the implementation of an opt-in targeted strategy of HIV testing in emergency departments.

Undiagnosed HIV infection remains the main driver of new HIV cases in Western countries. Emergency Departments (EDs) offer a key opportunity for detection. In 2020, Spanish emergency and infectious diseases societies recommended an opt-in strategy for targeted conditions for HIV testing in EDs. This study evaluates the efficacy of three strategies for targeted HIV testing. Twelve Spanish EDs, selected based on predefined structural criteria, assessed HIV testing from April to June 2024. Hospitals applied: no strategy (control, three EDs), an educational programme (strategy A, three EDs), strategy A plus preconfigured electronic orders (strategy B, three EDs) or strategy B plus electronic alerts in medical records (strategy C, three EDs). The impact on HIV testing was measured overall and by targeted condition, using absolute differences with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Of the 612 909 ED visits, 210 039 occurred in control hospitals (1232 patients [0.59%] had targeted conditions), 172 806 in hospitals applying strategy A (1497 [0.87%]), 132 835 in strategy B hospitals (1761 [1.33%]) and 97 229 in hospitals applying strategy C (1269 [1.31%]). Testing rates were 0.16%, 0.38%, 1.17% and 2.16% in the control, and strategy A, B and C EDs., respectively. Among patients with targeted conditions, testing reached 13.1%, 22.9%, 30.7% and 78.1%. Compared to no strategy, testing increased by 0.22% (95% CI = 0.18-0.25) with strategy A, 0.79% (95% CI = 0.73-0.86) with B, and 0.98% (95% CI = 0.88-1.09) with C. In targeted conditions, testing rose by 9.8%, 7.8% and 47.5% for strategies A, B and C, respectively. All strategies improved testing in sexually transmitted infections (STI), meningitis/neurological syndromes and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP); strategy C also increased testing in herpes zoster (HZ) and post-exposure prophylaxis. All the strategies evaluated enhanced targeted HIV testing, especially strategy C (electronic alerts), which was associated with the highest testing rates observed, particularly in STI, CAP and HZ.

Prevalence and Determinants of Transactional Sex among Commercial Drivers in Southwest, Nigeria

Background: Commercial drivers constitute a high-risk population for the acquisition and transmission of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), a vulnerability largely attributed to their occupational mobility, frequent interstate travel, and engagement in high-risk sexual behaviours. Objective: This is a cross-sectional study aimed at determining the prevalence and examining the socio-demographic and behavioural determinants of transactional sex among male commercial drivers in the southwestern region of Nigeria. Methods: Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, digitized via Google Forms, which was administered both in person and distributed through social media platforms affiliated with commercial driver and rider groups. The survey instrument elicited information on socio-demographic, economic, behavioural patterns, and health-related characteristics of respondents. Chi-square tests were employed to assess association between categorical variables, while binary logistic regression models were fitted to examine predictors of transactional sex, a respondent engaging in transactional sex within the preceding six months taken as dependent variable. Results: Findings revealed that 64.5% of respondents initiated sexual activity between the ages of 12 and 18 years, with a mean age at sexual debut of 17.28 years (standard deviation = 3.40 years). The prevalence of transactional sex varied across sub-groups: motorcycle riders (64.2%), tricycle operators (64.6%), taxi drivers (68.5%), bus drivers (75.0%) and ride-hailing drivers (76.3%). A statistical significant association between vehicle operated and transactional sex was observed in Lagos (p-value<0.05), Oyo (p-value<0.001), and Ogun (p-value<0.001) states but not in Osun (p-value=0.696), Ondo (p-value=0.244), and Ekiti (p-value=0.906) states. Age, marital status, and vehicle operated were identified as significant predictors in the binary logistic regression while age, religion, marital status, vehicle operated, interstate travels, and smoking behaviour were significant predictors in the multivariable logistic regression. Conclusion/Recommendation: This study establishes that transactional sex is prevalent among commercial drivers in Southwest, Nigeria. The analysis identified several predisposing factors, including age, religious affiliation, marital status, type of vehicle operated, engagement in interstate travel, and smoking behaviour. These findings underscore the importance of context-specific interventions aimed at addressing the underlying socio-demographic and occupational determinants of high-risk practices in this population.

A review of 100 years of syphilis in Austria from 1921 to 2021.

Syphilis, a deadly sexually transmitted infection (STI), lost its terror with the introduction of antibiotics. Recent epidemiological data, however, revealed a reemergence of syphilis in Europe, despite the availability of inexpensive and effective treatments. In Austria, the epidemiological data are incomplete due to limited reporting requirements. Nevertheless, Austrian mass media reported increasing syphilis rates, as documented for other European countries. This study provides an epidemiological overview of syphilis cases in Austria from 1921–2021 and tested the hypothesis that in Austria syphilis rates increase as observed across Europe. Data on syphilis cases from 1921–2019 in Austria were gathered from statistical yearbooks and reports. Additional sex-specific data for 1998–2021 was provided by the Vienna Health Service. Syphilis incidences were highest in the 1920s and declined steadily until 1993. Since then, cases have increased slightly, peaking in 2009 and 2018 at seven cases per 100,000 residents, the highest incidence syphilis rate since 1975. This increase is comparable to that seen in other European countries, consequently this hypothesis was verified. Men living in Vienna were nine times more likely to be infected with syphilis than women of comparable age. The rising syphilis infection rates in Vienna over the last 30 years correspond to those in other Austrian provinces, but also to those in other European countries. From the viewpoint of public health, the introduction of an obligatory reporting system of all diagnosed syphilis cases in Austria is recommended. In addition, regular screenings, treatment, and efforts to reduce discrimination and stigma against sexual minorities may help to prevent rising syphilis rates.

Feminine voices: what are the main challenges faced by women living with HTLV-1?

ABSTRACT Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with several clinical conditions. This study investigates the main challenges faced by women living with HTLV-1, a disproportionately affected population. The study employed analysis of qualitative and quantitative methods from 45 women monitored at the HTLV Reference Center in Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, between November 2023 and June 2024. The data were obtained by interviews and questionnaires. The majority of participants were aged between 40 and 59 years (51.1%) and self-identified as Black, Indigenous, or People of Color (BIPOC) (66.7%). Notably, 13 (28.9%) of the participants identified psychological issues as the primary impact, often linked to the stigma of sexual transmission and the reluctance to disclose the diagnosis in their affective and family relationships. Furthermore, 20% reported difficulties in daily activities and 11% faced sexual health problems, challenges that, for women, can be exacerbated by issues of autonomy, dependence, and their role in the family environment. Participants also expressed fears related to disease progression and professional challenges. The findings reinforce the urgent need for enhanced and targeted support for women, including social assistance, healthcare services, and increased awareness to combat the stigma surrounding HTLV-1, promoting dignity and quality of life.

An exploration study of the relationship between executive function and sexual behaviors among people living with HIV

ABSTRACT Condomless sex and multiple sexual partners are common among people living with HIV (PLWH), increasing the risk of HIV transmission and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Executive function has been linked to sexual behaviors in the general population, but its role among PLWH remains underexplored. This study aimed to explore the association between three domains of executive function (inhibition, working memory, and task monitor) and sexual behaviors (condomless sex and/or multiple sex partners) among PLWH. We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 335 PLWH. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between executive function and engagement in condomless sex and/or multiple sex partners. An analytical framework including interaction tests, correlation analysis, and subgroup analyses was applied to identify moderators. The prevalence of condomless sex and/or multiple sex partners among PLWH was 47.8%. After adjusting for confounding variables, participants with poorer executive function were more likely to engage in condomless sex or have multiple sex partners (OR = 2.34, 95%CI:1.38–3.96, P＜0.001). We identified four moderators including family income, education level, alcohol use and co-infection with other STIs. These findings suggest that reduced executive function is potentially related to more likely of condomless sex and multiple sex partners among PLWH. Interventions designed to enhance executive function may provide a novel pathway for promoting safer sexual practices in this population. Particular attention should be given to individuals with additional risk factors such as lower income, higher education, co-infection with STIs, and alcohol use.

Sexual networks, sexual practices, and sexual health among youths in WHO-South East Asia Region: a scoping review protocol

BackgroundSouth-East Asia Region has one of the largest youth populations in the world. All countries are striving to achieve the sustainable development goal by 2030; hence, it is important to prioritize healthcare services for youths. Youths in the age bracket of 18 to 24 years often engage in high-risk behaviors such as unsafe injecting practices/substance abuse. These high-risk practices lead to increased transmission of sexually transmitted infections including HIV among them. It is imperative to understand the dynamics around sexual transmission of diseases among youth. This review will map the available evidence and identify the gaps in sexual health interventions related to the sexual networks, sexual practices, and sexual health among youths across the World Health Organization (WHO)-South East Asia Region (SEAR).MethodsThe scoping review is guided by the Arksey and Malley framework. Peer-reviewed articles focusing on youths in the age groups of 18 to 24 years, from the 11 countries of SEAR, will be accessed from three databases, namely PubMed, Scopus, and Journals@Ovid. Additionally, grey literature from 2015 to date will also be accessed. Two reviewers will independently screen the articles based on pre-defined eligibility criteria in Rayyan software. Data extraction will be carried out based on pre-specified variables aligned with the objectives. We will synthesize the evidence from the relevant qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method studies. The reporting will follow Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR).DiscussionThis review will help to generate evidence focusing on the current sexual networks, sexual practices, and sexual health among youths in WHO SEAR with a focus on India, highlighting the gaps in sexual health interventions that need to be bridged. The insights from this review will assist in designing larger evidence-based intervention studies for improving the sexual networks, sexual practices, and sexual health among youths in this region. The findings from this review will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and conferences.Systematic review registrationOpen Science Framework. The link is https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/2JSMC.

Willingness to accept Doxycycline post-exposure prophylaxis for bacterial stis prevention among men who have sex with men in Southern China: a cross-sectional analysis

BackgroundDoxycycline post-exposure prophylaxis (doxy-PEP) has the potential to decrease the incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among men who have sex with men (MSM). However, there is a limited literature on willingness to use doxy-PEP among Chinese MSM. This study aimed to examine the willingness to use doxy-PEP and its associated factors among MSM in China.MethodsIn 2023, we conducted a cross-sectional study in four cities in Guangdong provinces in South China. Data were collected on social-demographic characteristics, sexual behaviors, and the willingness to use doxy-PEP. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to identify factors associated with the willingness to use doxy-PEP.ResultsA total of 884 individuals were included in this study. Of these, 53.5% reported a willingness to use doxy-PEP for the prevention of STIs. The main concerns for those unwilling to use doxy-PEP were related to its efficacy (82.5%) and safety (81.7%). Multivariable logistic regression indicated that participants were more likely to express willingness to use doxy-PEP if they had female sexual partners in the past 6 months (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR): 1.58, 95% CI: 1.11–2.25), had prior or current doxy-PEP use (aOR = 2.39, 95% CI: 1.13–5.05), or had peers currently using doxy-PEP (aOR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.09–2.30).ConclusionsThe willingness to use doxy-PEP among MSM in South China is relatively low. These findings highlight the need for effective educational and targeted intervention strategies to raise awareness and knowledge toward using doxy-PEP among MSM in China.

Health insurance status and severe mpox disease outcomes among sexual minority men in NYC: a retrospective cohort study

BackgroundThe 2022–2023 global mpox outbreak predominantly affected sexual minority men, with notable racial/ethnic disparities in the USA. While the current literature has established the clinical predictors of severe mpox disease, little is known about the role of insurance status on clinical outcomes. We sought to characterize patients diagnosed with mpox in New York City (NYC) and examine associations between insurance status and mpox severity score (mpox-SS).MethodsWe included 143 patients aged 18 years and older between May 1, 2022, and December 31, 2023, with confirmed mpox identified through the electronic medical record. Demographics and clinical characteristics were summarized. Linear regression was performed to examine associations between insurance status and mpox-SS, controlling for race/ethnicity, high-risk condition (e.g., HIV with CD4 < 350 cells/mm3), prior vaccination with JYNNEOS or a smallpox vaccine, presence of a sexually transmitted infection (STI), and CDC Social Vulnerability Index.ResultsThe mean age (SD) was 38.3 (10.2) years with 53 (37.1%) identifying as non-Hispanic White, 44 (30.8%) as Hispanic/Latino, and 30 (20.9%) as non-Hispanic Black. Over 90% were male sex at birth or identified as cisgender men and approximately 80% were sexual minority men. Ninety-six (67.1%) had private insurance, 6 (4.2%) Medicare, 35 (24.5%) Medicaid, and 4 were (2.8%) uninsured. Sixty-three (44.1%) had a confirmed HIV diagnosis, 25 (17.4%) patients had prior JYNNEOS vaccination, and 31 (21.7%) had a high-risk condition. Thirty-eight (26.6%) patients received tecovirimat; 21 (14.7%) patients were hospitalized, with 4 (2.8%) of those admitted to the ICU. The mean (SD) mpox-SS was 6.85 (3.36). In univariate analysis, lack of insurance or Medicaid status was associated significantly with more severe mpox-SS. Insurance status remained significant (p = 0.03) in multivariable models.ConclusionsBeing uninsured or on Medicaid was significantly associated with a higher mpox-SS in this diverse cohort of predominantly cisgender sexual minority men in NYC. High-risk status and lack of prior vaccination were associated with higher mpox-SS. Further studies are needed to assess the relationship between insurance, delays in access to care, or other socioeconomic inequities with severe mpox to understand the inequities beyond insurance access to prevent disparities in future outbreaks.

A Cross-Sectional Study: The Relationship Between Knowledge and Attitudes of Doctors Regarding the Principle of Autonomy for Patients with Sexually Transmitted Infections

Background: Ethical dilemmas in handling cases of Exclusively Transmitted Infections (STIs) are often experienced by doctors due to their knowledge and attitudes in respecting the patient's right to autonomy. The objective of the research is to study the practitioners’ knowledge and attitudes concerning autonomy principles in facing STI patients. Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study involved a total sampling of 32 general practitioners at Dustira Hospital. A researcher-designed, validated, and reliability-tested questionnaire was used to measure doctors’ knowledge (independent variable) and attitudes (dependent variable) toward patient autonomy. Expert consultation and a pilot test at Cibabat Hospital were conducted to ensure instrument suitability. Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation test, and ethical approval was obtained before the study.. Results: The results showed that 66% of general practitioners at Dustira Hospital had good knowledge of the principle of autonomy in managing patients with sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Doctors with over five years of experience demonstrated better knowledge (73%) compared to those with less experience (58.2%). Interestingly, among less experienced doctors who frequently treated STI patients, all had poor knowledge, whereas those who treated STI patients less often showed better knowledge (63%). Regarding attitudes, 53% of respondents had a good attitude toward autonomy-related ethical dilemmas. A greater proportion of doctors with more than five years of experience (60%) had good attitudes than those with less experience (47%). Notably, less experienced doctors who frequently managed STI cases showed entirely poor attitudes. Pearson correlation analysis indicated no significant relationship between knowledge and attitude (p = 0.425), with a very weak negative correlation (r = –0.146). Conclusion: General practitioners with more work experience tend to demonstrate better knowledge and attitudes regarding patient autonomy in STI cases. However, practitioners with less than five years of experience who frequently treat STI patients exhibit both poor knowledge and unfavorable attitudes. A tendency toward empirical, experience-based decision-making over rational, principle-based reasoning may influence this.

Prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics among adolescents with suspected genital infection in the Ngiri-Ngiri health zone in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Adolescents are among the groups most exposed to Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and most likely to resort to self-medication, which constitutes a threat to public health. This study aimed to assess self-medication practices for symptoms of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among adolescents in the commune of Ngiri-Ngiri in the City of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted by interviewing 224 adolescents using ODK software. Data were processed with XLSTAT. Of the 224 adolescents, 34.3% admitted to having symptoms associated with STIs. The prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics was 45.5%. Of those who self-medicated, 70% attended school, 47% were male, and 53% were female. Of all the drugs used, amoxicillin ranked first, followed by penicillin, vaginal ovules, and tetracycline. The study also showed that some women resorted to phytotherapy. As for the source of information, 70% of teenagers confirmed that they had obtained this information from pharmacy owners, 29% from the community, and 23% from healthcare providers. Given the considerable prevalence of self-medication for symptoms associated with STIs in this environment, health workers and political decision-makers are called upon to pool their efforts to raise awareness of the rational use of medicines to reduce or even eradicate this harmful practice. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 15(1): 147-154, June 2025

Stakeholder perspectives on integrating doxycycline postexposure prophylaxis into Kenyan HIV PrEP programmes.

Doxycycline postexposure prophylaxis (doxyPEP) is an efficacious sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention strategy. Implementation guidelines recommend a focus on people with prior STIs and/or those taking HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), but trial results are insufficient for interventions to enter guidelines and clinical practice. The purpose of this paper is to describe potential barriers and facilitators for successful implementation strategies of doxyPEP in resource-limited settings. This qualitative study explored the perceived acceptability, feasibility and sustainability of integrating doxyPEP for STI prevention into Kenyan HIV PrEP programmes. Semistructured interviews were conducted with policymakers, healthcare providers and HIV PrEP users. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and translated to English. Analysis was completed using Dedoose software using deductive reasoning based on the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Forty interviews (7 policymakers, 16 HIV PrEP users, 17 healthcare providers) were conducted between August 2022 and April 2023. Collectively, study participants found doxyPEP to be an acceptable strategy and understood its potential use among HIV PrEP users. However, participants noted several considerations such as the relative advantage, quality and evidence strength, and tension for change alongside the needs, resources and knowledge of the recipient. Integrating doxyPEP into HIV PrEP programmes was deemed feasible, but there were concerns over long-term sustainability, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), surveillance, cost, pill burden and compatibility, and high workload for HIV PrEP providers. Establishing sustainable practice needs to consider costs, external policies, incentives to participate and engaging providers and recipients in the process. Kenyan HIV/STI policymakers, healthcare providers and HIV PrEP users perceived doxyPEP for STI prevention to be acceptable and feasible when addressing local contextual factors. Potential for sustainability was recognised if programmes can address concerns, including AMR, pill burden and additional workload for health professionals, prior to the implementation of doxyPEP into HIV PrEP programmes.

Development of a Protein-Free Nucleic Acid Lateral Flow Assay for Trichomonas vaginalis.

In line with the global research priorities on sexually transmitted infections (STIs), we developed a molecular point-of-care test (POCT) for the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis that causes the STI trichomoniasis. Trichomoniasis remains the most common curable nonviral STI. We report on the use of specific T. vaginalis single-stranded-tailed DNA primers in combination with recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) in a protein-free nucleic acid lateral flow (NALF) device for use at the point of care. The use of aminated DNA probes eliminates the need for proteins (such as streptavidin or hapten-specific antibodies) for detection of the DNA amplicons, simplifying the manufacturing process and improving reproducibility and cost-effectiveness. The estimated shelf life of the NALF devices is at least 6.6 months at 22 °C, and the devices exhibited high reproducibility. The RPA-NALF requires three simple operator steps with minimal instrumentation and takes approximately 30 min from sample preparation to interpretation of the result. It is specific to T. vaginalis and can detect 1.3 × 103 cells/mL with visual readout or 282 cells/mL with the aid of a portable LFA reader. Analysis of the two sets of clinical genomic DNA extracts showed that RPA-NALF is positive for all samples positive by culture assay and for samples with Cq ≤ 23 with the S-DiaMGTV qPCR. Finally, RPA-NALF is positive on biobanked vaginal swabs with T. vaginalis Cq ≤ 25 with the Allplex qPCR assays. These results demonstrate that RPA-NALF can specifically detect a moderate load of T. vaginalis even in the presence of other microbial DNA and cells and other components of clinical samples.

Stealthing as a Form of Sexual Violence: Ensuring the Protection of Victims' Rights

In today's legal landscape, discussions on sexual violence continue to evolve, with stealthing emerging as a critical issue. Stealthing refers to the act of non-consensual condom removal during sexual intercourse, violating the fundamental principles of consent and bodily autonomy. This practice is increasingly recognized as a form of sexual violence, yet many legal frameworks, including Indonesia's, have yet to explicitly criminalize it. Victims of stealthing face not only physical risks, such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unwanted pregnancies, but also severe psychological trauma and social stigma. The absence of clear legal provisions contributes to underreporting and difficulties in prosecuting perpetrators, leaving victims without adequate legal recourse. This research employs a normative legal method, incorporating statutory, conceptual, comparative, and futuristic approaches to analyze how stealthing fits within Indonesia’s existing sexual violence laws. It also explores how other jurisdictions have addressed this issue, particularly in recognizing stealthing as a criminal offense. The descriptive-prescriptive nature of this study allows for a detailed examination of legal gaps and the potential for reform in Indonesia’s criminal law system. Through content analysis, this research finds that stealthing should be explicitly categorized as sexual violence under Indonesian law to ensure better protection for victims and uphold justice. The study further argues that legal recognition, public awareness, and preventive policies are crucial in addressing stealthing effectively. Understanding stealthing as a legal and social issue is essential to strengthening victim protection and promoting consent-based sexual relations. By integrating stealthing into Indonesia’s legal discourse, the country can align its policies with global best practices and foster a justice system that upholds victims' rights.

Effectiveness of social marketing in preventing unwanted pregnancies in low-income countries: A review of evidence

Unwanted pregnancy is a major public health concern with biological, psychological, and social consequences. While high-income countries mitigate its impact through government support, low-income countries (LICs) require cost-effective interventions to drive sustainable behavioral change. Social Marketing (SM) has emerged as a promising strategy to modify behaviors and reduce healthcare costs linked to unintended pregnancies. However, most research focuses on high-income settings, leaving a gap in understanding its effectiveness in LICs. This review examines the role of SM interventions in reducing unwanted pregnancies in LICs and provides evidence to inform more effective reproductive health policies. Methods The review includes articles searched on mass behavioural interventions in all reproductive age aiming to prevent unwanted pregnancies in LIC published in English, Portuguese, and Spanish between 2007 and 2022. Results The analysis showed various interventions with multiple outcomes in sexual abstention, reduction of unwanted pregnancies, increased contraception knowledge, use of emergency pill in the last intercourse, and standard day method used in physical and electronic media. In LICs, concise and high-quality educational programs transmitted by radio commenced at early ages, achieved higher exposition, and had a better recall in populations. Mass contraception community-based distribution model is effective and pharmacies are key part of family planning and sexual health education in societies. Conclusion Social marketing is a cost-effective strategy for reducing unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) while promoting positive sexual behaviors, especially in underserved populations. By driving sustainable behavioral change and improving access to reproductive health resources, it can alleviate healthcare costs and enhance public health outcomes.

Phytochemical Screening and Biological Activities of Lippia multiflora Moldenke.

Lippia multiflora Moldenke is widely used in Angola, on the African continent, and beyond for the treatment of many health conditions such as hypertension, enteritis, colds, gastrointestinal disturbances, stomachaches, jaundice, coughs, fevers, nausea, bronchial inflammation, conjunctivitis, malaria, and venereal diseases. However, there is limited literature about the active compounds linked with the reported biological activities. This study aims to assess the chemical profiles, antioxidant properties, and the cytotoxicity effects of the roots, stem bark, and leaves of L. multiflora. Chemical characterization of the crude extracts was assessed through quantification of total phenolic and flavonoid contents followed by Q exactive plus orbitrap™ ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (UHPLC-MS) screening. The correlation between the extracts and the correlation between the compounds were studied using the multivariate analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) loading scores and principal component analysis (PCA) biplots and correlation plots were used to connect specific compounds with observed biological activities. The antioxidant activities of the crude extracts were carried out in vitro using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging and reducing power assays, while the in vitro toxicology of the crude extracts was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. A total of twenty constituents were characterized and identified using the UHPLC-Q/Orbitrap/MS. The methanol leaf extract showed the highest antioxidant activity in the DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 0.559 ± 0.269 μg/mL); however, the stem bark extract had the highest reducing power (IC0.5 = 0.029 ± 0.026 μg/mL). High phenolic and flavonoid content was found in the dichloromethane leaf extract (32.100 ± 1.780 mg GAE/g) and stem bark extract (624.153 ± 29.442 mg QE/g), respectively. The results show the stem bark, methanol leaf, and dichloromethane leaf extracts were well-tolerated by the Vero cell line at concentrations up to 50 µg/mL. However, at 100 µg/mL onward, some toxicity was observed in the root, methanol leaf, and dichloromethane leaf extracts. The UHPLC-Q/Orbitrap/MS profiles showed the presence of terpenoids (n = 5), flavonoids (n = 5), phenols (n = 4), alkaloids (n = 3), coumarins (n = 1), fatty acids (n = 1), and organic acids (n = 1). According to several studies, these secondary metabolites have been reported and proven to be the most abundant for antioxidant potential. The identified flavonoids (catechin, quercitrin, and (-)-epigallocatechin) and phenolic compound (6-gingerol) can significantly contribute to the antioxidant properties of different plant parts of L. multiflora. The research findings obtained in this study provide a complete phytochemical profile of various parts of L. multiflora that are responsible for the antioxidant activity using UHPLC-Q/Orbitrap/MS analysis. Furthermore, the results obtained in this study contribute to the scientific information or data on the therapeutic properties of Lippia multiflora and provide a basis for further assessment of its potential as a natural remedy.

Awareness and determinants of HPV vaccination intentions among female university students in Guangzhou, China: a cross-sectional study

Background This study aims to investigate HPV vaccine awareness and determinants among female university students in China—a key group for cervical cancer prevention. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1434 female college students from four universities in Guangzhou in 2024 using non-probability sampling method. Data were collected via structured questionnaires that assessed HPV knowledge and vaccination attitudes. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed using SPSSAU and SPSS 25.0 to identify significant predictors of vaccination intention. Results Among 1,434 participants, 85.6% were aware of HPV, 93.3% aware of the HPV vaccine, and 87.1% willing to be vaccinated. Sexual transmission was recognized by 74.0% of participants, 42.7% were cognizant of the optimal timing for vaccination (before sexual debut), and 87.1% exhibited willingness or had a history of vaccination. Key predictors of vaccination intent were identified as worry about cervical cancer (OR=1.84, 95%CI=1.45–2.28), knowledge of transmission routes (OR=1.20, 95%CI=1.03–1.40), and belief in vaccine efficacy (OR=3.25, 95%CI=2.06–3.90). Among hesitant respondents (n=185), safety (47.1%) and cost (29.4%) were cited as the main concerns. Conclusions Though awareness is high (93.3%), knowledge gaps remain. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted public health interventions to improve vaccination rates and address vaccine hesitancy among female university students in China, which has significant implications for cervical cancer prevention not only in China but also in other low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) with similar challenges.

Sexual and Reproductive Health Experience, Knowledge and Problems among Technical and Vocational Teachers’ College Students in Zambia

Abstract The study highlights critical issues surrounding sexual and reproductive health (SRH) among students at Technical and Vocational Teachers’ College (TVTC) in Zambia. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, it reveals substantial gaps in SRH knowledge, inconsistent condom use, and significant barriers to accessing SRH services. The findings of the study emphasize the urgent need for comprehensive SRH education and improved service accessibility for adolescents. Globally, in 2015, an estimated 36.7 million people were living with HIV; including 3.2 million, children under 15 and 4 million young individuals aged 15–24. In Zambia, around 13.3% of the population aged 15–49 is affected by HIV/AIDS, with adolescents particularly vulnerable; by the end of 2015, approximately 68,000 adolescents aged 10–19 were living with HIV. The transition through adolescence is marked by physiological and emotional development, yet adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) face unique challenges such as managing their health status, stigma, and the complexities of disclosing their condition. Despite these challenges, ALHIV are exploring their sexuality and forming relationships. A study from 2013 indicated that 21% of adolescents aged 15–19 living with HIV had engaged in sexual activity, with a troubling prevalence of forced sex reported among them. The legal age of consent in Zambia is 16, yet many adolescents experience sexual debut before this age. Unprotected sexual activity poses risks such as unintended pregnancies and increased susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections (STIs), often exacerbated by their compromised immune systems. This study aimed at investigating the SRH needs of this vulnerable group in Zambia, highlighting the necessity for targeted interventions to support their health and well-being.

Preferences and Acceptability related to Self-Administered and At-Home Testing Among Clients at Chicago Department of Public Health STI Specialty Clinics.

Chicago has high rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations. Self-administered at-home testing (SAAHT) may improve access to STI testing. Before SAAHT services are made available at Chicago Department of Public Health (CDPH) STI clinics, understanding characteristics of persons who might be less likely to utilize SAAHT can help CDPH anticipate where extra effort might be needed to improve service utilization. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from July to September 2023 at CDPH STI Specialty Clinics in Lakeview and South Austin. Participants (≥18 years) completed surveys on SAAHT acceptability. Factor analysis and modified Poisson regression identified factors associated with the likelihood of not using SAAHT. Reported unlikelihood of using SAAHT methods was more prevalent among person who were male, heterosexual, non-Hispanic Black/African American, those unemployed or without postsecondary education. Being unlikely to use SAAHT methods was inversely related to perceptions of SAAHT convenience, result trustworthiness, and self-confidence in using SAAHT methods. Findings indicate a general acceptability of SAAHT among CDPH clients, with respondents reporting being at least somewhat likely to use SAAHT regardless of the procedures involved. Unlikelihood of using SAAHT methods was related to demographic characteristics and perceptions of SAAHT, and associations differed according to method of collection, logistics of returning test-kits, and mode of receiving results. Addressing method-specific concerns, providing culturally relevant education, and offering alternative sampling techniques could improve acceptability. Future efforts should explore preferences to better tailor interventions, ultimately enhancing SAAHT uptake and STI testing access in urban settings.

Vaginal microbiome dysbiosis and sexually transmitted infections correlate with concentrations of immunoglobulin isotypes in human cervicovaginal mucus: insights into HIV-1 transmission

IntroductionLittle is known about the relationship between antibody isotype in cervicovaginal mucus (CVM) and the local microenvironment and how this impacts HIV-1 transmission at the female genital mucosa.MethodsIn a cohort of 139 adult women in Kenya, we measured antibody isotypes in CVM and describe their associations with local pH, serum concentrations of estrogen and progesterone, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV-1.ResultsWe found that immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) was the most abundant and IgG4 was the least abundant in the CVM. Overall, IgG1 concentrations were significantly lower in CVM samples from women with bacterial vaginosis (BV) compared to those without BV. Among women with BV, IgG1 concentrations declined further as vaginal pH increased, suggesting possible pH-mediated degradation. We also report negative associations of BV status with IgG3 and IgG4. In addition, infection with Mycoplasma genitalium and Neisseria gonorrhoeae was positively associated with concentrations of IgA and IgM, respectively. We also found the relationship between antibody isotype and subclasses with HIV-1 viral mobility in vitro. IgG3 concentrations negatively correlated with CAP045 HIV-1 mobility and IgG1 concentrations negatively correlated with the mobility of the 92TH023 recombinant HIV-1 strain upon VRC01 depletion. These observations point towards a potentially protective role for IgG1 and IgG3 in trapping certain HIV-1 strains in the CVM.DiscussionImportantly, our study builds on previous work, providing a potential mechanism by which BV and STIs may modulate immunoglobulin isotype and subclass content in the CVM. These results highlight the need for proper treatment of BV and other STIs, as this could impact the effectiveness of HIV-1 vaccines targeted at enhancing specific immunoglobulin responses in the cervicovaginal mucosa.

TESTING AND RESPONSE TO SYPHILIS IN MOBILITY CONTEXTS

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) with a high prevalence in Brazil, showing a significant increase in recent years, especially among socially vulnerable groups. Itinerant workers, such as truck drivers and mobile professionals along the BR-101 highway, are at increased risk of exposure due to constant mobility, limited access to regular healthcare services, and unprotected sexual practices. In this context, the present study aims to report the extension-based experience of testing and educational health actions aimed at confronting syphilis in mobile settings, conducted in the municipality of Eunápolis, Bahia. The intervention took place from August to December 2024, in partnership with the Federal Highway Police (PRF) and the Specialized Care Service and Testing and Counseling Center (SAE/CTA), involving 32 participants, mostly men, of mixed race and in productive age. Rapid tests were performed exclusively by qualified SAE/CTA professionals as part of their institutional duties. The students involved in the extension project did not conduct any clinical procedures; their role was limited to supervised observation and analysis of anonymized data previously authorized by the partner technical team. This experience report complies fully with the ethical principles established by Resolution CNS No. 510/2016, as it did not involve direct intervention or identifiable data collection, and is therefore exempt from mandatory submission to a Research Ethics Committee. No participants tested positive for syphilis, although one reported having recently undergone treatment for the disease. Despite the absence of confirmed cases, the study revealed significant exposure to risk factors related to STI transmission, such as multiple sexual partners and lack of condom use. The findings also highlight the high acceptance of rapid testing, the low perception of risk among users, and the effectiveness of extension activities as strategies for promoting sexual health in contexts marked by mobility and social vulnerabilities.