Abstract We investigate differences in corporate culture between family and non‐family firms using sexual harassment reports as proxies. Firms with weak and permissive cultures are expected to have more sexual harassment incidents but many of them could go unreported due to fears of retribution. In contrast, firms with strong corporate cultures could have fewer incidents but with more of them being reported due to employees feeling safe to do so. We find that family firms led by non‐founder CEOs report significantly more sexual harassment cases than founder CEO family firms or non‐family firms, with evidence that is more consistent with this pattern reflecting a comparatively stronger corporate culture.

ABSTRACT This study investigates the role of campus radio in shaping the professional growth of practicing Ghanaian journalists, focusing on practical skill acquisition, networking opportunities, mentorship, and career development. Guided by ideas from the Social Constructionism, Experiential Learning Theory, Situated Learning Theory, and the Communities of Practice Theory, the study frames campus radio as both a site for co-constructing professional meaning and as a dual learning environment bridging theoretical learning and professional journalism practice. The findings reveal that campus radio plays a pivotal role in developing essential technical competencies, such as writing, editing, and production, while fostering confidence, adaptability, and a deeper understanding of industry demands. Participants reported that the platform expanded their professional networks, provided mentorship opportunities, and offered career clarity, often enabling a seamless transition into mainstream media. However, there were challenges such as inadequate funding, outdated equipment, and the difficulty of balancing academic work with radio commitments. There was also the case of sexual harassment experienced in the line of duty. The study recommends, among others, increased institutional support, structured mentorship programs, leadership training opportunities, clear sexual harassment policies and reporting guidelines, and stronger industry partnerships to bridge academic and professional practice.

This study aims to examine the factors contributing to the occurrence of sexual harassment crimes in Makassar City and to analyze the efforts undertaken for their prevention and control. The research employs an empirical approach, with the research location at the South Sulawesi Regional Police (Polda Sulsel). The types and sources of data consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary data, which were collected through interviews and documentation. The collected data were subsequently analyzed using qualitative analysis. The findings indicate that the factors contributing to sexual harassment crimes in Makassar City include environmental factors, peer association factors, and economic factors. Preventive and control measures implemented by the South Sulawesi Regional Police involve firm law enforcement accompanied by public education and legal literacy programs related to sexual harassment, as well as legal awareness campaigns addressing its forms, impacts, and legal consequences. In terms of countermeasures, efforts include the provision of legal protection, medical assistance, and social rehabilitation for victims of sexual harassment. Based on these findings, this study recommends that law enforcement officers be provided with gender- and victim-sensitive training to ensure professional, empathetic, and fair handling of sexual harassment cases without blaming or marginalizing victims. Furthermore, the police are encouraged to develop more accessible reporting mechanisms, such as dedicated hotlines or mobile-based applications, to enable victims to report incidents safely while ensuring confidentiality.

This study aims to examine the factors contributing to the occurrence of sexual harassment crimes in Makassar City and to analyze the efforts undertaken for their prevention and control. The research employs an empirical approach, with the research location at the South Sulawesi Regional Police (Polda Sulsel). The types and sources of data consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary data, which were collected through interviews and documentation. The collected data were subsequently analyzed using qualitative analysis. The findings indicate that the factors contributing to sexual harassment crimes in Makassar City include environmental factors, peer association factors, and economic factors. Preventive and control measures implemented by the South Sulawesi Regional Police involve firm law enforcement accompanied by public education and legal literacy programs related to sexual harassment, as well as legal awareness campaigns addressing its forms, impacts, and legal consequences. In terms of countermeasures, efforts include the provision of legal protection, medical assistance, and social rehabilitation for victims of sexual harassment. Based on these findings, this study recommends that law enforcement officers be provided with gender- and victim-sensitive training to ensure professional, empathetic, and fair handling of sexual harassment cases without blaming or marginalizing victims. Furthermore, the police are encouraged to develop more accessible reporting mechanisms, such as dedicated hotlines or mobile-based applications, to enable victims to report incidents safely while ensuring confidentiality.

The settlement of sexual harassment cases through peace agreements based on contracts remains a practice commonly found in society. This practice raises complex legal issues as it lies at the intersection of civil law and criminal law. On one hand, civil law recognizes contracts as legally binding instruments provided that the legal requirements of validity are fulfilled. On the other hand, sexual harassment constitutes a criminal offense, meaning that its resolution cannot rely solely on the agreement of the parties involved. This study aims to analyze the settlement of sexual harassment cases through contractual peace agreements from the perspectives of civil law and criminal law. The research employs a normative legal method using statutory and conceptual approaches. The legal materials consist of primary and secondary sources, which are analyzed qualitatively. The findings indicate that peace agreements in sexual harassment cases may be considered legally valid only if they fulfill the legal requirements of a contract, particularly the existence of free consent and a lawful cause. From a criminal law perspective, a peace agreement between the perpetrator and the victim does not eliminate the unlawful nature of sexual harassment, as such acts involve public legal interests protected by the state. Therefore, peace agreements may only operate within the civil law domain and cannot be used as a basis to negate criminal law enforcement processes.

Sexual harassment refers to any act or behavior of a sexual nature that is carried out without consent and causes discomfort, humiliation, or threat to the victim. The goal of this research is to analyze legal solutions to sexual harassment cases from a social cultural and legal perspective. This study implemented a qualitative descriptive research method using a Systematic Literature Review approach. Researchers collected data by gathering various literature, both from books and scientific articles from national and international journals related to the research objectives. The data analysis used in this study involves evaluating data feasibility. The results show that the presence of the TPKS Law (Law Number 12 of 2022) and the New Criminal Code (Law Number 1 of 2023) plays a very important function in preventing sexual harassment. TPKS Law underscores the importance of integrating legal principles with social values, guaranteeing that statutory provisions are in accordance with human rights standards and gender equality. On the other hand, the Code establishes clearer definitions and broader categories of sexual misconduct, guaranteeing that harassment acts are explicitly acknowledged as criminal offenses. The implementation of the TPKS Law and the New Criminal Code must be firm in the field in protecting victims and providing a deterrent effect on perpetrators of sexual violence crimes. Therefore, there is a need for integration of normative legal and socio-cultural solutions to sexual violence with open public dialogue and cross-sector collaboration among stakeholders.

This article examines sexual harassment in the novels Mapenzi and Ndafa here? Cases of sexual harassment at home, workplace and in other spheres of life are on the surge, making life difficult for both men and women in Zimbabwe. Remarkably, most artists who serve as the fountains of knowledge and cultural ambassadors continue to portray stereotypical images of African/Shona women and men on sexual harassment. Against that background, we argue that an unconscious reading of the novels can lead one to erroneously dismiss the novels as feminist protest literature where the male is a perpetrator of violence. Such a vision obscures the complexity of postcolonial Africa. It is a society defined by schism and competition, and this oftentimes breeds gender-based violence with the female as the victim. The article argues that skewed gender relations are a recipe for disaster as they perpetuate toxic masculinity. Using Africana womanism as the theoretical underpinning, the article concludes that Mabasa’s portrayal of women clinging to uncaring husbands (which is considered unacceptable in feminist circles) is a positive projection of African/Shona women who are strong and flexible role players.

Background: The study examined the Perception of Social Media on Awareness of Sexual Harassment in Nigeria. The rationale behind the study were various type of social media used by residents of Festac Town, Lagos, identify to what extent respondents who use social media understand what sexual harassment means, determine how social media have helped in creating awareness on sexual harassment amongst residence of Festac town, Lagos and to determine the moral standards that social media platforms must adhere to when raising awareness of sexual harassment. The theories employed for the study are Perception theory and Developmental Media theory. Methods: The methodology for the study was survey and the research instrument used was the self-administered questionnaire to collect relevant information from the population, however a total of three hundred and seventy copies of the questionnaire were administered and sample random sampling was used to select the respondents. The data gathered were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) in form of tables, percentages and frequency count. Findings: The findings of the study disclosed that most respondents agreed that social media have helped in creating awareness among residents of Festac Town, Lagos and social media helps in letting messages out to the larger community which will hopefully inspire change, social media helps in calling the attention of government agencies to cases of sexual harassment. Conclusion: The study concluded that a large number of respondents think that social media have a positive impact on the Awareness of Sexual Harassment in Nigeria, the study also revealed that the Twitter and Instagram are the major social media platform that helps in raising awareness for sexual harassment. Novelty/Originality of this article: The study recommends that information on social media should be regulated by some regulatory bodies and caution is needed before such information is broadcasted to the people in order not to stiff up hatred and stereotype judgment on some people or societies.

This study assessed teachers’ knowledge and attitudes toward Gender Responsive Pedagogy in public primary schools in Ijebu Ode Local Government, Ogun State, Nigeria. Gender responsive pedagogy is a teaching and learning approach that acknowledges the specific needs, interests, and experiences of both female and male students to create a more inclusive and equitable classroom. This approach is effective in reducing sexual harassment cases in the school system, as the rate of Gender-Based Violence since COVID-19 has escalated among primary school pupils. GBV has become a deeply rooted issue across all levels of education, threatening learners' rights, undermining educational equity, and impeding sustainable development goals. Cultural norms that silence the voices of children—particularly girls—worsen the situation. A descriptive survey research design was adopted, and three research questions were raised using a purposive sampling method. 44 STEM teachers were trained on the use of gender responsive pedagogy to teach, and they were observed for a period of four weeks in their classrooms. A pre-test and post-test were done using a structured questionnaire titled "Gender-Responsive Pedagogy and Gender-Based Violence Questionnaire, designed to assess teachers’ knowledge, attitudes, and classroom practices. The findings showed that there was a significant difference in knowledge of teachers on GRP before and after the training as reflected in their mean scores (t = -4.738; df = 36; p0.05); (? = 0.51; t = 0.32; p>0.05). Therefore, the study recommended that for gender-responsive pedagogy to be fully realized, ongoing professional development, supportive policy frameworks, and school-level commitment are essential. Empowering teachers with the necessary tools, knowledge, and confidence will not only improve learning outcomes for all students but also contribute to broader societal progress toward gender equality.

This study examines the legal settlement of sexual harassment cases on Electric Rail Trains (KRL) in the Jabodetabek area by focusing on the juridical responsibility of PT Kereta Commuter Indonesia as a public transportation service provider from a consumer protection perspective. This research employs a normative juridical method with a qualitative approach, analyzing statutory regulations, particularly Law No. 12 of 2022 on Sexual Violence Crimes, Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection, and railway service regulations. The study finds that although PT Kereta Commuter Indonesia has implemented various preventive measures, such as women-only carriages, surveillance systems, and reporting mechanisms, these efforts are not accompanied by compensatory accountability for victims. In practice, victims of sexual harassment do not receive restitution, compensation, or health assistance, either from perpetrators or from the service provider, as mandated under Article 19 of the Consumer Protection Law. This research argues that sexual harassment on public transportation should not be viewed solely as a criminal offense but also as a violation of consumer rights that triggers the liability of business actors.

Sexual misconduct and harassment are prevalent at higher education institutions. Makerere University introduced a Policy and Regulations against Sexual Harassment in 2006, which was revised in 2018 following institutional investigations and recommendations. However, the extent to which the revised policy has been effectively implemented has not been formally evaluated. This study evaluated the implementation of Makerere University’s policy against sexual misconduct and harassment. Data was collected from 300 students and staff across all ten university colleges to examine policy knowledge, perceptions of implementation strategies, perceived impact, and experiences with policy implementation. Of the 300 participants, 48% were students, 20% were non-teaching staff, 16% were teaching staff, and 16% were support staff. The majority (77%) of the participants demonstrated moderate to adequate knowledge of the policy. Only 26% had received sexual harassment training from the University. Only 16% and 11.7% of the participants reported a positive perception of policy implementation and handling of sexual harassment cases, respectively. Training was associated with greater policy knowledge and more positive perceptions of policy implementation and complaint handling. Policy knowledge and perceptions differed across groups: males, professional staff, and older participants had higher policy knowledge; professional staff reported more positive perceptions of case handling; and younger participants expressed more favorable views of policy implementation. These findings indicate significant gaps between policy availability and effective implementation, particularly in training, stakeholder engagement, and confidence in complaint handling. There’s a need for strengthened implementation strategies to enhance institutional responses to sexual harassment and improve student and staff safety and wellbeing in higher education settings.

India has the world’s largest child population, with about 440 million children below the age of 18. These children represent not the demographic majority but are among the world’s most vulnerable group. While India has ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) and has enacted various comprehensive legislations concerning the protection of children, which have been discussed in this paper such as, the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 and the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012, the real implementation of these frameworks present alarming gaps. Child labour, institutional neglect, sexual abuse, abandonment, and child marriage persist, often masked by underreporting and inadequate data. This paper engages in a critical examination of India’s child protection framework, evaluating both the achievements of its legal and policy framework, along with its structural failures. This paper draws from diverse secondary sources including legal statutes, reports, and academic literature. It uses qualitative research methodology based on doctrinal and empirical secondary data analysis to analyse India’s child welfare mechanisms. The findings show persistent shortcomings such as declining budgetary allocations, a severe lack of institutional capacity, poor oversight, and a reactive rather than preventive approach to child protection. While programmes such as Mission Vatsalya have resulted in notable progress, including a fourfold rise in non-institutional care placements between 2021 and 2024, these gains, although appreciated, are insufficient to address the scale of the crisis. Less than 1% of orphaned or abandoned children are placed in formal care, and India has just over 9,500 Child Care Institutions (CCIs) to serve this vast population. Adoption in India remains contentious due to legal complexities, corruption and a disturbing gender paradox: while more girls are adopted, this reflects a higher abandonment rate rather than societal progress. Similarly, child marriage remains an issue, more so in some places than in others. While the national rate of child marriages in India has dropped from 47% to 23% over the past two decades, states like Bihar, West Bengal and Jharkhand continue to report figures above 40%. Which is surprising since West Bengal is a state that has a relatively high literacy rate and has one of the highest child marriage rates in the country, revealing that structural gender inequality cannot be resolved by education alone. Further, the national study on child abuse conducted in 2007 found that over 53% of Indian children had faced some form of sexual abuse, affecting boys and girls almost equally. However, no comprehensive national data collection has happened ever since, leaving policymakers without a contemporary understanding of the crisis. In metropolitan cities like Mumbai, data shows a rise in reported cases of sexual harassment and POCSO-related offences, indicating awareness but not necessarily improved protection. To address these systemic problems, this paper proposes a comprehensive reform agenda. First, it calls for increased ring-fenced child welfare budgets, with mandatory, standardized Child Budget Statements across all states. Second, it advocates for a shift from reactive to preventive care, emphasizing family counselling, school-based support, and community outreach. Third, it recommends further development of non-institutional and community-based care models such as the kinship and sponsorship initiatives seen in Jalna, Maharashtra. Fourth, it stresses the urgent need for periodic, gender-inclusive national surveys on child abuse. Fifth, it argues for the simplification of adoption procedures. Lastly, it urges harmonization across legislative and policy frameworks to ensure that laws like the JJ Act and POCSO, and policies like Mission Vatsalya, operate in coordination rather than isolation. India’s legal and policy framework for child protection is conceptually sound on paper, but deeply fragmented in practice. While it has made notable progress in recognizing child rights, the implementation remains uneven, underfunded and reactive. For India to truly protect its children, the system must move from symbolic legislation to enforceable accountability. Towards a child-centric and preventive framework that is supported by adequate funding and institutional commitment, which can transform child protection from a promise to a reality.

This research investigates strategies and challenges in handling cases of sexual harassment violations on social media. In an increasingly complex context and widespread use of social media, the protection of victims of sexual harassment becomes an increasingly urgent priority. This research highlights the importance of awareness and education among social media users to identify, report, and prevent sexual harassment online. This research uses a qualitative literature study method by exploring relevant theories, concepts and legal regulations. The aim of this research is to understand the obstacles faced by law enforcement in handling cases of sexual harassment on social media and to find solutions to increase the effectiveness of law enforcement in this case. The findings show that despite platform policies and algorithms, limitations in identifying and removing infringing content remain an obstacle. Effective collaboration between the government, law enforcement agencies and social media platforms is crucial in handling these cases. Victim protection is also a major focus, with an emphasis on improving support systems and psychological recovery. Comprehensive socialization regarding laws related to sexual harassment and sanctions for violators is expected to increase public awareness and encourage cooperation in eradicating sexual crimes, both in the surrounding environment and on social media.

The phenomenon of Blaming the victim in sexual abuse cases is prevalent in both the legal system and society, where victims are often blamed, worsening their psychological condition and hindering their access to justice. This study explores the Indonesian legal perspective on handling sexual harassment cases involving victim blaming and its impact on victim protection. Using a normative juridical approach, it analyzes Law Number 12 of 2022 on Criminal Acts of Sexual Violence (UU TPKS), which aims to protect victims' rights and prevent discrimination and stigma. The findings reveal that despite the protections provided by the TPKS Law, victim blaming still occurs during legal processes, exacerbating trauma and obstructing the pursuit of justice. Therefore, the study emphasizes the need for better understanding and training for law enforcement officials, along with socializing to the public to reduce stigma and improve legal protection for victims of sexual abuse. Keywords: Blaming the Victim; Sexual Abuse; Legal Perspective; Victim Protection; Social Stigma

ABSTRACT The 2019 FIFA Women’s World Cup in France was crowned with success in every aspect of the competition, with the United States Women’s National Team (USWNT) winning their fourth World Cup title. The mere fact that the world champions, however, would soon after file a gender discrimination lawsuit against their very own football federation only serves to emphasize the degree of inequality that continues to blemish modern-day professional football. The male-dominated game of football seems to persistently resist any notion of gender equality, much like gender discrimination in any other part of society, as women’s football is, still, tarnished by wage inequality and voices of sexual harassment. Against this background, this study discusses the legal dispute between the USWNT and U.S. Soccer, cases of sexual harassment in the United States and Canada, and the infamous Luis Rubiales kiss.

Reporting sexual harassment against students is influenced by several complex and interrelated factors, including child characteristics, family support, school response, and prevailing social and cultural attitudes. In Erbil city, within the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, public primary schools often do not report cases of sexual harassment perpetrated by teachers against female students, for reasons that remain unclear. The objective of this study is to explore the types of sexual harassment committed by primary school teachers against their female students and to identify the factors contributing to the lack of formal reporting of such incidents. This qualitative study examines 31 cases of sexual harassment involving primary school female students and their male teachers in Erbil city. A purposive sampling method was employed, and data were collected through semi-structured interviews with individuals who had witnessed or possessed detailed knowledge of the incidents. The findings reveal that the main barriers to reporting sexual harassment cases include the absence of a clear and unified formal system for reporting such incidents to educational authorities, as well as fear of adverse community and socio-cultural responses. School administrations and many parents of the affected students preferred to address the incidents internally to protect the reputation of both the students and the school.

This study is motivated by the emergence of public controversy surrounding the alleged sexual harassment case involving the preacher Gus Elham, which has sparked widespread debate about ethical boundaries in da’wah activities. This phenomenon reflects a moral and social crisis in contemporary da’wah practices, particularly in relation to power relations, child protection, and the moral responsibility of religious figures as public role models. This study aims to analyze violations of da’wah ethics in this case from moral and social perspectives, as well as to identify its impact on public trust in preachers and religious institutions. The method used is a descriptive qualitative approach through the analysis of online news, public statements, social media posts, interview recordings, and da’wah-related content associated with the case. The findings indicate that the actions in question not only violated norms of decency but also revealed a failure to understand principles of child protection and ethics of da’wah based on akhlakul karimah. Socially, the case demonstrates a moral crisis affecting religious authority and an increase in public skepticism toward religious figures. The implications of this study emphasize the importance of formulating stricter da’wah codes of ethics, strengthening ethical literacy among preachers, and integrating child protection values into da’wah practice to prevent similar cases from recurring.

The increasing prevalence of sexual harassment cases within educational settings underscored the urgency of integrating social issues into the learning process. This study examined the effect of implementing a Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model based on sexual harassment case data on students’ understanding of statistical concepts and data processing skills. A pre-experimental research design with a one-group pretest–posttest model was employed. The sample consisted of 100 fifth-grade students from Muhammadiyah 18 Elementary School in Surabaya, selected through purposive sampling. The research instrument was a statistical concept comprehension test, and the data were analyzed using a paired sample t-test. The analysis results showed a correlation coefficient of 0.662 with a significant value of p < 0.001, indicating that the implementation of the PBL model significantly improved students’ conceptual understanding. The effect size (Cohen’s d = 0.97) indicated a large practical impact of the intervention. These findings suggest that embedding real social issues into mathematics and statistics instruction can simultaneously strengthen cognitive skills and foster social awareness among students. However, as this study employed a one-group pretest–posttest design, further research with control groups is recommended to strengthen generalisability

Abstract Research shows that women’s inclusion in decision-making bodies that produce anti-feminist policies can legitimize policies and institutions. When a woman attorney advocates for an anti-feminist outcome in the judiciary, are the courts perceived as more legitimate than when a man makes the same argument? Using a survey experiment where 1,395 participants read about a sexual harassment case argued by a male or female attorney, we find that female attorneys increase the legitimacy of anti-feminist rulings in only one specific instance: when a female attorney represents an employer and wins, and only for female participants who are much less likely to perceive that process as procedurally legitimate in the first place. Our results demonstrate that while there are some instances where attorney gender can legitimize judicial behavior, the courts are different from legislatures, and deploying women to advocate for anti-women outcomes has little impact on feelings of court legitimacy broadly.

Introduction: Medical education in Mexico, particularly during the undergraduate internship, unfolds within clinical environments that systematically violate students’ human rights. Evidence of mistreatment, institutional neglect, and deterioration of the right to health and education underscores the urgent need for situated empirical research aimed at transforming formative conditions. This study is grounded in a critical bioethical perspective, recognizing the imperative to consolidate public policies that dignify the educational process within teaching-assistance spaces. Objective: To analyze and interpret the narratives of undergraduate medical interns at a public university in Veracruz, Mexico, in order to identify critical dimensions that hinder the full realization of the right to medical education. Method: A qualitative study conducted using an interpretive approach, supported by methodological triangulation involving content analysis, documentary review, and institutional evaluation. The data consisted of testimonies collected by the Observatory of Medical Education and Human Rights, which categorized into eight formative dimensions. Results: The most frequently reported categories were “Lack of protection and safety,” “Deficient academic program,” and “Lack of academic attention from the university,” all of which reflect physical risk, pedagogical abandonment, and mental health deterioration. Additional findings included cases of sexual harassment, institutional violence, and self-medication. Discussion: The findings reveal a structural crisis in the medical internship model, demanding an ethical and political reconfiguration of the formative process. Ensuring safe, just, and humanizing environments for future health professionals is a pressing educational and public health priority.