Sex Role Orientation Research Articles

The Association Between Masculinity Ideology and Sexism: The Role of Sexual Orientation Among Heterosexual and Bisexual Women

The current study explored the relation between sexual orientation, masculinity ideology, and sexism among 380 adult heterosexual and bisexual women. Participants completed measures of sexual orientation, masculinity ideology, hostile sexism, and benevolent sexism. Mean-level analyses concluded that heterosexual women scored significantly higher on hostile and benevolent sexism than their bisexual counterparts. Findings from the regression analyses revealed that masculinity ideology predicted both hostile and benevolent sexism. Sexual orientation only moderated the association between masculinity ideology and hostile sexism, such that the effect was stronger for heterosexual women. Sexual orientation did not moderate the association between women’s masculinity ideology and benevolent sexism, suggesting that women’s relationship with benevolent sexism may be more complex. The current findings suggest that heterosexual women’s conceptions of gender-role attitudes toward men and women may be more salient and potentially harmful compared to bisexual women, and heterosexual intimacy may be an important factor to consider.

Longitudinal Relations Between Heterosexual Adolescents’ Perceived Exposure to Sex-Positive Television Messages and Their Supportive Attitudes and Behaviors Toward the LGBTQ+ Community

The literature on heterosexual adolescents’ television viewing and its over-time impact on attitudes and behaviors regarding LGBTQ+ is limited. The current study aims to fill this gap in the literature by using three-wave data from 338 heterosexual adolescents ( Mage = 15.29, SD = 1.48, 68.6% girls). We explored relations between adolescents’ perceived exposure to sex-positive television messages, their respectful approach to different sexual expressions, and their endorsement of supportive behavior regarding LGBTQ+. A Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model (RI-CLPM) showed that, at a between-person level, perceived exposure to sex-positive television messages was related to the endorsement of supportive behavior regarding LGBTQ+. Yet, results revealed that an increased perceived exposure to sex-positive television messages was not associated with respectful approach to different sexual expressions and endorsement of supportive behavior regarding LGBTQ+ at the individual level. No sex or traditional gender role orientation differences were found. Our findings hopefully encourage sexual media research to further distinguish between-and within-person relations and to consider potential testing effects that mask true within-person change.

The role of sexual orientation in the relationships among food insecurity, food literacy, and disordered eating

LGBTQ young adults are at increased risk for food insecurity and disordered eating behaviors. Food literacy is a related construct that may also impact disordered eating; however, research on these relationships is limited. It is also not well understood if food security and food literacy relate to disordered eating behaviors differently for LGBTQ and heterosexual individuals. The current study examined these constructs in a sample of college students (n = 572; 22 % LGBTQ), as well as examined sexual orientation as a moderator in the relationship between food insecurity/food literacy and disordered eating outcomes. Results showed that LGBTQ individuals reported greater dieting/restricting, bulimia symptoms, oral control, and binge eating symptoms than heterosexual peers. LGBTQ students were also more likely to be food insecure and had significantly lower food literacy than heterosexual students. Sexual orientation significantly moderated the relationships between food insecurity and overall disordered eating, and between food insecurity and dieting/restricting behaviors. These relationships showed that very low food security was strongly related to disordered eating symptoms for LGBTQ individuals. Sexual orientation did not moderate the relationship between food literacy and disordered eating outcomes. These findings contribute to the overall literature on food insecurity and disordered eating for the LGBTQ community through replicating past findings, and also provide new information about relationships between food literacy, food insecurity, disordered eating, and the role of sexual orientation.

A Scoping Review on the Role of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Microaggressions in Substance Use

Objectives Disparities in substance use patterns and outcomes are evident among sexual and gender minority groups. Sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) microaggression, or the subtle forms of aggression experienced by lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, gender non-conforming/non-binary, and gender diverse individuals, has recently been explored as a mechanism that leads to negative adjustment outcomes, including substance use. In this study we examined extant literature on the association between SOGI microaggression and substance use, and the intermediary factors that mediate or moderate this relationship. Method Scoping review method was used to systematically map the literature base using database aggregators (e.g., Scopus, EBSCO) following the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Results We found that SOGI microaggression is positively associated with substance use and negative consequences, and this relationship is mediated or moderated by motivational, relational, and identity processes. Conclusion These findings suggest the need to consider microaggression experience when working with clients of diverse sexual and gender identities. Likewise, additional studies are needed on other intermediary factors and effects of microaggression on substances other than alcohol. Most importantly, this study underscores the need for understanding the link between microaggression and substance use in greater efforts to promote sexual well-being and building competence in fostering the trifecta of sexual health, sexual rights, and sexual pleasure.

The role of sexual orientation and the perceived threat posed by men in the acceptance of sexism

We aimed at examining the differences between straight (N = 583) and gay (N = 112) people in terms of the acceptance of ambivalent sexist attitudes not only toward women (ASI) but also toward men (AMI) and how the level of perceived threat posed by men (Realistic Threat Scale) influences these attitudes' acceptance. The study results showed that gay men endorsed hostile sexism at the same level as straight men, while lesbian women were more hostile toward men than straight women. In this study, gay people manifested significantly lower levels of benevolent (sexist) attitudes toward both genders than straight people. While a positive relationship was identified between the perceived threat posed by men and hostility toward men, there was a reciprocal correlation in the case of hostile sexism. Men who recognized the threat men can pose to women were less accepting of hostile sexism and more accepting of hostile attitudes toward their own gender group. Moreover, straight men who recognized this threat endorsed less benevolent attitudes toward their own gender group than those who failed to admit it. Our results showed that heterosexual interdependence and recognizing the threat posed by men highly influence the extent to which hostile and benevolent (sexist) attitudes toward women and men are accepted or rejected. The implications and practical relevance of our study are also discussed.

Co-occurrence of sibling and peer bullying victimization and depression and anxiety among Chinese adolescents: The role of sexual orientation

BackgroundBullying victimization is a robust predictor of mental distress among lesbian/gay, bisexual, and questioning (LGBQ) adolescents. However, few research accounted bullying victimization within the context of both sibling and peer relationships. ObjectiveTo examine the effect of sibling and peer bullying victimization on depression and anxiety between heterosexual adolescents and LGBQ adolescents. MethodThis was a cross-sectional study with a random sample of 3062 Chinese senior high school students (56.0% female) aged 14 to 18. Related information was collected through a self-reported questionnaire. The associations were examined via a set of logistic regression analysis. ResultsOf the participants, 12.5% were victims of sibling bullying only, 10.1% reported peer victimization only, and 4.7% were involved in both sibling and peer victimization. Compared to heterosexuals, LGBQ adolescents had increased risks of sibling victimization only, peer victimization only, and both sibling and peer victimization. The prevalence of major depression and generalized anxiety disorder were 24.9% and 18.7% respectively. Bullying victimization and sexual orientation were independently associated with depression and anxiety. Furthermore, the stratified analysis indicated that sibling victimization only was significantly associated with depression and anxiety for heterosexual adolescents, while the associations were not significant for LGBQ adolescents. ConclusionsSexual orientation and bullying victimization are predictive factors of depression and anxiety. In particular, bullying victimization shows the different effects on depression and anxiety between heterosexual and LGBQ adolescents. Anti-bullying intervention could take distinct strategies based on different sexual orientation to reduce risks of adolescents' mental health problems.

Effeminate Gay Bottoms in the West: Narratives of Pussyboys and Boiwives on Tumblr

ABSTRACT Recent discussions of gay male bottom identity have been cautious about positioning bottoms in relation to a gendered identity, and thereby colluding with stereotypes about gay bottoms being effeminate and effeminate gays being bottoms. In wider LGBTQ media in Europe and North America there is an effort to destigmatize effeminate gay men in a dating culture that privileges “masc4masc.” While this is welcome, it obscures the existence of effeminate gay bottom fantasies that are gender stratified and which insist on a connection between sex role preference, sex object choice, and gender presentation. This paper analyses sexual fantasy narratives on the social media platform, Tumblr, and interrogates a deep structure of gender-stratified male androphilia that finds thematic similarities in non-Western settings, where “egalitarian” or Western “gay” expressions of male same-sex unions compete with traditional “heterogender” forms. It concludes by reaffirming the need to consider gender positionality among gay bottoms’ narratives in Western contexts, and for further research on Western gay men to recognize the heterogeneity of gay identities and experiences.

Is Depression and Suicidality a Matter of Sexual Orientation? An Empirical Investigation in Greece

Background: This research is based on previous literature concerning mental health conditions in sexual minorities. Taking this background into consideration, here, the role of sexual orientation and sexual orientationrelated stress is examined.

The antimicrobial resistance landscape of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in New Zealand from November 2018 to March 2019 and the role of sexual orientation in transmission.

The increasing use of culture independent diagnostic testing for the diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection has led to gaps in surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) rates due to limited availability of cultures. Our study reports the findings of a second national survey of N. gonorrhoeae in New Zealand, utilizing whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to study the population structure, prevalence of AMR, epidemiology and transmission of gonorrhoea isolates. We analysed 314 isolates and found a strong correlation between carriage of acquired resistance genes or chromosomal point mutations and phenotypic susceptibility testing results. Overall, the New Zealand rates of azithromycin resistance and decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone remain lower than in most countries, which are part of the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (GASP). The phylogeny provides evidence of a diverse population significantly associated with sexual behaviour groups. Transmission clustering with a ten single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) cut-off identified 49 clusters, of which ten were solely associated with men who have sex with men (MSM), whereas remaining clusters included heterosexual patients, as well as MSM, suggesting that bridging of sexual networks is occurring. Utilizing pairwise SNP differences between isolates of the same sequence types we determined genetic variation for the three typing schemes used in this study [Multi locus sequence typing (MLST), multi-antigen sequence typing (NG-MAST), and sequence typing for antimicrobial resistance (NG-STAR)]. A median of 0.0 to 52.5 pairwise SNP differences within a single NG-STAR sequence type underlines previous findings of the superiority of the NG-STAR typing scheme in terms of genomic inherency. With our analysis incorporating epidemiological and genomic data, we were able to show a comprehensive overview of the N. gonorrhoeae population circulating in New Zealand, focussing on AMR and transmission within sexual networks. Regular surveillance studies to understand the origin, evolution and spread of AMR for gonorrhoea remain necessary to make informed decisions about public health guidelines, as the internationally rising rates of ceftriaxone and azithromycin resistance have already led to adaptation of current treatment guidelines in the UK and the USA, highlighting the importance of regular surveillance in individual countries.

If you can dream it, you can do it!—The role of sexual orientation in preferences toward boys' and girls' career orientation and gendered behaviour

AbstractWe argue that parental attitudes of (prospective) children's gendered behavior are influenced by sexual orientation and the given social climate. In Study 1 (N = 448), moderated mediations showed that sexual orientation predicted whether or not high‐status occupations are preferred for the (prospective) children through modern sexism. For girls, however, the perceived stability of the gender hierarchy moderated the effect of modern sexism. In an experiment (Study 2, N = 704), hierarchical regression analyses showed that in the case of gay people, modern sexism predicted boys’ preferred gendered behavior well. While, in the case of bisexual people, modern sexism (along with fear of backlash) predicted preferences for both boys’ and girls’ gendered behavior depending on the stability of the gender hierarchy. Unlike the other groups, in the case of straight people, modern sexism only predicted preferences regarding girls’ gendered behavior. Implications of the studies are discussed.

Masculine Gender Norms and Adverse Workplace Safety Outcomes: The Role of Sexual Orientation and Risky Safety Behaviors

The current study tested the proposition that higher conformity to masculine gender norms (CMGN) is associated with increased safety risk-taking behaviors, which in turn are related to more accidents, injuries, and higher levels of accident underreporting. Additionally, we proposed that sexual minority status would exacerbate the relationship between conformity to masculine gender norms and safety risk-taking behaviors. Using two-wave lagged survey data obtained from N = 403 working adults, findings supported the proposed moderated-mediation model. High conformity to masculine gender norms was associated with increased safety risk-taking behaviors, accidents, injuries, and accident underreporting. Moreover, the relationship between CMGN and safety-risk-taking behaviors was stronger among homosexual men compared to their heterosexual counterparts. Additionally, safety risk-taking behaviors mediated the relationship between CMGN and safety outcomes. Finally, this indirect effect was stronger among homosexual men. Combined, these findings suggest that CMGN adversely impacts employee safety outcomes via safety-related risk-taking. We discuss these implications as well as the need for interventions designed to decrease risk taking behaviors in light of CMGN, particularly among sexual minorities.

Mental Health and Suicidal Behavior: The Role of Sexual Orientation

Mental Health and Suicidal Behavior: The Role of Sexual Orientation

Gender Role Orientation and Marriage Adjustment as Factors Affecting Gender Role Conflict of Pastors’ Husbands

The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of gender role orientation and marriage adjustment on the emergence of gender role conflict of pastors’ husbands. This research uses a non-experimental quantitative research method and is analyzed using SEM-PLS (Structural Equation Model-Partial Least Squares). This study uses three scales, namely The Gender-role Conflict Scale developed by O'Neil., et al (1986) to measure gender role conflict, Sex Role Orientation Inventory (SROI) developed by Tomeh (1978) to measure orientation of gender roles, and The Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS) from Spanier (1976) used to measure marriage adjustment. The subjects in this research are husbands of GBKP pastors totaling 79 people. Based on the hypothesis testing, it is revealed that marital adjustment influences gender role conflict in pastors’ husbands, whereas gender role orientation does not affect the pastor husband's gender role conflict. Researchers who are interested in examining gender role conflicts in men are expected to be able to include other variables that have not been studied in this research, such as spirituality, religiosity, coping strategies, cultural influences, etc., in order to enrich and develop the science of psychology, especially social psychology.

The role of sexual orientation in the relationships between body perception, body weight dissatisfaction, physical comparison, and eating psychopathology in the cisgender population

PurposeBody weight dissatisfaction (BWD) and visual body perception are specific aspects that can influence the own body image, and that can concur with the development or the maintenance of specific psychopathological dimensions of different psychiatric disorders. The sexual orientation is a fundamental but understudied aspect in this field, and, for this reason, the purpose of this study is to improve knowledge about the relationships among BWD, visual body size-perception, and sexual orientation.MethodsA total of 1033 individuals participated in an online survey. Physical comparison, depression, and self-esteem was evaluated, as well as sexual orientation and the presence of an eating disorder. A Figure Rating Scale was used to assess different valences of body weight, and mediation analyses were performed to investigated specific relationships between psychological aspects.ResultsBisexual women and gay men reported significantly higher BWD than other groups (p < 0.001); instead, higher body misperception was present in gay men (p = 0.001). Physical appearance comparison mediated the effect of sexual orientation in both BWD and perceptual distortion. No difference emerged between women with a history of eating disorders and without, as regards the value of body weight attributed to attractiveness, health, and presence on social media.ConclusionThis study contributes to understanding the relationship between sexual orientations and body image representation and evaluation. Physical appearance comparisons should be considered as critical psychological factors that can improve and affect well-being. The impact on subjects with high levels of eating concerns is also discussed.Level of evidenceLevel III: case–control analytic study.

The role of sexual orientation, age, living arrangements and self-rated health in planning for end-of-life care for lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) older people in the UK.

This article reports on findings from the quantitative phase of a two-year research project designed to explore end-of-life care experiences and needs of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people. We draw on a subset of the sample (N = 180/237) to analyse the relationship between advance care planning, sexual orientation, living arrangements and self-rated health. The results contribute to a growing body of evidence on how sexual minorities approach and make decisions on advance care planning. A greater understanding of such patterns could help inform the way healthcare professionals engage in conversations about end-of-life care planning with older LGB people.

The Role of Sexual Orientation in the Associations Between Religiousness and Hypertension.

This study assessed the cross-sectional associations between organizational religious activity (ORA), intrinsic religiosity (IR), and hypertension in a US nationally representative sample. Data were from Wave IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, collected in 2008. The sample (N = 5115, Mage = 28.96years, 54% female) was divided into three sexual orientation categories: heterosexual, mostly heterosexual, and sexual minority. Dependent variables were systolic and diastolic blood pressure and binary cut-scores of clinical hypertension. ORA and IR were independent variables, with sexual orientation as the moderator. Multivariable analyses revealed greater ORA was associated with increased blood pressure (BP)/hypertension for the sexual minority group. There was a trend in the heterosexual group where ORA was associated with decreased BP. Generally, ORA was not associated with BP/hypertension in the mostly heterosexual group. There were no significant effects for IR. Future research should continue to examine the complex ways ORA and IR are associated with health based on sexual orientation and use longitudinal methodology to examine how ORA may impact BP/hypertension across the lifespan.

Social Support and Sex Role Orientation as Predictors of Quality of Life in Senior Citizens

The present study was aimed to explore the relationship of social support and sex role orientation with quality of life in senior citizens. The sample comprised of 400 senior citizens with equal number of educated males and females (200 each). The analysis revealed that for the male’s sample, social support explained the maximum variance (5%) followed by femininity (4%) in quality of life. In all, these variables have accounted for 9% of the variance. In female’s sample, only social support has contributed (5%) of variance. Further, t-test has revealed the superiority of males in masculinity, femininity and quality of life and female’s superiority on social support.

The role of sexual orientation in differentiating between perceptions of rape myths, gender role stereotypes and social distance: The case of Israel

The purpose of the current study was to explore the relationships between Israeli gender role stereotypes, rape myths toward male and female victims, and social distance from sex crime victims and sex offenders, according to the observer?s sex and sexual orientation (gay men, lesbian women, and heterosexual men and women). The data was collected during the end of 2016 and included 401 Israeli participants. A multivariate analysis of variance, as well as series of Pearson analyses, were used to examine the differences between groups as well as to examine the correlations between research variables. Results broadly conformed to predictions, with men generally more negative than women. However, people with a same-sex orientation endorse more liberal gender role attitudes than heterosexuals. In addition, overall, participants expressed greater willingness to maintain social contacts with victims than with offenders. Nonetheless, only among heterosexuals significant negative correlations between rape myths and willingness to maintain social contacts with victims were found.

2D:4D Ratio and Sex Role Orientation in Physical Education Prospective Teachers

2D:4D Ratio and Sex Role Orientation in Physical Education Prospective Teachers

The role of sexual orientation in entrepreneurial intention: the case of Parisian LGB people

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the role that sexual orientation can play in entrepreneurial intention.Design/methodology/approachBy conducting a survey on a sample of 654 individuals and, among them, 266 LGB people in the Paris region (France), and using linear regressions, The authors test the impact of sexual orientation on the antecedents of entrepreneurial intention, as defined by Ajzen (1991), and on entrepreneurial intention.FindingsThe study reveals that LGB people express a higher entrepreneurial intention than non-LGB people. The study also reveals that sexual orientation positively impacts the three antecedents of entrepreneurial intention, namely attitudes, perceived behavioral control and subjective norms.Research limitations/implicationsThe study was conducted in a specific context: an LGB-friendly region and among a population of well-educated people. One could also have investigated the impact of femininity and masculinity on entrepreneurial intention among this population.Practical implicationsLGB people adopt entrepreneurial cognition different to that of other minorities, which tends to confirm that LGB entrepreneurial norms and beliefs are not really the same as those of the dominant culture. The study sheds light on the key antecedent one has to work on to increase the entrepreneurial intention of LGB people.Originality/valueThis study reveals that LGB people, even in friendly LGB geographical areas, are still suffering from a lack of self-esteem. The study also confirms that creating any new venture, as job creation process, is perceived as to be the alternative to difficult employment.