Climate change driven by anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions represents an immediate and grave threat to human health and survival. Sea level rise, altered weather patterns and increasingly frequent and severe extreme weather events can damage health directly (eg, injury, heat stress, altered aeroallergen and particulate exposure). They also bring indirect health impacts through altered patterns of zoonotic and vectorborne diseases, disruption of food systems and downstream social consequences (economic collapse, mass migration and conflict).Healthcare providers and healthcare workers all need to take immediate action to drive and deliver reductions in GHG emissions, and to help patients in better managing the health impacts brought about by climate change. Here, we propose the '4Ps framework' (Personal, Professional, Pathway-specific and Policy) to empower and facilitate such action.

Forecast errors of severe weather events aggravate economic damage and degrade public mental health. Whether forecast errors are underestimated or overestimated can shape public emotional responses differently, which remains unknown. In this study, we investigate the socio-psychological impacts of forecast errors during the landfall of Typhoon Khanun over the Korean Peninsula. We evaluate the predictive performance of multiple lead-hour precipitation forecasts against observational data and conduct a sentimental analysis of over 43,000 online discourses from the NAVER Weather Report Talk platform. Multiple lead-hour precipitation forecasts demonstrate underestimation in the eastern and southeastern regions of the Korean Peninsula and overestimation in the western and southwestern regions. The spatial discrepancies of precipitation forecasts are associated with distinct emotional responses: overestimation (underestimation) makes anxiety and worry (stress and confusion) the dominant emotion types in the discourses from the NAVER Report Talk platform. The findings of this study suggest that expectation-reality mismatch is a key mechanism in risk communication, and the direction of this mismatch differentiates public response. This study provides insights into the potential value of improved forecast accuracy on reducing emotional distress and strengthening public resilience during extreme weather events.

Navigating Extreme Weather Events: Experiences of Nursing Leaders in a Rural, Acute Care Hospital in Atlantic Canada.

This study assesses the performance of a regional WRF configuration used operationally by SIMEPAR (SIWRF) and a set of MPAS experiments at 5-km grid spacing over southern Brazil to predict four recent severe weather events. MPAS is tested using a 200-5 km global variable-resolution (VR) mesh with two physics suites—Mesoscale Reference (MR) and Convection-Permitting (CP)—and two sources of initial conditions — NCEP-GFS and ECMWF-IFS forecasts. Skill is evaluated with respect to 48-h accumulated precipitation (correlation, bias, RMSE), hourly precipitation (fractions skill score; FSS, and QPF measures), radar reflectivity (FSS), near-surface variables (MAE, Taylor diagrams), and vertical soundings (bias, RMSE). Across events, MPAS generally outperforms SIWRF for precipitation, with CP physics suite often reducing positive bias relative to MR, while SIWRF tends to underestimate totals during the heaviest events. Notably, MR-IFS achieves the highest correlation for the event dominated by a long-lived, organized convective system, whereas CP-IFS provides the most balanced metrics in two other cases, including the coastal event, consistent with improved placement and intensity of convection. SIWRF exhibits the lowest skill for radar reflectivity, while MPAS shows event-dependent gains, particularly for MR-IFS and CP-GFS. Analysis of convective parameters reveal that MR configurations produce higher median CAPE and 0–3-km SRH than CP and SIWRF, implying more favorable storm environments. These results highlight event-dependent sensitivity to physics and initial conditions and suggest that tailoring MPAS configuration to event features (e.g., favoring CP physics for coastal/diurnally forced convection and MR physics for strongly forced organized systems) may improve forecasts, but this inference is preliminary and requires broader testing (larger case set, data assimilation, ensemble and operational-runtime evaluation) before operational adoption. • First comparison of MPAS and operational WRF for severe weather in southern Brazil. • MPAS with 200-5 km global VR mesh often outperformed 5-km regional WRF. • MPAS precipitation skill and biases strongly depend on physical options and IC source. • MPAS forecasts improved when initialized with ECMWF-IFS ICs rather than NCEP-GFS.

Evaluating dietary starch concentrations in reduced-forage rations fed to lactating dairy cattle.

This paper addresses the urgent need for organisations to strengthen operational resilience in response to the escalating effects of climate change, highlighted by the record-breaking temperatures and severe weather events of recent years. It presents a comprehensive, practical framework designed to help businesses anticipate, adapt to, and recover from climate-related disruptions. The paper covers critical topics including advanced climate risk assessment - distinguishing physical, transition, and liability risks - adaptation of organisational structures, workforce empowerment, robust stakeholder engagement, supply chain resilience, and integration of modern technology such as artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, and the Internet of Things (IoT). Readers will gain a thorough understanding of the multifaceted threats posed by climate change, as well as strategies for turning these challenges into opportunities for innovation, efficiency, and market differentiation. The paper explores how organisations can nurture a climate-aware culture, develop adaptive skills, support mental well-being, implement flexible work policies, and harmonise incentives with climate objectives. Case studies and recent data illustrate the tangible benefits of comprehensive resilience planning, including reduced operational risk, cost savings, improved reputation, and enhanced competitiveness. By engaging with this paper, readers will acquire actionable knowledge on assessing climate risks, designing resilient organisations and supply chains, leveraging technology for climate adaptation, and empowering their workforce. The paper equips business leaders and professionals with the skills and insights needed to build a proactive, resilient organisation capable of thriving amid the challenges of a changing climate. This article is also included in The Business & Management Collection which can be accessed at https://hstalks.com/business/.

Climate change-related severe weather events are heavily impacting regions with the highest prevalence of HIV, creating additional vulnerabilities for already vulnerable populations. Little is understood about how people perceive or experience the mechanisms by which extreme weather events affect the health of people living with HIV (PLHIV). We conducted a qualitative study using in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 40 PLHIV enrolled in a cluster randomized clinical trial that included 8 pairs of health facilities in rural Western Kenya, who were 18 years or older, receiving ART for > 6 months; had moderate to severe food insecurity; and practiced smallholder farming with access to surface water or aquifers. Intervention participants received a loan to purchase an irrigation pump and farming inputs and were provided climate-responsive, sustainable agriculture and financial literacy training. This study did not evaluate the impacts of the clinical trial. We aimed to understand participant perceptions of how climate change impacted their HIV health, and associated pathways for these impacts. Interviews were transcribed, translated, and double coded using an inductive-deductive-abductive thematic content approach. Almost all participants noted that droughts, flooding, and elevated temperatures had serious negative impacts on their health and wellbeing. Extreme weather negatively impacted their health via five key pathways, with the first being most prominent: (1) decreases in agricultural yields and income; (2) increased food insecurity and undernutrition; (3) medication non-adherence, missed clinic visits, and infrastructure erosion; (4) increased infections, and (5) displacement and forced migration. Several pathways were interrelated, with decreased agricultural yields and income being proximal to most other pathways. Participants perceived pathways by which severe weather negatively impacted their HIV health, and these pathways were bi-directional and reinforcing. Food and livelihood sources were devastated, and housing and infrastructure were negatively affected, causing a cascade of nutrition and health vulnerabilities. Understanding the contexts in which PLHIV are vulnerable to impacts of climate change will be essential to establish climate-responsive policies that can interrupt the pathways identified here. Cross-sector collaboration between the Kenyan Ministries of Agriculture and Health to develop climate-responsive policies to support PLHIV should be prioritized. The clinical trial start date was June 23, 2016. Trial Registration: Registered with ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02815579.

The relationship between climate change and human health has become increasingly clear as global temperatures rises. The cardiovascular and pulmonary consequences of extreme weather events have been well researched and documented in the literature. However, the effects of climate change on MSK health are not well understood. This mini- review explores the complex relationship between MSK health and climate change particularly global warming. It highlights the emerging challenges for rehabilitation medicine due to the climate change and suggests adaptive approaches to clinical practice. The mechanisms linking environmental factors and MSK health are multifactorial and intricate. Temperature extremes can disrupt tissue physiology, while severe weather events may result in trauma and limit access to healthcare services. In addition, exposure to poor air quality has been associated with the exacerbation of inflammatory MSK conditions. Vulnerable populations including elderly adults, outdoor workers, and those with pre-existing MSK disorders face increased risks from climate changes. Climate-resilient rehabilitation services using telemedicine, mobile units, and environmental monitoring can be important considerations. Further research is suggested to establish evidence-based guidelines for climate-adaptive rehabilitation protocols.

Climate change represents an escalating global health crisis that profoundly influences the risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Human-driven alterations in climate - including rising ambient temperatures, more frequent and severe heatwaves, air pollution, and extreme weather events - directly and indirectly exacerbate hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and physical inactivity. Exposure to high temperatures and pollution promotes vascular dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress, leading to worsened blood pressure control, dysglycemia, and disrupted lipid metabolism. Extreme weather events, floods, and wildfires trigger acute spikes in cardiovascular events through dehydration, myocardial ischemia, and arrhythmias, while also disrupting healthcare delivery and medication adherence. Moreover, climate-driven changes in food systems and nutritional quality exacerbate unhealthy dietary behaviors, further amplifying cardiometabolic risk. Vulnerable populations - including older adults, racial and ethnic minorities, and those of lower socioeconomic status - bear a disproportionate burden of these effects. Mitigating the cardiovascular consequences of climate change requires integrated approaches that incorporate climate-sensitive risk stratification, targeted education of patients and clinicians, and adaptive health system responses. Primary care physicians play a central role in delivering anticipatory guidance and equitable care to at-risk individuals. This review synthesizes evidence linking climate change with CVD risk profiles. It outlines clinical and public health strategies to strengthen climate resilience in cardiovascular medicine.

To minimize the health impacts of power outages, which have steadily increased with climate change and aging infrastructure, it is crucial to recognize their range of effects and identify the most vulnerable individuals and communities. Here, we investigate the health consequences of outages among those with asthma residing in New York City. We combined administrative emergency department (ED) visit data from 2018 to 2022 with two granular power outage data sources: the New York State Department of Public Service (locality-level) and the New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA, building-level). We applied an augmented synthetic control approach to four large-scale outages in the New York State Department of Public Service data to assess their association with asthma-related ED visits. We used a case-crossover design to assess the impact of same-day, building-level outage exposure in the NYCHA data on asthma-related ED visits. A large, localized outage on 21 July 2019 was associated with 0.20 (95% confidence interval: 0.00, 0.34) per 1000 sub-daily increases in asthma-related ED visits the same evening of the outage start. For NYCHA residents, in the summer months, outage days were associated with elevated odds of asthma-related ED visits (2.23, 95% confidence interval: 0.92, 5.37), and these effects were particularly relevant for children and for lag days 0-1. Climate change impacts communities through severe weather events and their subsequent disruptions to critical infrastructure, such as electricity service. We add to the limited evidence that these disruptions carry health risks, in this case acute care asthma visits.

This article explores three questions. First, why does New Zealand have widespread flooding hazards? Second, why are these persistent, with little seemingly learned from the memory of earlier events? And third, beyond reiterating conventional solutions, what examples of alternatives or adaptations are being developed in different places? It draws on a decade of community and research experiences in the Christchurch red zone, to examine experimental adaptation strategies being undertaken in three locations: South Dunedin and Westport in the South Island and Napier in the North Island. Each case study is contextualised in terms of its environmental history and memory of severe weather events. Although the cases are locally specific, they point towards the common features that should characterise a national adaptation strategy. Not least of these is the vulnerability of many built locations to both intensifying development and the impact of climate change in the form of severe events.

Globally, urban areas are experiencing significant changes in temperature, precipitation, and sea levels, with an apparent increase in the frequency, intensity, and uncertainty of climate events. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), have been identified as vulnerable to multiple hazards, raising significant concerns regarding their resilience to climate change impacts. The GCC has experienced increases in heavy precipitation, floods, droughts, cyclone activity, and sea-level rise, coupled with the rapid population growth and economic development ( IPCC, 2013 ). Enhancing cities’ resilience and preparedness to withstand, cope with, and recover from weather-related hazards is a global imperative that strengthens risk-mitigation strategies and enables the development of innovative solutions for more effective urban water management. The Sponge City approach emerged as an innovative strategy that integrates green and blue features into urban contexts to enhance risk adaptation, preparedness, recovery, and mitigation. The “no-regret” approach aims to address several threats posed by climate change, such as water stress, urban runoff management, prolonged droughts, and environmental degradation. Blue–Green Infrastructure (BGI) includes rain gardens, wetlands, permeable pavements, and community gardens, which can be integrated into existing grey infrastructure at different scales and help transform vulnerable cities into more resilient networks. China was the leading country in proposing the Sponge City technology as a fundamental design strategy for integrating Blue–Green Infrastructure (BGI) tools within existing and new urban development. Following the Chinese Sponge City guidelines and Zareba et al. (2022), the study adopts a multiscale view of BGI tools. The Sponge City interventions are organized into Macro-, Meso-, and Micro-scale, from regional and city-wide networks down to individual “Sponge units” such as raingardens and green roofs. However, neighborhood community gardens, which are a vital unit of urban design for social engagement and a meso-scale fundamental tool for stormwater management, were notably absent within hot-arid regions. The study highlighted an academic and practical gap in determining a scalable, feasible approach to applying Sponge City meso-scale neighborhood applications in hot-arid regions. This gap hindered urban planners and stakeholders from adopting such an approach in arid countries, where climatic conditions are challenging, and water is scarce. Hence, the research aims to propose feasible and applicable neighborhood mesoscale applications, such as community gardens in hot-arid regions, to mitigate the impacts of frequent severe weather events. The study focuses on the United Arab Emirates (UAE), a region vulnerable to extreme heat, frequent floods, and droughts. The study began with a review of related definitions, principles, and key strategies of Sponge Cities, with a deep understanding of its global applications and similar regional projects. Followed by an analysis of Sponge City’s measures, tools, and applications at three scales, which are the micro, meso, and macro-scale. Following this, Policy documents, recent climate reports, and global and regional case studies were synthesized to formulate a clear vision of the concept. The study presents a scalable practical framework suitable for the UAE’s context that integrates BGI tools into the urban design of residential neighborhoods, focusing on the meso-scale of the family house and presenting the possible solutions, potential, and opportunities of adopting this approach in arid countries. Technical details for implementing such a model will be presented, explaining linked water tanks, irrigation water pipes, and recycled water systems.

Background: Catastrophic flooding in the Northern Rivers of NSW in Australia in 2022 had a devastating impact on the health and wellbeing of the local population, with thousands still homeless and others recovering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) more than three years on. 64 primary health care services were impacted affecting access to health care for an estimated 200,000 people. There is a need to prepare communities for the health impacts of climate change, with more frequent and severe weather events yet to come. Building resilient communities relies on having a resilient health system. National and international evidence highlights the critical role of primary care in disaster management. Primary care does not have a clear, mandated role in disaster management in Australia. Approach: Healthy North Coast, delivering the Primary Health Network program on behalf of the Australian Government, experimented with innovative climate change adaptation strategies to support general practices, pharmacies and community mental health services during the crisis response and recovery stages of the 2022 Northern Rivers floods. The value of primary care was demonstrated when hospital services were stretched beyond capacity. General practices and pharmacies were supported to re-open, stay open and offer their staff rest and recovery. Recovery activities included providing wellbeing support to primary health care services as well as infrastructure grants to rebuild. Surveys were collected capturing service impacts, workforce needs and clinician preferences for support. Healthy North Coast is working to prepare services for future events by building business continuity through capacity building, training and place-based resilience building and integration strategies. Preparedness was recently tested during Ex-Clone Alfred in 2025. Results: Minimal primary health care services have closed since the flooding event, despite 83% of service owners being concerned about fatigue and burn out immediately after the event. Over 2,500 clinicians and frontline support staff received workforce wellbeing supports. More than 500 clinicians attended education and training specifically related to flood recovery, trauma informed care and PTSD. Implications: Evidence demonstrates the importance of joined-up planning and strong, established relationships to enable service continuity and access in the time of a disaster. Strong local relationships across the health sector were a major contributor to the success of the health response in 2022. Placed-based flexibility was a key element to successful initiatives. Research is underway to explore the quantitative impact of primary health care services on hospital emergency department presentations. The majority of health services needed during and after a disaster can and should be managed in a community setting, saving precious hospital resources for life-threatening presentations. Disaster management approaches need to be trauma informed and prioritise the building of community resilience, connection and mental health literacy – thereby reducing the severity of disaster related trauma and length of time it takes to recover. Primary health care services need to be enabled to assist with this within disaster management frameworks.

Climate change has caused more frequent and severe extreme weather events, threatening health system resilience worldwide. In April and May 2024, Kenya experienced unprecedented extensive floods with devastating outcomes. However, the quantitative impact of flooding on geographical access to healthcare remains unclear. This study, therefore, evaluates post-disaster accessibility to health facilities and quantifies geographical coverage losses resulting from flooding compounded by doctors' strike in Kenya. Geospatial datasets were assembled including health facility locations (public, private not-for-profit (PNfP), and private for-profit (PfP)), road network, land use/land cover, topography, population density, and flooding extents). A pre-flood baseline and three post-flood scenarios were defined using satellite-derived flooding extents (Sentinel 1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (NOAA-VIIRS) satellites) and their combined maximal extents. Travel time (TT) to the nearest health facility by type was estimated using a least-cost path algorithm, accounting for ± 20% variations in travel speed and flood extent for sensitivity analysis. Population coverage was extracted within five 30-minute TT bands for each scenario, nationally and by subnational units (county). A total of 10,995 health facilities were assembled (public = 5,586; PNfP = 855; PfP = 4,554). Pre-floods, average TT to the nearest facility was 19.6min, with public facilities at 20.7min, PfP at 37.8min, and PNfP at 49.2min. Post-floods average TT increased across all sectors, longest across PNfP at 113.5min and shortest for public facilities at 48.5min. Pre-floods, 94.0% (52.5million) of the population had access within 30-min and 20 out of 47 counties with an average TT of < 2h. Under the maximal flood extents, coverage dropped to 73% (40.9million) and only 5 counties retained < 2h TT. County-level 30-min coverage losses ranged from 1.0% (Nairobi) to 51.0% (Narok). In several arid counties, populations facing 2 + hours TT rose to 15-31%, up from 4 to 12% pre-floods. Kenya's health system is highly vulnerable to floods, causing unequal disruptions in geographical access across subnational region. Incorporating disaster preparedness into county health care planning to strengthen health system resilience nationwide is needed.

PurposeClimate extremes are a catastrophic manifestation of climate change. Motorcycle ambulances are an emerging sort of vehicle that is intended to offer quick access in large cities. This study evaluated the effect of extreme weather events on the accessibility of emergency motorcycle ambulance services.Patients and MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of motorcycle ambulance operation data from January 2020 to December 2024. Data on motorcycle ambulance operating times, rainfall levels in the operational area, and ground temperatures at the Emergency medical services (EMS) unit were collected. Continuous data were presented as means and standard deviations (SD), while categorical data were reported as frequencies and percentages. Associations between categorical variables were evaluated using the chi-square test. A two-tailed p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsWith a total of 569 operations documented over the five years, services were postponed during rainy weather and when ground temperatures exceeded 40°C. The availability of operational motorcycle ambulances declined from 81.28% to 34.03%. Increased rainfall (hours lost increased from 1065.1 to 2711.7; p<0.001) and rising temperatures exceeding 40°C (hours lost increased from 574.9 to 3067.3; p<0.001) were the main causes of service interruptions. This occurred despite increased utilization of motorcycle ambulances for emergency responses (65 to 165 operations annually; p=0.022) and a growing use of AED-equipped units for cardiac emergencies (4.6% to 23.6% of operations; p=0.014).ConclusionThis quantitative evidence of the impact of climate extremes on emergency healthcare access due to reduced motorcycle ambulance availability. The gradual reduction in operational hours was caused by rising rainfall and elevated temperatures.

Abstract Winter storms, specifically ice storms, greatly impact property, social connection, and access to health resources. The 2021 Ice Storm in Oregon’s Willamette Valley resulted in extensive power outages impacting over 330,000 households with half experiencing power outages of over 72 hours and 30,000 experiencing outages longer than a week. Using semi-structured interviews and focus groups with community organizations and community members, this paper documents the lived experience of those seeking to support vulnerable populations during this event. These outages resulted in a range of consequences from the individual to community scales, including health, essential services, utilities, livelihoods, and food systems. Community-based organizations played valuable, if reactionary, roles in providing support during the storm. Overall, our findings point to a critical need for improved preparedness, expanded emergency services, targeted rural support, and better communication and translation systems. Ultimately, we find that community organizations are placing greater emphasis on proactive planning, cross-sector collaboration, capacity-building, and localized adaptation, which will be essential for more equitable and resilient responses to future severe winter weather events.

Abstract With extreme weather events becoming more frequent and severe, accelerating progress in Earth system predictability is urgently needed to deepen fundamental understanding, improve predictive tools, and provide reliable, actionable information for societal resilience. Building on prior and ongoing efforts by the broader community and informed by discussions at a National Science Foundation’s National Center for Atmospheric Research (NSF NCAR) workshop on Earth System Predictability Across Time Scales, this essay articulates a perspective on the scientific and structural priorities needed to advance Earth system predictability from short-range weather forecasts to century-scale projections, underscoring the urgency of a comprehensive, integrative approach capable of meeting emerging societal needs. Three scientific grand challenges are highlighted: understanding interactions across spatial and temporal scales, across interconnected Earth system components, and the influence of external forcing on predictability. To address these grand challenges, we identify potential implementation priorities across five key areas: 1) enhancing observations and data accessibility, 2) advancing data assimilation techniques, 3) improving modeling frameworks, 4) developing artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) methods, and 5) applying convergence research. To support these areas, we outline four intersecting pillars of an integrated strategy: (i) a multiscale and multidisciplinary approach; (ii) closer coordination across modeling, observations, data assimilation, and AI/ML; (iii) intentional convergence research; and (iv) codevelopment of science with users. We also propose a collaborative path forward focused on strengthening scientific and technical connections, rewarding interdisciplinary and team-based science, expanding support for engagement with users, and investing in relationship building, shared language, and trust across scientific and societal domains. Significance Statement This perspective highlights the need to advance Earth system predictability to enhance societal resilience amid increasingly frequent and severe extreme weather events. Grounded in broader community insights, including those from a National Science Foundation’s National Center for Atmospheric Research (NSF NCAR)–hosted workshop, it outlines a strategy to deepen understanding, improve predictive tools, and enable actionable outcomes across time scales from days to decades. This perspective identifies key scientific grand challenges: understanding scale interactions, Earth system component interactions, and the influence of external forcing. It also outlines corresponding implementation needs—including improved observations, data assimilation, modeling tools, and artificial intelligence and machine learning. Presented ideas emphasize an integrative strategy built on four intersecting pillars: a multiscale and multidisciplinary approach, coordination across tools, intentional convergence research, and codevelopment with users.

Digital technology has become an unstoppable progression in most countries due to its vital role in socio-economic progress. Meanwhile, humanity is grappling with severe weather events such as superstorms, floods, and rising sea levels caused by escalating CO2 emissions. Does digitalization influence CO2 emissions in developing countries? For the answer, this study employs three indicators of digital technology to examine its impact on CO2 emissions across 89 developing countries from 2010 to 2023, utilizing difference generalized method of moments Arellano-Bond estimators. The findings indicate that digitalization contributes to increased CO2 emissions. Furthermore, economic growth and infrastructure expansion drive emissions upward, whereas inflation lowers them. These insights offer policy recommendations for developing countries to regulate digitalization in a way that curbs CO2 emissions.

Severe weather events such as heatwaves and wildfires are becoming more common. Previous research in various U.S. regions has suggested that mentioning climate change in TV news stories about severe weather events can increase local viewers’ climate concerns. One limitation of these previous studies is that they have not examined whether TV news stories about severe weather events may also increase willingness to support adaptation policies that protect against severe weather events. Moreover, these previous studies have not examined whether TV news stories about severe weather events may also resonate well with wider audiences, beyond those that are local to the U.S. state of the TV news story. In a randomized experiment with a national sample of 3095 Americans, we therefore examined the effectiveness of mentioning climate change and recommending adaptation actions to protect against severe weather events in weather-related TV news stories that were local to a subset of participants. Participants were randomly assigned to one of six conditions, including five TV news stories about severe weather events in California, Texas, or North Carolina, as well as a no-intervention control group. Despite being just a few minutes long, the TV news stories that mentioned climate change increased climate change concerns, while those that recommended adaptation policies to protect against severe weather events increased support for those policies, as well as concerns about severe weather events. These effects of TV news stories held independent of whether or not they were local to the U.S. state in which participants lived. Although Democrats expressed greater concerns and policy support than Republicans, Republicans were more responsive to non-local stories and stories that recommended adaptation action. We discuss implications for climate change communications.

Mediterranean cyclones significantly impact the region, causing severe weather events like heavy rainfall, flooding, and windstorms thus posing risks to densely populated areas. Despite their importance, variability in cyclone tracking methodologies and datasets contributes to differences in reported frequencies. In this work we use Jenkinson–Collison Type (JCT26) objective circulation classification to quantify the role of Mediterranean cyclones for weather warnings issued for the city of Sofia in the period 2010–2019. Four JCT26 circulation types occurred in 50% of days in Sofia; they are South-West (SW – 20%), AntiCyclonic (AC – 15%), Cyclonic (C – 12%), and North (N – 10%). During the winter months, C was associated with the highest number of severe weather warnings namely 33%. Cyclonic directional circulation types have 23% of the warnings while SW and AC have below 5% warnings. Snow, rain, cold, and wind were the most common types of warnings issued during this period. Between 2010 and 2019, monthly averaged snow warnings peak was in January with 11 yellow code warnings. Rain warnings were issued in all winter months, with April having the maximum of nine days with warnings and March the minimum of two days with warnings.