Settlement Scheme Research Articles

Justice in Automated Administration

Abstract— Public administration has, for some time now, been undergoing a digital transformation. Part of this change is the replacement of human public officials with automated decision-making systems. Beyond its immediate social and political significance, the EU Settlement Scheme—the mechanism established to allow EU citizens to remain resident in the UK after Brexit—represents the coming of age of a new template for automated administration. Understood in its context, this template raises foundational questions about the nature of administrative justice in the emerging digital state. This template, while it has various potential advantages, is essentially half-baked, contains significant risks without sufficient safeguards and requires revision before its suggested wider future application becomes a reality. Amendments to the template ought to be framed by reference to the precautionary principle, as this would continue to make for efficient implementation of policy while better protecting individuals in this experimental phase of automated administration.

LLP Settlement Scheme, 2020:AN Analysis From an Indian Law Perspective

The concept of Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) in India was introduced with the introduction of the Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008 (the Act) in the year 2009. Ever since, LLP’s have been a popular way to run operations in India, as they are viewed as an alternative corporate business vehicle which provides benefits of limited liability of a company and the flexibility of a partnership. Further, as the liability of the partners is limited to their agreed contribution in the LLP and it offers various advantages with regard to the flexibility of the operations, LLP seems to be a favorite with both promoters within India and from outside India. Additionally, unlike a traditional partnership setup, no partner is liable on account of the independent or un-authorized actions of other partners, thus individual partners are shielded from joint liability, created by another partner’s wrongful business decisions or misconduct. Keeping in view the growing popularity of LLP’s in India and as part of the Indian governments, efforts to promote the ease of doing business, the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Government of India (the MCA) through a general circular number 6/2020, dated March 4, 20204, has introduced the LLP Settlement Scheme, 2020 (the Scheme)2 and subsequently through a modification through a general circular number 13/2020, dated March 30, 20205(Modification Circular). Upon a review of the wordings of the Scheme and the Modification Circular the intention of the MCA appears to be to enable the defaulting LLPs in India, a one-time relaxation by way of allowing a one-time condonation of delay in filing of certain statutorily required documents under the provisions of the Act and the allied rules made thereunder with the relevant governmental authority- i.e. the office of the relevant registrar, enabling it to serve as a compliant LLP in the future. This article analyses the applicability of the Scheme and the Modification Circular summarizes the procedural requirements provided therein and also provides a broad summary of the relaxations provided.

RESEARCH OF TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NEW TYPES OF COUPLINGS

Dynamic loads that occur during the operation of existing couplings cause significant shock loads, which leads to rapid wear of the surfaces of the couplings and shortens the service life. Modern technology faces the task of improving the operational reliability of the working bodies and drives of machines. One way to solve this problem is to develop and use high-precision and low-dynamic safety couplings. In this regard, the question of developing new designs of safety couplings that reduce impact loads and increase the reliability and durability of machinery is relevant. The synthesis of structural and kinematic schemes of ball, cam and planetary safety couplings, the method of their calculation in combination with the nature of the change in the moment of resistance on the working body of the equipment. The article conducts a set of theoretical and experimental studies to determine their rational design, kinematic and dynamic parameters that will satisfy the operating conditions of machines and mechanisms. A force analysis of the elastic element (ring spring) was performed. The scheme of loading of an elastic element by two forces and other settlement schemes are constructed, namely: equivalent system; force diagrams for determining the load torque; force schemes for determining the unit moment; schemes of total bending moment; force schemes to determine the total unit moment. During static experimental studies of the developed ball safety couplings, the nature of their operation was established, the maximum torque at the two stages of operation of the couplings was determined and a comparative analysis between the results of theoretical and experimental studies was performed. The positive results of experimental researches of the developed coupling and theoretical positions which can be applied to a substantiation and a choice of rational parameters of the developed designs of couplings and their engineering designing were confirmed.

Applying for Settled Status: Ambivalent and reluctant compliance of EU citizens in post-Brexit Scotland

This article contributes to scholarship concerning the effects of the UK Referendum on EU membership and Brexit on EU citizen rights in the UK (Botterill, McCollum and Tyrrell, 2018 ; Burrell and Schweyher, 2019 ; Gawlewicz and Sotkasiira, 2019 ; Huber, 2019 ). The paper focuses on applications for, and meanings of, ‘settled status’ among Polish nationals living in urban and rural Scotland. In particular we argue that the ‘simple’ act of application produces diverse responses among Polish nationals, characterised by ambivalent and reluctant compliance, with longer term implications for ontological security and sustainable communities. In the paper we present empirical data from the perspectives of three differently positioned individuals to illustrate the heterogenous experience of Polish nationals in Scotland and to demonstrate how pre-existing vulnerabilities and conditions are compounded by the EU settlement scheme. First, we highlight a view of citizenship as ‘social contract’ through the vignette of Marek who expresses ambivalence about Brexit and for whom the welfare system serves both as a safety net and a space of the undeserving. Second, we reflect on the complex bureaucratic process of gaining citizenship for a family, through the vignette of Monika. Finally, we consider how form filling is an anxious act of validating oneself and questioning one's belonging to place with longer term effects on ontological insecurity, through the vignette of Weronika. We conclude by offering a set of recommendations for Scottish policy on intercultural communication, integration and sustainable communities that, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, is ever more significant.

Climate-induced conflicts and livelihoods of farming households in Nigeria: lessons from farmers-herdsmen conflict-ridden communities in Benue State

Abstract Helping conflict-affected persons requires an understanding of conflict impacts on their livelihoods. Hence, effects of farmers-herdsmen land-use conflict on livelihoods of farming households in Benue State were investigated. Data were collected from 110 farming households in Guma and Logo Local Government Areas (LGA) using interview schedule and focus group discussion. Most (56.4%) respondents were male, aged 51.6 ± 1.6 years, cultivated 9.14 ± 5.75 acres of farm size and had been involved in farming for 27.7 ± 14.16 years. The majority (>90%) experienced high degree of exposure to conflict incidences such as destruction of properties, homelessness and poor access to market. The respondents indicated a high effect of land-use conflict on farming households’ livelihoods (81.8%) and land availability/use (>50%) following conflict regime induced by climate change. All respondents perceived the anti-open grazing prohibition law as a right step to reducing conflict occurrence. There was no significant difference in the effects of farmers-herdsmen land-use conflict on livelihood of farming households in Guma and Logo LGA (t = 0.051). Farming households were highly vulnerable to the effects of farmers-herders conflict and are supportive of the current local authority’s prohibition of open grazing. A concerted effort involving religious institutions, government and non-governmental organisations including persuasion of herders to consider other options of livestock production such as ranching or settlement scheme would add impetus to the on-going efforts to resolve the conflict.

Capital, Conversion, and Settler Colonialism in Samuel Butler’s Erewhon

Abstract Viewing capitalism as emerging primarily from within the framework of empire rather than the nation state, this essay considers the relationship between capital, conversion, and settler colonialism in Samuel Butler’s Erewhon, or Over the Range (1872). It looks, first, at the novel’s critique of Wakefieldian organized settlement schemes as systems sustained by various forms of capital accumulation and free/unfree labour; and second, at its over-arching evangelical conversion narrative, which both frames and structures the main body of the text. The essay argues that, far from directing its satire wholly or even primarily towards metropolitan Britain, the novel enacts two circulating mid-nineteenth-century settler colonial anxieties: concerns about a perceived crisis of diminishing industriousness and economic exhaustion in colonial Australia and New Zealand, and concerns about the efficacy of British humanitarianism and missionary conversion. It considers the former in the context of the disruptions to settlement caused by the gold rushes in Australia and New Zealand in the 1850s and 1860s, and the latter in the context of missionary and humanitarian efforts to ameliorate conditions for Indigenous peoples from the 1830s onwards. The essay’s larger claim is that Erewhon presents capital and conversion as structurally interconnected mechanisms of an evolving Anglo-settler state in New Zealand. Radicalizing a tradition of economic critique of empire beginning with Adam Smith, Butler satirizes the idea of colonialism as an essentially liberal system by showing how much it is intertwined with exploitative practices of territorial expansion, dispossession, capital accumulation, unfree labour, missionary conversion, and racial assimilation.

One of the approaches for the analytical description of the interaction of an elastic wheel with a solid surface

The design of branched transmissions of multi-axle vehicles, multistage steering systems and automated workflow control systems requires their preliminary dynamic calculation. These calculations are based on mathematical models of structural elements corresponding to the modern level of development of system theory, i.e. taking into account dynamic interrelations between the system links. The aim of the work is to build a mathematical model of the automobile wheeled propulsor intended for use in the dynamic model of the “car-road” system or models of separate automobile systems. The approach to mathematical modeling of the automobile wheeled propulsor is offered, consisting in its description by methods of the control theory as an element of dynamic system. The method of construction and analysis of the complete system of equations of kinematic bonds superimposed in the contact zone on the movement of points of the external surface of the tire of linear elastic wheel at its perturbed rectilinear rolling on a solid uneven support surface is developed. The method of construction of a transfer matrix of automobile linear elastic wheel at which its structure practically does not depend on features of the settlement scheme of the tyres is developed too in this study. The method of obtaining the tire characteristics necessary for the calculation of the transfer matrix elements by the generalized method of successive approximations, which gives the qualitatively correct results in zero approximation, is proposed. The method of qualitative theoretical analysis of the features of rectilinear stationary rolling of the automobile wheel is given in this paper. The results allow to carry out researches and calculations of dynamic characteristics of automobile systems, units and assemblies directly interacting with the wheel; they can serve as a basis for further improvement of mathematical models of automobile ruts by methods of system theory.

EEA nationals reminded to apply to the EU Settlement Scheme

EEA nationals reminded to apply to the EU Settlement Scheme

The Integration technology of desulfurization, denitration and heat recovery from coke oven flue gas

The main components of coke oven flue gas were SO2, NOX etc. SO2 and NOX were not only harmful to human health, but also seriously polluted the environment. The stricter “Standard for Discharge of Pollutants from coking chemical industry” was introduced. An integration settlement scheme of flue gas desulfurization, denitration and waste heat recovery was put forward. The proprietary core technologies, such as denitration, COG desulfurization and radial heat pipe boiler were researched. The integration settlement scheme can solve the problems of polluting the environment and waste heat without recovery, which had not only significant economic benefits, but also huge social benefits.

“The Forgotten Treasure in the Midst of Wants”: An Assessment of Igbariam Farm Settlement Scheme in Eastern Nigeria, 1961 – 1979

The 1946 constitution of Nigeria was the first to regionalize political power in Nigeria, followed by the 1951and 1954 constitutions; the later deepened the forms and shape of regional government in Nigeria.

EEA nationals to apply to EU Settlement Scheme

EEA nationals to apply to EU Settlement Scheme

Refuge under austerity: the UK’s refugee settlement schemes and the multiplying practices of bordering

ABSTRACT This paper draws on two current UK refugee resettlement schemes, the Vulnerable Persons Resettlement Scheme (VPRS) and Community Sponsorship, to consider the ways in which they borrow technologies from austerity and innovate “border-work”. On the global level, the paper considers how VPRS outsources the UK’s border management to UNHCR. On the national level, the paper considers how Community Sponsorship shifts the responsibility for the support of refugees from the state to local communities. Finally, on the local level, the paper discusses how the borrowed technologies between austerity and migration control (outsourcing, categorising, and individualizing responsibility) shape the experiences of social workers and migrants in a northern London borough. The paper contributes to understanding how the governmentalities of austerity and migration engage in shaping and re-shaping public space through the differential regulation of subjects who come to experience shared space in fundamentally different ways.

Land reform, rural inequality and agrarian change: the case of Isidenge, Stutterheim, Eastern Cape

Property ownership and social relations on the land have changed significantly since 1994 in the Isidenge Valley, Stutterheim, Eastern Cape. In part this is the product of a partially-implemented land reform scheme and in part the result of African land purchase. In this article we chart these processes and their impact on rural inequality and agricultural production. We also offer some comments on the character and outcomes of land reform. In 1994 the Border Rural Committee, working with a well-organised SANCO branch, proposed a two phase land reform project: a village settlement for over 600 marginalised tenants where they could have secure rights to land, and the purchase of a further 900 ha of land for a smallholder farming scheme in this high rainfall area. The government implemented only the first phase. This gave former rural tenants security of tenure and better access to urban services in Stutterheim. About 10 per cent of those in the settlement who have livestock have benefitted from dismantling the barriers between them and adjacent state and private land. Beyond the settlement, black private purchasers owned about 55 per cent of the Isidenge valley in 2018 – a very significant increase. However, with a few exceptions, agricultural production has not been effectively maintained and some landowners find it difficult to enforce their property rights. There have been general benefits, as well as differential benefits, from the settlement scheme and the freedom to purchase. Increased security, rights and social capacity are all elements in the resolution of inequality and socio-economic changes in the valley have enhanced these processes for black South Africans.

Justice in Automated Administration

Public administration has, for some time now, been undergoing a digital transformation. Part of this change is the replacement of human public officials with automated decision-making systems. Beyond its immediate social and political significance, the EU Settlement Scheme—the mechanism established to allow EU citizens to remain resident in the UK after Brexit—represents the coming of age of a new template for automated administration. Understood in its context, this template raises foundational questions about the nature of administrative justice in the emerging digital state. This template, while it has various potential advantages, is essentially half-baked, contains significant risks without sufficient safeguards, and requires revision before its suggested wider future application becomes a reality. Amendments to the template ought to be framed by reference to the precautionary principle, as this would continue to make for efficient implementation of policy while better protecting individuals in this experimental phase of automated administration.

Determinants of farmers’ participation in farm settlement scheme in Lagos state, Nigeria: Lessons for future rural development programmes

In its determination to provide food and jobs for Nigerians, and appeal to educated young men to set the pattern for farming, many state governments have re-introduced Farm Settlement Scheme (FSS)/Graduate Employment Scheme once abandoned. One major challenge leading to programme failure in Nigeria is the inability to know the influence of the factors on the participation and constraints of such programmes. This study analysed the determinants of crop farmers? participation in FSS in Lagos State with the aim of drawing some lessons for future rural development programmes. One hundred and thirty (130) farmers were sampled through two-stage sampling procedures. Data were collected with the aid of a questionnaire and were analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics such as the logit regression model. Results show that about 67% of the respondents were male and 72% were married. The major constraining factors to participation in FSS were administrative bottlenecks, inadequate capital, and government interference. The logit regression showed that educational level, farming experience, extension contacts and security of land under FSS were the significant variables (P<0.5) that directly influenced the probability of participation of the farmers in FSS in Lagos State, Nigeria. Farming experience is very crucial for the survival of FSS. Therefore, it is recommended that the determinants of participation and constraints to the participation of the farmers be assessed in any rural development programme to know the necessary action against failure. The effort at increasing extension contacts about FSS will further encourage farmers to participate in FSS.

SETTLEMENT STRUCTURE OF THE TYUMEN REGION IN THE AREA OF THE MAIN OIL AND GAS PIPELINES: SPATIAL LAYOUT AND SOCIOCULTURAL DYNAMICS

The article analyses the settlement of the Tyumen Region from the perspective of the interaction between the traditional settlement scheme that has developed over the last four centuries, and a group of settlements, where oil pumping and/or gas compressor stations of main oil and gas pipelines are located and maintained. The genesis of this interaction revealed two main directions: eastern and northern. In the first case, the junction points of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which served as administrative outposts, initiated the process of forming agricul-tural, commercial and then industrial zones (and, accordingly, new settlements); the north direction reflects the main stages of Russia's advancement to the North, including the massive industrial development of a unique West-Siberian oil-and-gas province. The homogeneity of the considered settlements in terms the production, terri-torial and social aspects allows us to interpret them as a territorial and production cluster. The organising role of the pipeline transport network in the further development of this cluster is shown. Firstly, it contributed to the emergence of new settlements, and secondly, former small settlements turned into the nodal points of the trans-formed settlement scheme. The result of the cluster formation is correlated with the dynamics of the urbanisation process and is presented in the form of a framework for the development and settlement of the Tyumen Region and its scheme. The consideration of the subject matter is multidisciplinary in nature due to its complex and multi-aspect character. In this study, elements of various methods and approaches were employed: historical-geographical and economic-geographical when studying the genesis of the settlement structure; ethno-demographic when considering the processes of natural and forced migration; socio-cultural and economic-organisational when trying to create a sociocultural scheme of a territorial community.

Problems and Prospects of Billing Systems in the Housing and Utilities Sector of Russia

The article deals with the problems and prospects of using billing systems on SaaS (software as a service) software complex in the housing and utilities sector and civil engineering. As consumers are considered both individuals and construction companies. The construction also uses utilities. These utilities also need to be paid. Currently, “thin billing” is predominantly used in Russia, where each service provider applies its own metering system. The supplier independently performs calculations, and then transfers the information to the Financial Settlement Center in the established format, where after a billing document is drawn up and sent to the consumer of utilities. This format has an advantage only for suppliers, as they can change the tariff corridor and set flexible conditions. From the point of view of the consumer, such a format does not allow tracing all settlement schemes. And in the event of failures or technical errors, the consumer will have to find out the reasons in all instances as before. In order to eliminate bureaucratic processes, it is proposed to implement turnkey billing systems in a “one window” format, where all operations of the housing and utilities industry are consolidated into one platform. Despite proven reliability, billing systems in Russia require large financial investments to ensure complete information security.

Protecting EU Citizens in the UK from a Brexit ‘Windrush on Steroids’: A Legislative Proposal for a Declaratory Registration System

Three years after the Brexit referendum, the more than 3 million EU citizens residing in the UK still have no clarity what their legal status will be after Brexit. It is uncertain whether the Withdrawal Agreement will ever be adopted, while national measures adopted by the UK Government do not provide proper protection. The ‘EU Settlement Scheme’ has been adopted through secondary legis-lation, which can be easily changed over time, thus providing limited security. Moreover, the Scheme introduces an application system which will turn legally residing EU citizens into illegal immigrants if they do not apply successfully by the deadline, leading to scenario’s similar to those seen with the Windrush scandal. It is high time that the UK legislator takes appropriate action. This paper presents a full legislative proposal to turn the EU Settlement Scheme into a declaratory registration scheme that will ensure that EU citizens receive a document proving their status, while avoiding turning them into illegal immigrants. It equally provides a proposal to define the rights of these citizens into primary legisla-tion so they cannot be easily undermined.

MODERNIZED CALCULATED SCHEME OF BALL TRANSFER PIPELINE WITH COMPENSATORS

Background Currently, the design of temperature compensated above-ground beam crossings does not reflect the actual position of the pipeline in the field. In this regard, the analysis of research in this area and the creation of a new scheme are particularly relevant. Aims and Objectives The study aim is to determine the stress state of the transition and calculate the optimal length of the compensators. To achieve this aims, the following tasks are set: o analysis of the existing methods of calculation and assessment of the stress-strain state in the hazardous sections of the pipeline crossing; o development of an alternative method of calculation. Methods Comparative analysis is used as the main method. For creation of the settlement scheme methods of building mechanics, and also software Maple 18 are applied. Results As a result of the carried out analysis of the research of the stress-strain state of beam transitions with the use of expansion joints of longitudinal deformations, various conditions of pipelines operation were studied, structural schemes and methods of their calculation were considered, data of expansion joints use in pipeline transport were analyzed. It was offered, the dependence of the length of the cantilever part on the span for some sizes of pipes is received on the basis of the revealed drawbacks of the existing methods of calculation the scheme representing a statically undefined frame construction.

EU settlement scheme applications

Kamena Dorling, group head of policy and public affairs at Coram, examines the European Union settlement scheme and the barriers faced by many children and young people who may need to apply