Set Of Response Options Research Articles

Testing the response suppression mechanism of working memory.

Many working memory (WM) paradigms involve recalling multiple items from the same memory set. Participants rarely repeat items they have already recalled, avoiding repetition errors. To prevent these errors, WM models incorporate a response suppression mechanism that removes recalled items from the set of response options. Despite its importance for our understanding of WM, response suppression has received limited direct testing. To address this gap, we used computational models implementing two hypothetical mechanisms of response suppression to derive predictions and tested these predictions experimentally. Participants were asked to recall the same items multiple times during a single trial. If already recalled items are removed from the response set to prevent repetition errors, memory performance should be impaired when the same item is tested again. Contrary to this, we found that memory performance was unimpaired when the same item was tested a second time, and even displayed a recall advantage. Therefore, this study demonstrates the implausibility of response suppression to account for how people avoid repetition errors. We discuss alternative explanations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Development of Quantitative Methods For Spill Response Planning: A Trajectory Analysis Planner

In planning for response to oil spills, a great deal of information must be assimilated. Typically, geophysical flow patterns, ocean turbulence, complex chemical processes, ecological setting, fisheries activities, economics of land use, and engineering constraints on response equipment all need to be considered. This presents a formidable analysis problem. It can be shown, however, that if an appropriate set of evaluation data is available, an objective function and appropriate constraints can be formulated. From these equations, the response problem can be cast in terms of game theory or decision analysis and an optimal solution can be obtained using common scarce-resource allocation methods. The optimal solution obtained by this procedure maximizes the expected return over all possible implementations of a given set of response options. While considering the development of an optimal spill response, it is useful to consider whether (in the absence of complete data) implementing some subset of these methods is possible to provide relevant and useful information for the spill planning process, even though it may fall short of a statistically optimal solution. In this work we introduce a trajectory analysis planning (TAP) methodology that can provide a cohesive framework for integrating physical transport processes, environmental sensitivity of regional sites, and potential response options. This trajectory analysis planning methodology can be shown to implement a significant part of the game theory analysis and provide `minimum regret' strategy advice, without actually carrying out the optimization procedures.

Some General Forms of the Recognition Test Item

THE CONVENTIONAL recognition test item can be interpreted as giving the examinee the task of matching a set of response options (r) to a set of stimulus options (s), where nr ^ns. This paradigm, which was introduced in an earlier paper by the writer, (1), applies to multiple-choice, double choice, true-false, rearrangement, and matching items alike, although the designations s and r are, to be sure, somewhat arbitrary. One important re striction imposed on the form of this conventional test item is that every ri, if it has a corresponding si, should have only one such si, and that for every si there should be one and only one ri. In addition, for every si, all nr response options should be equally distracting to the examinee who does not know the correct r match for si. The difficulty which item writers often have in meeting these re strictions is well known ( see e. g. 4)and there appears to be no easy solution to the problem. How ever, it is hoped that the test items constructed from some of the forms discussed in this paper will, by relaxing one or more of the restrictions on t h e conventional format, not only facilitate the writing of items but will also result in tests which are a bit more interesting to examinees and which will econ omize on the amount of paper needed for reproduc ing the tests.