Service Veterans Research Articles

Military Veterans and Service Dogs: A Qualitative Inquiry Using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis

ABSTRACTThere are over 18.8 million veterans of the United States of America's Armed Forces. After military service veterans may find it difficult transitioning back to civilian life. Veterans reintegrating may experience physical and psychological challenges related to their military service. For many, a successful role change takes considerable time and determination. In order to ease their transition, veterans are using the assistance of service dogs to aid in symptom management and assist with positive reintegration into civilian life. Service dogs are highly trained animals that help individuals perform life tasks to assist with physical and psychological challenges. The purpose of this qualitative study was to give voice to the experiential viewpoints of veterans who utilize service dogs. Guided by the theoretically informed method of interpretation— interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA)—the researchers uncovered the veterans’ perspectives, which provided meaningful insight into their lives with a service dog. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with veterans (n = 21) who utilized a service dog. The interviews lasted approximately one hour and were video or audio recorded. The most salient themes that emerged from the interviews were grouped into four superordinate themes: Procurement, psychosocial functioning, value, and detriments. Results suggest that service dogs improved veterans’ physical and psychological health, provided a coping resource and a form of social support, and supported sustaining their independence. Veterans’ right to privacy and the public's lack of knowledge and understanding of legal accommodation requirements via the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) were perceptible. Implications for policy, practice, and research, are discussed.

МЕДИЧНЕ ТА САНАТОРНО-КУРОРТНЕ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ВІЙСЬКОВОСЛУЖБОВЦІВ ЗБРОЙНИХ СИЛ УКРАЇНИ, ЗВІЛЬНЕНИХ ІЗ ВІЙСЬКОВОЇ СЛУЖБИ ТА ЧЛЕНІВ ЇХНІХ СІМЕЙ (1991–2011)

The level and conditions of medical and health resort support for retired servicemen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and their families members from 1991 to 2011 are analyzed in the article on the basis of archival sources and publications. Insufficient budget financing of the medical and sanatorium and resort establishments of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine negatively affected the treatment’s quality of the dismissed or retired servicemen and their families members. In order to improve this problem in military hospitals introduced paid services for the civilian population, and the proceeds went to the needs of the military medical industry. Statistical analysis showed that annually stationary treatment in polyclinics and hospitals of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine was held by more than 30 thousand veterans of military service and disabled people of war. In the system of medical servicing of servicemen, one of the key roles is given to sanatorium and resort support. It is noted that the reduction in military sanatorium in the early 2000 s negatively affected the provision of sanatorium treatment for pensioners of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine. The distribution of sanatorium and resort vouches between different categories of dismissed servicemen was studied. The procedure for providing and the list of privileges granted to veterans of military service, deficiencies and problematic issues that aroused at that time regarding the medical and sanatorium and resort support of servicemen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine dismissed from military service and their families were determined. Keywords: servicemen, medical support, sanatorium and resort support, hospital, polyclinic, the Armed Forces of Ukraine, the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine.

Grateful Nation: Student Veterans and the Rise of the Military-Friendly Campus by Ellen Moore, and: What’s Next for Student Veterans? Moving From Transition to Academic Success ed. by David DiRamio

Reviewed by: Grateful Nation: Student Veterans and the Rise of the Military-Friendly Campus by Ellen Moore, and: What’s Next for Student Veterans? Moving From Transition to Academic Success ed. by David DiRamio Jan Arminio Grateful Nation: Student Veterans and the Rise of the Military-Friendly Campus Ellen Moore Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2017, 260 pages, $26.00 (paperback) What’s Next for Student Veterans? Moving From Transition to Academic Success David DiRamio (Editor) Columbia, SC: National Resource Center for The First-Year Experience and Students in Transition, 2017, 219 pages, $28.00 (paperback) Early research on student veterans of the Global War on Terror consisted mostly of qualitative inquires exploring the nature of student veteran experiences, and in particular their transition to civilian student life. These early studies illuminated why educators and administrators needed to pay more attention to student veterans. David DiRamio’s edited book, What’s Next for Student Veterans?, presents findings from a second wave of research about student veterans to better inform policy and decision makers. Ellen Moore’s Grateful Nation, also a second-wave inquiry, was written to help people differentiate between support for veterans and support for the wars in which they fought. It challenges dualistic understanding of pro- or anti-military, veteran, and war to broaden our discussion about what it means to be a soldier, veteran, or civilian in a country at war. (p. x) As someone who has conducted research on student veterans, I found both books informative, but Moore’s critique of earlier scholarship on student veterans and what she views as higher education institutions becoming not only veteran-friendly but military-friendly (and she does distinguish them), makes for particularly poignant reading. The two are very different books, but both are important. Both offer reviews of recent empirical scholarship aimed at more clearly describing student veterans and their experiences in higher education. Chapter authors of DiRanio’s edited book are researchers and practitioners with significant expertise in the student veteran experience. The book is written in two parts. Part 1 offers findings from several studies and data sets including the Million Records Project, National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, and the National Survey of Student Engagement. Chapter authors also report on smaller multi-institutional samples, though how they found the samples is not always clear. In comparison to much of the first wave of scholarship on student veterans, these authors take a deeper and more specific focus on the experiences and perspectives of student veterans including issues of equity, engagement patterns of student veterans with disabilities, and the role of social support in mental health and academic success. Part 2 describes promising and essential practices including the Peer Advisors for Veteran Educators program, a collaboration between 13 campuses (originally started at the University of Michigan) and the Student Veterans of America. With a neoliberal view, included in this part are findings on progress toward degrees and the return on investment of federal educational benefits of student veterans and active duty personnel. In this section authors advocate and offer data to substantiate the worth of peer advising, as well as student veteran engagement and advocacy programs. Social support from friends and family is also stressed. One study, the subject of chapter 9 by Ryan Van Dusen, distinguishes how student veterans fail to fit models of traditional and [End Page 644] nontraditional students. Themes from parts 1 and 2 emphasize the need for (a) continued transition and social support for student veterans from institutions, peers, friends, and family members, (b) continued training for staff and faculty, (c) and additional policies pertaining to enrollment processes (e.g., credit for military training). DiRamio ends the book with an impassioned plea not to abandon postsecondary support for student veterans and laments the waning of advocacy for programs and services. The plea is more powerful after reading in chapter 1 that the most frequently cited reason for joining the military is to receive educational benefits. Withdrawing essential programs and services would be a betrayal of these and future veterans’ trust. Moore raises critical questions about programs and services for veterans. Are these programs serving veterans or more so the military? Are these programs...

The Formation of the Military Medical System of the Korean People's Army and the Military Medical Officer.

The military medical system of the Korean People's Army (KPA) first appeared in August 1946 when a central military hospita was established at the headquarters. Inside the KPA, the military medical and veteran services were first established in February 1948. The military medical officers of the KPA were those who were initially engaged in North Korea's health care sector. Most of the early military medical officers were those who had been trained in the Japanese medical system before liberation and were surgeons. After the establishment of the government in September 1948, Lee Dongwha rapidly introduced the medical system of the Soviet army into the KPA. The KPA military medical system was a mix of Soviet, Japanese and Chinese military medical systems. The medical section of the KPA was similar to that of the Japanese army, and the medical section of the lower army was similar to that of the Soviet army. The stretcher platoon of the KPA were similar to those of the Japanese and Chinese armies. The KPA mainly used Japanese medical equipment at the beginning, and after the establishment of the North Korean regime in September 1948, they were gradually replaced with Soviet products. The military medical office of the KPA were equipped with treatment rooms, laboratories, hospitals, pharmacy, and inpatient rooms. The military medical office purchased medical journals and specimens for medical research and set up a separate research fund. In addition, the military medical office was equipped with a laboratory for medical experiments and raised laboratory animals. The KPA military medical system was specialized in the fields of infectious disease prevention and preventive medicine. At the time, infectious disease in North Korea was mainly caused by bacteria and viruses in unsanitary living environments. The KPA set up a special anti-infectious disease department in consideration of the soldiers living in the collective facilities. The second characteristic of the KPA military medical system is preventive medicine. Since early 1946, North Korea has been interested in preventive medicine and has established various medical facilities and personnel. In line with this history of preventive medicine, the preventive department was installed in the KPA military medical system.

News Briefs

Mitsubishi awards new grants for environmental conservation, sustainability initiatives. Newman's Own awards $6.7 million for veterans services programs. Enterprise Rent‐A‐Car awards $30 million for conservation programs. IKEA commits $53 million to develop safe play spaces for children. American Express awards $2 million for Main Street preservation projects. UPS awards over $2.6 million for environmental programs. Best Buy commits $30 million for expansion of youth career‐readiness program. Visa formally launches corporate foundation.

Destigmatizing Experiences of Combat Veterans Engaged in Civilian Disaster Relief: Implications for Community Transition

Combat veterans possess some attributes of differentness that may cause others in society to create stigmatized perceptions of them and devalue their skills. Direct interaction/contact allows targeted individuals—in this case, combat veterans—to demonstrate their value by dispelling negative attitudes or beliefs others may have of them. A previous study reported that the disaster relief setting facilitates contact among combat veterans and non-military civilians. This study applied Modified Labeling Theory (MLT) to assess if the stigma and labeling experience among combat veterans volunteering in disaster settings provides a nuanced understanding. Semi-structured interviews were used to assess perceptions of male Team Rubicon (TR) members (n=9) who provide disaster relief in civilian settings. All participants served in combat. Data were thematically analyzed. Findings suggest 1) combat veterans were not stigmatized by their label; and 2) personal contact with civilians impacted by disaster helped TR members a) to demonstrate their value, and b) feel more optimistic about connecting with civilians in other contexts. Our findings suggest that veterans working with peer combat veterans and civilians in disaster settings provided a destigmatizing condition whereby combat veterans felt less stigmatized by others and more interpersonally connected with civilians. It is recommended that since the majority of services for veterans come from civilian community providers, it is imperative that providers be sensitive to military culture and experiences of those serving in combat to avoid further stigmatization of veterans.

Successful use of closed-loop allostatic neurotechnology for post-traumatic stress symptoms in military personnel: self-reported and autonomic improvements

BackgroundMilitary-related post-traumatic stress (PTS) is associated with numerous symptom clusters and diminished autonomic cardiovascular regulation. High-resolution, relational, resonance-based, electroencephalic mirroring (HIRREM®) is a noninvasive, closed-loop, allostatic, acoustic stimulation neurotechnology that produces real-time translation of dominant brain frequencies into audible tones of variable pitch and timing to support the auto-calibration of neural oscillations. We report clinical, autonomic, and functional effects after the use of HIRREM® for symptoms of military-related PTS.MethodsEighteen service members or recent veterans (15 active-duty, 3 veterans, most from special operations, 1 female), with a mean age of 40.9 (SD = 6.9) years and symptoms of PTS lasting from 1 to 25 years, undertook 19.5 (SD = 1.1) sessions over 12 days. Inventories for symptoms of PTS (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist – Military version, PCL-M), insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index, ISI), depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, CES-D), and anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale, GAD-7) were collected before (Visit 1, V1), immediately after (Visit 2, V2), and at 1 month (Visit 3, V3), 3 (Visit 4, V4), and 6 (Visit 5, V5) months after intervention completion. Other measures only taken at V1 and V2 included blood pressure and heart rate recordings to analyze heart rate variability (HRV) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), functional performance (reaction and grip strength) testing, blood and saliva for biomarkers of stress and inflammation, and blood for epigenetic testing. Paired t-tests, Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, and a repeated-measures ANOVA were performed.ResultsClinically relevant, significant reductions in all symptom scores were observed at V2, with durability through V5. There were significant improvements in multiple measures of HRV and BRS [Standard deviation of the normal beat to normal beat interval (SDNN), root mean square of the successive differences (rMSSD), high frequency (HF), low frequency (LF), and total power, HF alpha, sequence all, and systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure] as well as reaction testing. Trends were seen for improved grip strength and a reduction in C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Angiotensin II to Angiotensin 1–7 ratio and Interleukin-10, with no change in DNA n-methylation. There were no dropouts or adverse events reported.ConclusionsService members or veterans showed reductions in symptomatology of PTS, insomnia, depressive mood, and anxiety that were durable through 6 months after the use of a closed-loop allostatic neurotechnology for the auto-calibration of neural oscillations. This study is the first to report increased HRV or BRS after the use of an intervention for service members or veterans with PTS. Ongoing investigations are strongly warranted.Trial registrationNCT03230890, retrospectively registered July 25, 2017.

Towards a faith-based understanding of moral injury.

In recent years, the issue of moral injury (MI) has garnered considerable attention, especially as related to the military experiences of Service Members and Veterans. This brief communication is intended to provide an overview of Christian, Jewish, and Islamic understandings of MI. The intent is to draw attention to a faith-based etiology for MI, thereby facilitating dialogue and discussion on the relevance of spiritual and pastoral care to supporting those affected by MI.

Social Support Mediates the Relationship Between Mental-Physical Multiple Morbidities and Engagement in Aerobic Physical Activity Among Military Service Members and Veterans

Some research shows that physical activity levels are low among veterans, but research gaps exist specifically in regards to promoting physical activity in veterans with multiple morbidities. For the present study, we retrieved data from the 2015 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. The study sample included 57,842 military service members and veterans. We carried out a mediation analysis to determine the effect of social support on the relationship between multiple morbidities and aerobic physical activity. Social support partially mediated the relationship between the presence of multiple morbidities and aerobic physical activity, a*b= -0.003, [95% CI = -0.007, -0.001]. Programs aimed at facilitating adequate social support among service members and veterans with multiple morbidities may increase their uptake of aerobic physical activity, and thus, decrease concomitant risk for health-related disorders.

Offering a First-year Composition Classroom for Veterans and Cadets: A Learning-Community Model Case Study

This article discusses my university’s creation of first-year-composition courses designed with a learning community or cohort approach for student-veterans, service-members, and cadets desiring this model. At my locale , neither the standard sections of Composition I nor II had been created to provide a military population with a common student community, customized readings, flexible attendance policies, and seamless communication with university veteran services that might better facilitate the transition to college for some student-veterans. Thus, as writing program administrator, I piloted linked composition courses for a service-member, veteran, and ROTC learning community, with the latter course also enrolling a nontraditional-student population. In a year-long study, I investigated the impact of enrolling military-affiliated students in linked courses within a traditional classroom to interact under a continuing instructor, engage with military-based readings, and opt to write about their military backgrounds. In presenting patterns that emerged, I argue that these experimental learning-community courses, contingent upon some local factors, supported many military-affiliated students’ engagement with first-year composition, as well as facilitated their transition to academia, through a loosely-structured, cohort model promoting aspects of students’ common but broadly-defined identities.

Effectiveness of PTSD treatments for military service members and veterans

The core concept of the current review was a description and a discussion of the current situation of treating PTSD among military service members and veterans. This paper is focused solely on combat-related PTSD. It explores guideline recommended interventions for such PTSD, its implication, and efficacy based on the examination of the variety of researches being done around the world.

Book Review: The Subject Liaison’s Survival Guide to Technical Services

What happens when an experienced subject liaison is teamed with a veteran technical services librarian? You get a slim but informative volume that details the fine points of technical services in a way that anyone can understand.The Subject Liaison’s Survival Guide to Technical Services is divided into chapters corresponding to different aspects of library technical services: “Collection Development,” “Budgets and Budgeting,” “Submitting Orders” (from the subject liaison’s perspective), “Acquisitions Ordering” (what the technical services department does with those submitted orders), “Receiving and Processing,” “Cataloging,” and “Collections Maintenance.” While the guide could be read in a single sitting, the way it is arranged also makes it useful as a reference tool. A subject liaison can consult each of the chapters as needed. Each chapter contains a section titled “Questions You Should Be Asking,” which serves as a concise summary of the most important things subject liaisons will need to know during the course of their daily duties.

Psychiatrists Go Beyond Call of Duty to Respond to Harvey’s Victims

Psychiatrists Go Beyond Call of Duty to Respond to Harvey’s Victims

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Military-Connected Families: The Relevance of a Family-Centered Approach.

Since the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, military service in the United States has been linked to a range of behavioral health and physical injuries in a significant number of the almost three million service members who have returned from wartime deployment. These injuries have occurred in the larger context of wartime military service, which is characterized by an array of stressors that have been associated with increased risk for behavioral health problems not only for service members but also for their family members. For the past 15 years, military-connected (defined as active-duty, reserve component, and veteran) family members have shared their own experiences of military service, including multiple deployments in the context of danger, high operational stress within their communities, and living with the physical and behavioral health injuries and ongoing care needs of a loved one. This article provides an overview of the evolving research on the specific impact of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other war zone-related behavioral health problems among families in the context of contemporary warfare, as well as research on the impact of family adjustment on veteran recovery and care. We propose an empirically supported, family-centered framework to inform a continuum of prevention and care for veterans with PTSD and their families. Gaps in the current continuum of behavioral health services for veterans with PTSD are identified, as well as efforts underway to develop trauma-informed, family-centered screening, prevention, and treatment approaches. Future research recommendations are provided.

An Exploration of Resource Facilitation Services for Veterans With Traumatic Brain Injury

An Exploration of Resource Facilitation Services for Veterans With Traumatic Brain Injury

Veterans' Views on Military Tobacco Use and Tobacco Control Policy

ABSTRACTNational military and veteran service organizations (MVSOs) have the potential to be advocates for stronger military tobacco control. This study consisted of qualitative analysis of interviews with 5 MVSO leaders (or their designees) and 6 focus groups conducted with veterans, to explore the opinions of MVSO leaders and veterans about military tobacco use and tobacco control policy, and to assess their current knowledge, attitudes, and likelihood of engaging with civilian tobacco control. Themes discussed include the impact of tobacco use on the military mission and on veterans; the possibility of stronger military tobacco control policies; and the idea that such policies would affect the rights of military personnel. Participants considered whether tobacco use impacts the military mission in the most literal sense (e.g., giving away patrol locations), ignoring larger scale effects on long-term health and costs. Although familiar with tobacco's impacts on veterans' health, MVSO leaders did not endorse stronger policies, although some veterans did. Participants were largely unaware of the impact of tobacco use on military readiness. Establishment of better alliances among MVSOs and civilian public health groups for mutual education about tobacco's many negative effects on the military's mission may be necessary to achieve a tobacco-free military.

A pilot treatment study for mild traumatic brain injury: Neuroimaging changes detected by MEG after low-intensity pulse-based transcranial electrical stimulation

ABSTRACTBackground: Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a leading cause of sustained impairments in military service members, Veterans, and civilians. However, few treatments are available for mTBI, partially because the mechanism of persistent mTBI deficits is not fully understood.Methods: We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to investigate neuronal changes in individuals with mTBI following a passive neurofeedback-based treatment programme called IASIS. This programme involved applying low-intensity pulses using transcranial electrical stimulation (LIP-tES) with electroencephalography monitoring. Study participants included six individuals with mTBI and persistent post-concussive symptoms (PCS). MEG exams were performed at baseline and follow-up to evaluate the effect of IASIS on brain functioning.Results: At the baseline MEG exam, all participants had abnormal slow-waves. In the follow-up MEG exam, the participants showed significantly reduced abnormal slow-waves with an average reduction of 53.6 ± 24.6% in slow-wave total score. The participants also showed significant reduction of PCS scores after IASIS treatment, with an average reduction of 52.76 ± 26.4% in PCS total score.Conclusions: The present study demonstrates, for the first time, the neuroimaging-based documentation of the effect of LIP-tES treatment on brain functioning in mTBI. The mechanisms of LIP-tES treatment are discussed, with an emphasis on LIP-tES’s potentiation of the mTBI healing process.

An Evidence Map of the Women Veterans\u2019 Health Research Literature (2008\u20132015)

BackgroundWomen comprise a growing proportion of Veterans seeking care at Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare facilities. VA initiatives have accelerated changes in services for female Veterans, yet the corresponding literature has not been systematically reviewed since 2008. In 2015, VA Women’s Health Services and the VA Women’s Health Research Network requested an updated literature review to facilitate policy and research planning.MethodsThe Minneapolis VA Evidence-based Synthesis Program performed a systematic search of research related to female Veterans’ health published from 2008 through 2015. We extracted study characteristics including healthcare topic, design, sample size and proportion female, research setting, and funding source. We created an evidence map by organizing and presenting results within and across healthcare topics, and describing patterns, strengths, and gaps.ResultsWe identified 2276 abstracts and assessed each for relevance. We excluded 1092 abstracts and reviewed 1184 full-text articles; 750 were excluded. Of 440 included articles, 208 (47%) were related to mental health, particularly post-traumatic stress disorder (71 articles), military sexual trauma (37 articles), and substance abuse (20 articles). The number of articles addressing VA priority topic areas increased over time, including reproductive health, healthcare organization and delivery, access and utilization, and post-deployment health. Three or fewer articles addressed each of the common chronic diseases: diabetes, hypertension, depression, or anxiety. Nearly 400 articles (90%) used an observational design. Eight articles (2%) described randomized trials.ConclusionsOur evidence map summarizes patterns, progress, and growth in the female Veterans’ health and healthcare literature. Observational studies in mental health make up the majority of research. A focus on primary care delivery over clinical topics in primary care and a lack of sex-specific results for studies that include men and women have contributed to research gaps in addressing common chronic diseases. Interventional research using randomized trials is needed.

A two-state comparative implementation of peer-support intervention to link veterans to health-related services after incarceration: a study protocol

BackgroundApproximately 600,000 persons are released from prison annually in the United States. Relatively few receive sufficient re-entry services and are at risk for unemployment, homelessness, poverty, substance abuse relapse and recidivism. Persons leaving prison who have a mental illness and/or a substance use disorder are particularly challenged. This project aims to create a peer mentor program to extend the reach and effectiveness of reentry services provided by the Department of Veterans’ Affairs (VA). We will implement peer support for reentry veterans sequentially in two states. Our outcome measures are 1) fidelity of the intervention, 2) linkage to VA health care and, 3) continued engagement in health care.The aims for this project are as follows: (1) Conduct contextual analysis to identify VA and community reentry resources, and describe how reentry veterans use them. (2) Implement peer-support, in one state, to link reentry veterans to Veterans’ Health Administration (VHA) primary care, mental health, and SUD services. (3) Port the peer-support intervention to another, geographically, and contextually different state.DesignThis intervention involves a 2-state sequential implementation study (Massachusetts, followed by Pennsylvania) using a Facilitation Implementation strategy. We will conduct formative and summative analyses, including assessment of fidelity, and a matched comparison group to evaluate the intervention’s outcomes of veteran linkage and engagement in VHA health care (using health care utilization measures). The study proceeds in 3 phases.DiscussionWe anticipate that a peer support program will be effective at improving the reentry process for veterans, particularly in linking them to health, mental health, and SUD services and helping them to stay engaged in those services. It will fill a gap by providing veterans with access to a trusted individual, who understands their experience as a veteran and who has experienced justice involvement. The outputs from this project, including training materials, peer guidebooks, and implementation strategies can be adapted by other states and regions that wish to enhance services for veterans (or other populations) leaving incarceration. A larger cluster-randomized implementation-effectiveness study is planned.Trial registrationThis protocol is registered with clinicaltrials.gov on November 4, 2016 and was assigned the number NCT02964897.

The Relationship between Mindful Awareness and Cognitive Performance among U.S. Military Service Members and Veterans

Mindfulness training has been shown to reduce stress and improve performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between mindfulness and cognition in U.S. military service members and veterans (n = 236). Volunteers completed the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), and two attention and memory measures: the running memory continuous performance task (CPT) and the standard continuous performance task (SCP). MAAS scores were negatively correlated with mean RT on both the CPT and SCP (r’s = -.14 and -.18, respectively, p < .05). FFMQ scores were positively correlated with correct responses (r = .15) and throughput scores (r = .14) on the CPT and negatively correlated with mean RT on the SCP (r’s = -.15, p < .05). Greater mindfulness was associated with better performance on two sustained attention tasks, suggesting mindfulness is linked with improved management of continuous information, without distraction or impulsive reaction.