The rapid advancement of Information Systems (IS) and Information Technology (IT) has prompted organizations across sectors to adopt systematic approaches for aligning technological initiatives with business strategies. One of the most widely applied frameworks in Indonesia and beyond is the Tozer Methodology for strategic information systems planning. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of ten selected studies applying the Tozer framework in diverse organizational contexts, including education, telecommunications, publishing, microfinance, trade, media, and interior design services. Through critical synthesis, this review identifies common analytical tools used alongside Tozer (SWOT, PEST, Value Chain, CSF, McFarlan’s Grid, Five Forces), evaluates the effectiveness of the methodology, and highlights recurring challenges such as integration issues, data duplication, and limited scalability. While findings consistently affirm Tozer’s practicality and adaptability, gaps remain in integrating Tozer with emerging technologies such as cloud computing, big data analytics, and artificial intelligence. This review contributes by mapping trends, identifying research gaps, and providing recommendations for future studies and organizational practices aiming to optimize IS/IT strategic alignment.

Refugees and other forcibly displaced populations are at high risk for mental health and psychosocial problems due to experiences of violence and trauma, compounded by displacement stressors. While there are mental health best practices and evidence-based approaches, many of these are highly specialized and clinically focused. There is a need for an integrated and expanded mental health service delivery framework to inform work across the multiple contexts where services are needed to improve the mental health and psychosocial well-being of forcibly displaced populations in the United States. To inform the development of such a framework, this review synthesized the literature on mental health service delivery models for populations impacted by trauma and/or displacement, including service components, workforce needs, and key theories and concepts. A scoping review approach was used, and 35 publications were retained for analysis. Content and thematic analysis approaches were used to analyze the data. Frameworks and service delivery models were identified for diverse, trauma-affected populations. Across frameworks, 11 different service categories were identified, inclusive of basic support, mental health promotion, and prevention and treatment services. Several workforce types implemented services, including community members, peers, school-based staff, government agents, and health professionals. Gaps included limited attention to whole systems approaches, stigma, and outcomes. Overall, these findings and gaps can inform the development of a model to guide integrated delivery of mental health services for refugee and other forcibly displaced populations in the United States. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

A Practical and Privacy-Preserving Framework for Real-World Large Language Model Services

With the upgrading of healthy consumption and the deepening of national fitness awareness, the business model of traditional gyms with facility leasing as the core is difficult to meet the diversified health needs of users. Purpose: Based on the theory of Service-Dominant Logic, this study focuses on the deep integration of fitness and health management services and explores the innovation path of the gym business model. By deconstructing the core concepts of "value co-creation", "operational resource integration", and "service ecosystem" in the service-oriented logic, combined with the specialization, personalization, and sustainability characteristics of health management services, a gym service framework with user health value as the core was constructed. Literature review method and case analysis method. Through literature search on CNKI and Web of Science, this study uses the case analysis method to select three typical innovative gyms in the world for empirical reveal their synergistic effects through the integration of fitness guidance, health monitoring, nutrition intervention, and data-based services. (1) Gyms need to transform from "space providers" to "health solution integrators" to achieve value co-creation through user participatory design;(2) The embedding of health management services needs to rely on digital tools and cross-field cooperation (medical institutions, dietitian teams) to build a dynamic resource network;(3) The profit model should shift from a single membership system to a hierarchical system of "basic services + value-added services", covering derivative value points such as personalized health plans, remote guidance and community operations. Innovation: This study proposes a new perspective of "health management as a service", deeply integrating medical and health management modules such as health monitoring, risk assessment, and personalized intervention with fitness services, and fills the theoretical gap in the existing research on cross-domain collaboration mechanisms and dynamic value generation path. Limitations: The limitations of the research include insufficient sample depth, the theory of service value co-creation mechanism needs to be expanded, and the cross-regional universality verification of business models is insufficient. Practical implications:1) Provide feasible solutions for fitness companies to extend high value-added services such as health assessment, exercise prescription, and so on.2) By building a data-driven health management closed loop, it helps enterprises realize the transformation from a single sports space to a health solution platform3) The research results have direct guiding value for the service design, cross-domain resource integration and customer life cycle management of the health industry.

ABSTRACT China's Grassland Ecological Compensation Policy (GECP) is the world's most extensive grassland conservation program, based on a payment‐ for‐ ecosystem‐ services framework. Despite comprehensive studies on its impact, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Using survey data collected from 1039 forage farmers in Gansu and Qinghai provinces in China, this study employs a propensity score matching approach to address selection bias from observable factors. A selectivity‐corrected stochastic production frontier model was subsequently applied to correct for the bias due to unobservable characteristics. We find that GECP increased technical efficiency by more than 5.7%. Moreover, the unconditional quantile regression results demonstrate that farmers with higher TE quantiles benefit more from GECP than farmers with lower TE quantiles.

This paper addresses the issue of inferiority complex among economically disadvantaged students in Western Chinese universities, exploring intervention strategies and practical pathways for library bibliotherapy services. By analyzing the characteristics and causes of this inferiority complex, and integrating the theoretical foundations and mechanisms of bibliotherapy, a library bibliotherapy service framework based on the three dimensions of "Needs—Resources—Assessment" is designed. Corresponding implementation safeguards are also proposed, aiming to provide references for constructing an effective psychological support system within Western Chinese university libraries.

The advancement of technology and the integration of artificial intelligence into our lives have impacted both individuals and public administration. Public administration is utilising artificial intelligence in public services, and a transition to a web-based structure is now underway. In this process, local governments, seen as a stepping stone in adapting to artificial intelligence and raising awareness, have introduced smart solutions in areas such as managing and improving urban infrastructure, healthy traffic management, energy efficiency, and waste management. Consequently, quality, speed, and efficiency have increased in local service delivery, where AI has a significant impact. In light of this information, this study aims to evaluate the impact of artificial intelligence on public service delivery within the framework of local governments and services. In line with this fundamental objective, a detailed literature review was conducted for this study. Based on case studies and scientific data obtained from secondary data sources, it was determined that AI significantly improves local service delivery. However, it has also been determined that legal and administrative regulations must be urgently established to prevent potential ethical and legal issues that may arise during citizens' use of AI-supported services.

BackgroundEmpowering people living with memory problems, including Alzheimer's disease, dementia, or mild cognitive impairment, and their carers to be engaged in the shared decision-making process about their medicines could reduce their risk of experiencing medicine-related harm. More co-designed resources to support them are needed.ObjectiveTo co-design and test a conversation-starter tool to empower people living with memory problems and their carers (consumers) to have a conversation with their healthcare professional (HCP) about their medicines.MethodsWe employed a consumer participation method with an eleven-member Steering Group consisting of six consumers and five HCPs from Australia and Maryland, United States of America. We conducted one-on-one interviews with consumers and HCPs to test the tool. We analyzed data deductively using the integrated-Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (i-PARIHS) framework and the Communication-Health Information Processing (C-HIP) model. Inductively, we also drew emergent themes that did not fit within the i-PARIHS.ResultsWe successfully co-designed the PRIME tool and recruited 35 participants (26 consumers; 9 HCPs) to improve the tool's readability and comprehensibility. We identified four major themes including: Theme 1: Variable consumer self-advocacy; Theme 2: Value of the tool; Theme 3: Changing behavior, empowerment, and motivation; Theme 4: Future use, dissemination, and implementation.ConclusionsOur participants valued the PRIME tool as an empowerment resource. They believed it would remind them of their permission to ask questions about their medicines. This may lead to a closer alignment of medicines with a person's goals of care.

Background: Perinatal palliative care (PC) provides comprehensive, interdisciplinary, and planned care for infants with life-limiting or chronic critical conditions. Poor utilization of PC services was seen at our Level IV neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), limiting the care quality that was provided to these infants and their families. Purpose: This quality improvement project aimed to increase the use of early PC consults for eligible infants from 33% to 100% from August to December 2022. Methods: The Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services framework guided this quality improvement project. Standardized diagnostics, prenatal referrals, and chronicity trigger eligibility criteria were implemented in 1 NICU. The outcome measure was PC consult ordering compliance. De-identified patient data were collected by chart auditing, and consult compliance was analyzed with a control chart. The process measure was provider education, which was evaluated by descriptive and nonparametric analysis. Results: Median PC consult ordering compliance for eligible patients improved from 33% to 100% within 2 weeks of the first intervention and was maintained at 100% compliance for 10 weeks until project cycle completion. The median time from NICU admission to PC consult order entry was reduced from 40 to 15.5 days. Ninety-eight percent of the site healthcare providers received educational training. Clinician comfort in identifying PC-eligible infants significantly improved after the educational training ( Z = 3.02, P = .003). Implications for Practice and Research: Standardization of eligibility criteria and personnel education successfully improved early PC consult ordering within 1 NICU.

BackgroundPerinatal substance use disorders (SUD) are frequently comorbid with depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), contributing to adverse maternal and child outcomes. Access to integrated mental health support within existing SUD service frameworks is limited, particularly for pregnant and parenting individuals facing socioeconomic and psychosocial instability. Promoting Healthy Families (PHF) is a brief behavioral intervention designed for delivery by case managers serving high-risk perinatal populations with substance use within programs such as Parent Child Assistance Program (PCAP).ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of integrating PHF into intensive case management for pregnant and postpartum clients with at-risk perinatal substance use, and to assess preliminary outcomes of measures of maternal depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms.MethodsIn this nonrandomized pilot study (April 2018-September 2021), eligible clients were allocated to either PCAP alone (control) or to PHF delivered within PCAP (intervention). Case managers completed an anonymous feasibility survey addressing ease of delivery and fit with their workflow. Participating clients completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale, and PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder) Checklist (PCL-6) at baseline and at 4, 6, and 12 months. Data collection overlapped with the COVID-19 pandemic, which affected service access and delivery.ResultsCMs and 1 program supervisor (n=10) reported that PHF was feasible to deliver within PCAP, and respondents indicated clients benefited somewhat (70%) or a lot (30%). Most (70%) noted an increase in workload and recommended additional supervision and training. The pilot study enrolled 58 clients (29 PHF+PCAP and 29 PCAP), with 60% (35/58) completing all follow-up assessments. While differences between groups over time were not statistically significant, changes were in the predicted direction for PHQ-9 and PCL-6 scores. Symptom improvement rates were high: In the PHF+PCAP group, 85% (25/29) showed ≥5-point decreases in PHQ-9 scores, 68% (20/29) had ≥6-point decreases in Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale scores, and 93% (27/29) had ≥5-point decreases in PCL-6 scores.ConclusionsPHF can be feasibly delivered within an existing intensive case management program for perinatal SUD, with early signals of mental health improvement across both intervention and control groups. Future adequately powered randomized controlled trials should investigate the effectiveness of brief behavioral interventions within perinatal SUD case management programs, optimal delivery timing, and the potential to enhance mental health care integration for high-risk perinatal populations.

Background and Rationale Despite decades of progress in ecological monitoring, primary biodiversity and environmental data remain unevenly mobilised and poorly interoperable (Hampton et al. 2015, Poisot et al. 2019). Datasets, often gathered with public funds, frequently remain inaccessible or insufficiently described, limiting their reuse in global syntheses (Culina et al. 2018). Ecologists’ concerns about trust, transparency, and control of shared data persist, particularly where data production is resource-intensive or socially embedded. These concerns echo the foundational properties of distributed ledgers, where ownership and governance are distributed across peer networks rather than centralized repositories (Lewis et al. 2023). Forests exemplify both the potential and the challenge of such decentralised infrastructures. As globally significant carbon and biodiversity reservoirs, forests are also deeply fragmented across ownership and jurisdictional boundaries. In Europe alone, over half of forested land is privately owned, yet these actors often lack mechanisms to derive tangible value from stewardship. At the same time, digital twins (macroecological models) that integrate in situ and remotely sensed data, are becoming central to forest policy and monitoring frameworks (e.g., Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF)). ForestWeb3 (FW3) hypothesizes that a decentralised, Findable Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable (FAIR; Wilkinson et al. 2016, Nosek et al. 2022)-aligned data network can unlock the latent value of underused biodiversity data while building trust and incentives for participation.. Objectives Mobilisation and harmonisation of forest biodiversity and environmental data (Objective 1): to spearhead a shift from data curation to data stewardship through a decentralised data infrastructure built on open-source blockchain frameworks. Incentivisation and uptake (Objective 2): to design transnational pathways through which private forest owners and local communities can be economically rewarded for verifiable ecological data via nature-backed digital assets and ReFi mechanisms. Together, these objectives align technical innovation (Objective 1) with behavioural and economic motivation (Objective 2), establishing the groundwork for distributed biodiversity observatories capable of sustaining long-term ecological data flows. Methodological Approach WP 1 develops a blockchain-based data ledger with smart contracts that autonomously manage data registration, access control, and reuse. Metadata and identifiers are immutably recorded on-chain, while primary datasets remain decentralised on contributor-managed nodes. This architecture enables contributors to retain data sovereignty while ensuring transparency and traceability in reuse transactions. WP 2 extends the infrastructure to real-time environmental sensing through the integration of modular Internet ofThings (IoiT)-based microclimate sensors. These devices stream environmental data at high temporal resolution directly into the distributed ledger, forming a Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Network (DePIN) for ecological data. WP 3 links these data streams to the creation of digital twins of forest ecosystems, combining in situ biodiversity observations with satellite and climate datasets to model ecosystem integrity. These models underpin the valuation of nature-backed digital assets, a form of tokenised evidence for ecological performance, providing the data foundation for voluntary biodiversity and carbon markets. Finally, WP4 investigates forest owners’ perceptions, motivations, and barriers to adopting regenerative finance (ReFi)-based conservation mechanisms. Through interviews and a pan-European survey, it explores how varying sociocultural and institutional contexts shape engagement with emerging biodiversity credit schemes, drawing parallels to established Payment for Ecosystem Services frameworks (Kaiser et al. 2021). Significance and Legacy FW3 exemplifies the convergence of data decentralisation, digital sensing, and regenerative economics, a triad capable of transforming how ecological knowledge is produced, verified, and valued. By embedding data provenance and attribution within the infrastructure itself, we addresses long-standing issues of trust and recognition in ecological data sharing. Its incentive mechanisms offer pathways to decouple conservation finance from traditional public funding, potentially scaling stewardship and democratizing data mobilisation across millions of hectares of privately owned forest land. The project’s legacy lies in demonstrating that data infrastructures can be both scientific and economic commons, capable of sustaining biodiversity monitoring through distributed participation. Beyond its immediate technical deliverables, ForestWeb3 contributes to a broader vision of dynamic, self-sustaining ecological data ecosystems that power both global biodiversity frameworks and locally grounded conservation action.

In recent years, international volunteering has become very popular in Germany, and this also applies to the opportunities in sport-related development work. For young adults, this means familiarising themselves with a foreign culture and contributing their sport-related competences. At the same time, this field of work offers a wide variety of intercultural learning opportunities. This immediately raises the question of how such learning opportunities are designed and accompanied, and how they can lead to the acquisition of intercultural competences. In this study, eight young adults were interviewed about their voluntary service with the organisation Play Handball. The analysis of the interviews is carried out in the light of the process model of intercultural competences and focuses on the views of the interviewees with the help of qualitative content analysis. The results show various learning occasions within the framework of the voluntary service, which are triggered by corresponding irritations and were interpreted and reflected upon differently by the volunteers; their own previous experiences in the sport of handball are of particular importance here.

The subject of the study is the system of administrative services as a legal and economic mechanism of institutional resilience and a determinant of Ukraine’s economic security. The research focuses on the dual role of administrative services in safeguarding citizens’ rights and stimulating economic activity under conditions of reform and wartime disruption. Particular attention is given to the legal framework, law enforcement practice, and digital transformation, which reduce corruption risks, enhance transparency, and create a favourable environment for investment and post-war reconstruction. Methodology. The methodological framework combines general scientific approaches (analysis, synthesis, systemic and structural methods) with special legal and economic methods, including formal-legal, comparative, and institutional analysis. This enabled the identification of the essence of administrative services as both a legal category and an economic factor, and the evaluation of their enforcement in Ukraine in light of European integration processes and wartime challenges. The aim of the work is to analyse the legal framework and enforcement practice of administrative services, to assess their economic dimension and comparative European context, and to identify the main challenges and prospects for strengthening their role in ensuring Ukraine’s economic security. The results of the study shows that Ukraine has established a solid legal foundation for administrative services through the adoption of the Law "On Administrative Services" (2012) and the Law "On Administrative Procedure" (2022), supported by innovations such as the Diia platform and the ProZorro procurement system. These reforms have enhanced transparency and reduced corruption risks, while simplified wartime procedures and decentralization have ensured continuity of services. However, enforcement remains uneven, with corruption risks persisting in land registration, licensing, and customs, and significant regional disparities undermining equal access. A comparative perspective demonstrates that EU best practices – digital gateways, one-stop-shop models, and open procurement – are directly linked to economic resilience. Conclusion. Administrative services in Ukraine are not limited to routine bureaucratic functions but operate as a multidimensional mechanism combining legal certainty, institutional accountability, and economic rationality. Their modernization – through digital transformation, decentralization, and harmonization with EU standards – will be decisive for post-war reconstruction, institutional resilience, and Ukraine’s successful integration into the European legal and economic space.

On October 9, 2021, the Bangladesh Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief, and the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to establish a common framework for humanitarian services for Rohingya refugees on Bhasanchar, an island 37 miles from the mainland in the Bay of Bengal. Bangladesh’s plan to relocate 100,000 Rohingya to Bhasanchar offers an opportunity to analyze the complex nature of refugee-hosting in the Global South, bringing into focus how a Global South host, rather than being a passive actor, can attempt a context-specific strategy to generate normative and financial support for its role in accommodating a displaced population. This research aims to make three main contributions. First, it seeks to situate the case of the Rohingya refugee population in Bangladesh within the literature on migration diplomacy and refugee rentierism. Second, it seeks to modify and expand on the refugee rentier state literature by demonstrating how a host country can pursue a path of ‘normative modelling,’ rather than blackmailing or backscratching for purely economic aims. It shows that states may seek to set new norms for refugee hosting for the purpose of gaining international recognition and accolades, in addition to economic support. As such, it finds the existing models of refugee rentierism constrained by its roots in realist IR theory, and suggests a constructivist correction, in which identity and norm setting are relevant to understanding the state’s policy choices. Third, in examining the use of ‘internal offshoring’ i.e. using one’s own territory for redistribution of a population (in this case from a congested refugee camp), it problematizes how Global North practices of extraterritorial ‘offshoring’ such as Australia’s use of the Nauru and Manus islands for immigration detention have served as the framework for understanding Bangladesh’s strategy. While the research outlines the grounds for valid concerns about Bhasanchar, an examination of the political economy of land use in Bangladesh offers a nuanced understanding of the island relocation plan. Such an analysis underscores how imposing the border externalization practices framework inaccurately casts Bangladesh as a case of ‘negative norm absorption’ of migrant deterrence practices, rather than capturing how char (island) living has long been a part of riverine Bangladesh’s sociocultural and economic practices and obfuscates the country’s attempt at norm modeling for refugee accommodation.

The focus of this descriptive study is to depict the implementation of the Service Program Design (SPD) course offered by the English Language Education Study Program (ELESP) in a university in Yogyakarta. The study focuses on describing the course structure, objectives, weekly meetings, and highlighted activities conducted throughout the semester. Lesson plans, assignments, students’ reflections, and interviews with lecturers and eight chosen students (picked based on questionnaire findings from a prior study) were among the methods used to gather data. Through a service-oriented framework that prioritizes creativity, collaboration, and reflection, the Service Program Design course was established to foster professional development. While this paper focuses on describing the implementation of the course, findings from a related study with alumni have indicated that the SPD course indeed contributed to the development of specific interpersonal skills among graduates.

Enterprise data governance demands precise and standardized approaches to knowledge management. Addressing the limitations of traditional knowledge extraction methods when processing enterprise data governance documents, this study proposes an improved BERT-BiLSTM-CRF-based knowledge extraction method. It designs and implements a multi-level knowledge base architecture with an incremental update mechanism. A knowledge application service framework tailored for data governance is constructed, enabling intelligent decision support in core scenarios such as data standard formulation and quality diagnosis. This provides an effective technical solution for enterprise data governance.

Academic libraries continue to grapple with how best to staff service points, whether the reference desk remains necessary, and how desk consolidation influences user experience. This article presents a case study of the College of Charleston’s Addlestone Library and the process of transitioning from two separate service desks to a single Access & Instruction Desk. Informed by the literature on paraprofessional staffing and service desk models and studies of peer institutions, the study documents the library’s planning process, organizational restructuring, and partnership with campus IT. A tiered service framework was implemented to balance efficiency with service quality, supported by new staff roles that blended access services with point-of-need research and instructional support. User satisfaction data indicate positive outcomes, including greater clarity and consistency in service delivery. However, challenges emerged around continuous training, referral practices, and managing staff with advanced degrees. The outcomes of the case study suggest that while structural consolidation can streamline operations, long-term success depends on sustained investment in staff development, adaptable procedures, and attention to the institution’s local context.

Environmental assessment in high-density urban areas faces significant challenges due to complex building morphology and the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP). This study proposes a morphology-adaptive computational framework that integrates the Homogeneous Unit of Building Morphology (HUBM) with geospatial modeling to enhance environmental assessment processes. Using Macao as a case study, the framework quantifies local and accessibility-based ecosystem service flows and evaluates ecological resilience via ecological security patterns and spatial elasticity indices. The results demonstrate that HUBM substantially reduces MAUP-induced biases compared to traditional grid-based approaches, maintaining statistical significance in spatial clustering analyses across all scales. Functionally, ecosystem service value (ESV) analysis reveals that natural green spaces provide more than three times the total ESV, predominantly offering regulating services, while artificial green spaces primarily deliver localized services. Accessibility analysis highlights considerable spatial inequities, with natural green spaces exhibiting a significantly higher recreational accessibility index. In terms of ecological security patterns (ESPs), natural green spaces function as core ecological patches, while artificial green spaces dominate connectivity, accounting for 75% of corridor length and 86% of node density. Natural green spaces exhibit significantly greater ecological resilience. These findings highlight the complementary roles of natural and artificial green spaces in dense urban environments and underscore the need for adaptive spatial analysis in urban planning.

Purpose This study aims to develop a reconfigurable recommendation framework for academic information services that dynamically adapts to users’ changing information seeking purposes. Design/methodology/approach Grounded in information behaviour theories, a multi-aspect recommendation framework was designed by profiling user behaviour and content attributes. The system was implemented as a prototype on an actual academic platform and evaluated through a preliminary, proof-of-concept user study involving 66 participants. Findings The evaluation demonstrated statistically significant improvements in users’ search experience and perceived utility. Furthermore, large-to-very-large effect sizes (Cohen’s d) indicated that these improvements were not only statistically significant but also practically meaningful. The framework was positively received across all user groups. Research limitations/implications The evaluation is a preliminary, user-centred study (N = 66) focused on perceived utility and search experience, rather than quantitative performance metrics like precision or recall. It establishes the potential of the framework in a prototype environment. Future work should validate these findings through large-scale, longitudinal studies with baseline comparisons and incorporate more diverse contextual variables to enhance the model’s robustness and generalizability. Practical implications The framework enables flexible application in academic environments by offering differentiated strategies based on user intent and behaviour. It provides practical guidance for designing explainable, adaptive information services. Originality/value While prior studies have explored multi-aspect models, they often rely on static configurations. This study presents a theoretically grounded, reconfigurable framework where the entire recommendation pipeline – from content evaluation criteria to strategy selection – dynamically adapts to evolving user intent. By integrating user profiling based on engagement levels with a flexible multi-aspect content structure, our framework offers a novel approach to structural flexibility in recommender system design, moving beyond fixed algorithmic optimizations to achieve purpose-driven personalization.

An academic transcript is an official document – issued by an educational institution – that contains a detailed record of a student’s academic performance throughout the academic period of the student in the institution. By and large, a candidate cannot be admitted into a tertiary institution or offered an employment by a business sector without the use of a transcript to assess the candidate. A lot of bottlenecks are however encountered in sending transcripts across to the institutions that demand them for assessment of candidates. These problems are, (i) administrative delays in processing transcripts, (ii) delays in sending transcripts through courier services, (iii) typo errors in preparing the transcripts manually, (iv) the authenticity of some transcripts can be questionable. All these problems and more hinder the effective use of transcripts in screening candidates for various courses of study in a university or in an employment sector. This work developed a web service framework that can be effectively used for processing and transmitting academic transcripts across various institutions without any hindrance. The architecture of a web service was used by the researchers for developing the web service framework. A web service framework was developed for transmitting academic transcripts as XML documents across various institutions. The XML document – which uses a universally acceptable text-based notation for describing all kinds of data – is the game changer for the effective transmission of academic transcripts across different computer systems and software applications of various institutions. Conclusion: A web service is an application-to-application (A2A) based protocol that enables the server to return XML-based results securely to a client application and not to a web browser that can be prone to hackers. These features facilitate the processing and transmission of academic transcripts across various institutions seamlessly and securely. This work developed a web service framework that can be effectively used by tertiary institutions for processing transcripts and also sending copies of them in real-time to other institutions that demand them for official uses. The developed web service framework would be highly invaluable for tertiary institutions and business sectors for screening candidates effectively for admissions or employment purposes, respectively.