The evolving landscape of illicit drug markets necessitates effective approaches to harm reduction and addiction prevention for people who use drugs (PWUD). In response, integrated drug checking services (DCS), which combine chemical analyses and psychosocial interventions, have been shown to contribute to safer drug use behaviour, particularly in festival settings. However, little is known about how people who predominantly use drugs occasionally engage with and perceive fixed-site DCS and how specific service characteristics contribute to its overall impact. In this study, we qualitatively assess the impact of a well-established multimodal DCS in Vienna, Austria, from the viewpoint of actual and prospective users. From June 2024 through January 2025, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 PWUD (7 self-identified as female; 16 as male), of whom 12 were current users of at least one drug checking modality (mobile or fixed-site), and 11 had no prior experience with DCS. Including both groups provided a broader perspective, acknowledging the limited reach of the DCS and the access barriers faced by some individuals. Participants reported diverse drug use patterns, with many reporting occasional use. Interviews were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. During analysis, three central themes were developed: (1) "Knowledge creates safety and agency" illustrates how knowledge of the exact composition of a substance fosters a sense of safety and empowers individuals to make informed decisions about their drug use; (2) "Personal circumstances as key to engagement and impact" captures the effect of situational context and current needs in shaping the depth and engagement with DCS; and (3) "Social effects beyond the individual" reflects the broader impact of drug checking, on the level of peers, people who sell drugs, and the drug market. Our findings suggest that DCS can considerably promote safer use behaviour, as well as risk awareness and management among PWUD. To be effective as a tool for early intervention and addiction prevention, services must remain low threshold to address the diverse needs of PWUD, allowing for varying degrees of engagement, such as keeping psychosocial counselling optional. Acknowledging the critical role of peers in building trust, facilitating access, and sharing safer use information underscores the importance of social relations in extending the harm reduction impacts of DCS.

ABSTRACT Inclusion in early childhood promotes the development of all children, yet significant barriers remain in educational childcare settings, particularly when children require ongoing individualized support. Directors and educators implement a variety of strategies to support their participation and well-being, but too often, exclusion is considered. Nevertheless, because children can be included in a variety of settings, it is relevant to explore how settings of different sizes can accommodate children with high support needs. This study aimed to describe the inclusion of children with high support needs and to compare supportive practices across center – and home-based settings in Canada. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design, mainly quantitative, was used. An electronic survey, including 30 multiple-choice items and three open-ended comment boxes, was sent to directors of both types of educational childcare settings. Completed surveys (n = 133) were analyzed using descriptive analyses, Fisher’s exact test, and thematic analysis. Results show that many children with high support needs are enrolled, though more than two-thirds of participants reported having considered exclusion in the last three years. While children’s needs were similar across settings, several supportive practices differed significantly. Tailoring assistance and resources, considering the characteristics of each educational childcare service, could promote quality inclusion for all.

Urgent care centres and their role in metropolitan healthcare systems in high-income countries: A scoping review.

Arid region ecosystems are among the most fragile ecological types worldwide. They depend heavily on limited water resources and are strongly influenced by intensive human activities, leading their ecosystem services to exhibit nonlinear and threshold responses to driving factors. Identifying the thresholds of ecosystem services under the combined influence of natural and socio-economic interactive drivers is of great significance for regional ecological risk warning and differentiated management. Taking the Tarim River Basin as a case study, this research establishes an integrated analytical framework that combines causal inference, interaction term construction, interpretable machine learning (XGBoost-SHAP), and piecewise linear regression. The framework is used to evaluate the variations in four types of ecosystem services in 2000, 2010, and 2023, to analyze the interactive effects of driving factors, and to identify their thresholds influencing ecosystem service functions. The results indicate that (1) different types of ecosystem service functions exhibited distinct trends from 2000 to 2023, with habitat quality and water yield showing declining tendencies, while soil conservation and Windbreak and sand fixation demonstrated gradual increases; (2) Causal Screening and interaction modeling revealed that the interaction between precipitation and population density (Pre × Pop) served as the key synergistic driver of changes in the four ecosystem service functions. Both the ecosystem services and the coupled natural–social driving processes exhibited pronounced nonlinear characteristics, with evident trend shifts occurring within specific threshold intervals. (3) The precise coupling thresholds of different ecosystem services under natural–social drivers were identified, intuitively revealing the coupling threshold characteristics of various ecosystem services; (4) The integration of causal inference with interpretable machine learning enhances the reliability of threshold identification, revealing the heterogeneous response mechanisms of different services and providing a quantitative basis for the zoning regulation and differentiated management of regional ecosystems. The findings offer a transferable methodological framework to support ecological governance in arid regions.

The aim of the lecture was to consider the role of gene ontology (GO) and the GO Consortium in shaping the knowledge base for genomics, proteomics, and biology. GO organizes and continually updates data on the molecular functions and biological processes in which genes and their products are involved.The structure of GO, the features of GO term hierarchy and the connections between them, as well as the elements of each term are considered. The features of services for working with basic knowledge and various ways to access civil defense data are given. In addition to term characteristics, GO pays great attention to annotations – statements that link a gene product to a certain ontology term. The annotation process captures the action and location of a gene product using terms, providing a reference and a type of evidence.The areas of application of GO related to the analysis of genomics and proteomics data are considered. The main approaches used by researchers are functional annotation of genes and pathway enrichment analysis. Analysis of large volumes of data (for example, when assessing gene expression) allows to gain knowledge about the involvement of genes and their products in various processes, extract biological meaning, and evaluate the features of molecular mechanisms in various diseases. The increasing role of GO in the formation of new knowledge in the relevant field is shown.

Rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have substantially transformed online service processes in the digital travel and flight booking industry, where customer interaction, conversion efficiency, and experience are critical drivers of repurchase intention. This study examines the direct and indirect effects of AI technology on repurchase intention by incorporating customer interaction in service processes (CISP), conversion rate optimization (CRO), and customer experience satisfaction (SCE) as mediating variables. Adopting descriptive and causal-comparative research designs, data were collected from 480 respondents in the Kathmandu Valley who had booked flights online within the preceding six months, using a convenience sampling technique. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was employed for data analysis. The results indicate that AI technology has a significant positive effect on customer interaction (β = 0.349, t = 2.784, p < 0.001) and conversion rate optimization (β = 0.516, t = 1.995, p < 0.001). Customer interaction significantly influences customer experience (β = 0.567, t = 3.706, p = 0.004), while conversion rate optimization also has a strong positive effect on customer experience (β = 0.458, t = 5.856, p < 0.001). Satisfying customer experience significantly predicts repurchase intention (β = 0.419, t = 1.991, p < 0.001). However, the direct effect of AI technology on repurchase intention is not statistically significant (β = −0.063, t = 0.801, p = 0.451). Mediation analysis confirms full mediation, as AI technology indirectly influences repurchase intention through CRO and SCE (β = 0.402, t = 2.743, p = 0.048) and through CISP and SCE (β = 0.302, t = 3.006, p = 0.005). Overall, the model explains 47.3% of the variance in repurchase intention, demonstrating that AI-driven service features enhance repeat purchase behaviour primarily through improved interactions, optimized conversion processes, and satisfying customer experiences, rather than through a direct effect.

Background: Last-mile logistics is one of the most complex and cost-intensive segments of supply chains, particularly in densely populated urban environments where rising customer expectations, sustainability requirements, and operational constraints increasingly intersect. Despite growing academic interest, empirical evidence remains limited regarding how convenience-related last-mile service attributes influence customer satisfaction, while the sector is undergoing a revolutionary transformation. Methods: This study applies a refined Kano model to classify last-mile convenience services according to their differentiated effects on customer satisfaction. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to active e-commerce users in a metropolitan area. The methodological approach modifies and extends the traditional Kano framework. Results: The findings reveal clear patterns among last-mile service attributes. Online tracking and preferred payment options function as One-dimensional attributes, proportionally influencing customer satisfaction. Time-based delivery, flexible pickup options, and sustainability-oriented service features appear as Attractive attributes, generating additional increases in service value. In contrast, advanced technological solutions such as drone or autonomous vehicle delivery were perceived as Indifferent attributes. These interpretations are further nuanced by the fuzzy approach. Conclusions: The results provide important insights and validation for consumer-centered service design and support the prioritization of investments aimed at developing sustainable and customer-oriented last-mile logistics systems.

Research demonstrates a higher prevalence of intimate partner abuse perpetrated against disabled women, than for their majority-population non-disabled peers. Compounding this disadvantage, are disability-specific barriers to help-seeking including the lack of accessible and inclusive domestic violence services. This article entails a presentation of research findings that is twofold. Findings of a survey of domestic violence services are presented, alongside findings of a mapping exercise of accessibility and inclusion features of domestic violence services (n = 45). Recommendations are made toward improving the accessibility of domestic violence services, as well as better resourcing services so that improvements can become a reality.

A pharmacotherapeutic follow-up service is attended by pharmacists who systematically identify drug-related problems and work to resolve their associated negative outcomes. The aim was to describe the characteristics of a pharmacotherapeutic follow-up service and the factors associated with the presentation of drug-related problems in a group of patients affiliated to the Colombian Health System. This was a cross-sectional study of patients who attended a DADER method-based pharmacotherapeutic follow-up service. The drug-related problems and their associated negative outcomes as well as the interventions performed on the patients were identified. Descriptive analysis and binary logistic regression were performed considering the presence of drug-related problems as a dependent variable (p < 0.05). A total of 18 563 patients were identified, with an average age of 64.8 ± 14.9 years, and 66.3% were women. The most common chronic diseases were hypertension (54.3%), diabetes mellitus (29.2%), and rheumatoid arthritis (25.9%). The average number of medications/patient was 5.0 ± 4.1. Drug-related problems were documented for 60.8% of the patients (1.6 drug-related problems/patient), mainly due to drug-drug interactions (25.4%). Negative outcomes associated with medication use were observed for 60.0% of the patients (42.0% predominantly related to safety). The most common intervention was patient education (50.9%), and the negative outcomes associated with Medication use were resolved for 31.1% of patients who had two or more consultations. Patients over 65 years of age (OR:1.20; 95% CI:1.06-1.36), those from Bogotá-Cundinamarca (OR:1.62; 95% CI:1.52-1.73), those treated with ≥ 10 drugs (OR:1.21; 95% CI:1.07-1.36) and those treated with anticoagulants (OR:1.91; 95% CI:1.70-2.14) were more likely to experience drug-related problems. Drug-related problems were frequently identified, with drug-drug interactions being the most prevalent problem. Drug-related problems were associated with increased age, an increased number of prescribed medications and the use of anticoagulants. Safety-related negative outcomes associated with medication use were common, education was the predominant intervention, and one-third of the negative outcomes associated with medication use were resolved.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify priorities for service quality improvement in adult day care services based on users’ perceptions and to translate these priorities into actionable quality management strategies.Methods: Through FGI conducted with adult day care center users and staff, service quality attributes were derived. To analyze the asymmetric structure of satisfaction and dissatisfaction responses, Kano and Teamco's CSC framework was applied. The PCSI Index, reflecting current satisfaction levels, was combined with importance ratings to create a Revised Importance metric, which was used as the customer requirement weighting in QFD analysis. Finally, the HOQ was employed to measure correlations between customer requirements and service characteristic.Results: Items related to mobility support, prompt staff response, emotional interaction, and basic health support showed high importance and high PCSI values. QFD analysis using the Revised Importance as weights identified safety management, health management, emotional support, and mobility management as the top priority technical characteristics for improving day care service quality. And analysis among service characteristics confirmed that physical activity and information management functions are linked to multiple domains such as health, safety, meals, and mobility.Conclusion: This study presented an analytical framework integrating Kano–CSC–PCSI–QFD to connect user needs to actionable quality improvement strategies. Specifically, the modified importance score, reflecting both importance and room for improvement, refined the prioritization of technical characteristics, providing an empirical basis for resource allocation, operational improvement, and quality management decision-making in day care centers.

After the collapse of the USSR, chaplaincy services began to revive in the Baltic states. Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia, sharing a post-Soviet past with Ukraine, had previously formed their own chaplaincy services, which now operate according to NATO standards. This article briefly highlights the features of pastoral services in the Baltic states, which were among the first to restore and develop their own chaplaincy structures in accordance with NATO standards after the collapse of the USSR. The experience of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania is extremely important for improving the chaplaincy system in the Armed Forces of Ukraine, as these states share a Soviet past with Ukraine and have undergone a similar process of reforming military pastoral care. The pastoral services of the Baltic countries operate according to NATO approaches, providing for the professional training of chaplains and their participation in international peacekeeping missions. These elements are particularly valuable for Ukraine, which is currently moving towards full compatibility with NATO and is developing its own model of chaplaincy based on the best practices of Alliance member states.

Abstract Background Ensuring equitable access to public services for people with disabilities remains a persistent challenge in digital governance. Despite the expansion of data governance frameworks, gaps in accessibility and usability continue to exclude marginalized populations. While many government-led digital initiatives prioritize efficiency and compliance, their implications for service recipients—particularly people with disabilities—require closer examination. This study investigates the factors associated with audit data governance in Thailand’s public sector by comparing the perspectives of government officials (service providers) and people with disabilities (service recipients). Methods We analyzed structured survey responses from 711 participants using multi-group structural equation modeling (MG-SEM). The model examined relationships among public service delivery for people with disabilities (measured through perception of public service, enablers for access to data, citizen-oriented policy, and fair and efficient administrative procedures), data-driven culture, and audit data governance, and assessed whether these relationships differed between groups. Results The MG-SEM results indicate between-group differences in how audit data governance is related to public service delivery and data-driven culture. Overall, the findings suggest that government officials and people with disabilities may prioritize different features of digital public services, with implications for how accessibility and accountability are realized in practice. Conclusions The results underscore the importance of aligning audit data governance with user-verifiable accessibility and transparency in public services. Strengthening auditable service standards, accessible information channels, and feedback mechanisms that incorporate service recipients’ perspectives may help reduce barriers and support more inclusive digital public services in Thailand.

Nurse-led titration (NLT) models of care assist with delivery of guideline directed medical therapy for patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Effectiveness of NLT is established but there is limited information of characteristics of models, patient outcomes and healthcare resource utilisation.Aim: To build upon the existing evidence by providing a systematic narrative review of the literature of NLT of medications for patients with HFrEF. This review syntheses characteristics of NLT models of care, patient outcomes and healthcare resource utilisation. A systematic narrative literature review with systematic search strategy, identification of results, thematic analysis and narrative synthesis. A search was conducted from 2012-2025 in Medline, Cinahl complete, Embase and Cochrane. Sixteen studies of nurse-led titration models of care were identified from 1,944 screened records. Characteristics of models of care were participation of nurses, multidisciplinary teams, follow up and common features of service delivery.Patient outcomes of mortality were favourable for those that received NLT. There is some evidence of changes in healthcare resource utilisation; studies in which the NLT groups received more HF nurse visits and greater HF medication use also reported reduced rehospitalisations. Findings reinforce the published benefits of nurse-led titration. Additional studies examining adverse events and quality-of-life outcomes are needed to strengthen the evidence base. Several studies suggest a shift in resource use with NLT, highlighting the need for an economic evaluation to inform a cost-effective model of care.

INTRODUCTION: In the next-generation smart grid communication architecture, how to achieve secure, dynamic, and fine-grained network resource allocation to ensure differentiated QoS for various services has become a key challenge. OBJECTIVES: Therefore, this study proposes a lightweight resource allocation method based on constrained policy distillation to address the challenge of balancing lightweight deployment with strong security assurance in power communication networks. METHODS: By integrating Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) and Bidirectional LSTM (Bi-LSTM), the model extracts three-dimensional features of topology, service, and resources to construct a 128-dimensional joint state representation. Moreover, a multi-objective reward function is designed that employs a double Q-network to mitigate value overestimation and generate a high-fidelity decision trajectory library. Through service-constrained policy distillation, the model innovatively combines KL divergence loss, a squared hard-constraint loss, and a soft-constraint L2 loss to compress the teacher model into a student model, subsequently compiled and deployed at the edge. Finally, a rule engine layer dynamically adjusts priorities for intercepting critical violations and ensures the security of the power system. RESULTS: Experimental results based on real-world power grid datasets demonstrate that our model achieves superior performance in resource efficiency, security, and edge effectiveness, effectively balancing lightweight deployment with strong security assurance in resource allocation for power communication networks. CONCLUSION: It can be seen that this method enables distributed and secure resource allocation in power communication network environments, thus providing reliable QoS guarantees for new-type power systems.

Employee performance is an important factor in supporting the quality of health services. High job demands can affect workload and work motivation, ultimately impacting performance. Safubot Pratama Clinic Bekasi Area has service characteristics with high work intensity in certain periods, so optimal human resource management is needed. This study aims to analyze the effect of workload and work motivation on employee performance at Safubot Pratama Clinic Bekasi Area. The research method used is a statistical quantitative method. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires with a sample of 50 respondents. Data analysis techniques used were validity test, reliability test, multiple linear regression analysis, t test, and F test with the help of SPSS version 27 application. The results showed that workload had a positive and significant effect on employee performance, evidenced by the calculated t value of 3.207 which is greater than the t table of 1.677 and a significance value of 0.002 &lt;0.05. Work motivation also has a positive and significant effect on employee performance with a calculated t value of 5.989 greater than the t table of 1.677 and a significance value of 0.001 &lt; 0.05. Simultaneously, workload and work motivation have a significant effect on employee performance with a calculated F value of 18.926 greater than the F table of 3.19 and a significance value of 0.001 &lt; 0.05.

In conclusion, it can be argued that a practical solution to the issue of classifying the activities of government bodies within a specific government agency as law enforcement activities can be achieved through legislative definition. This article is devoted to defining the main characteristics of the civil service in the field of law enforcement and examining the issues of its place in administrative-legal regulatory mechanisms. The author examines the administrative and legal content of the elements of this system, proposing criteria for classifying government agencies as law enforcement agencies.

Aim . To analyse content and structure of contemporary social ideas of the essential characteristics of public service. Methodology. Comparativeanalysis of scientificpublicationson the problem, a survey of participants in the selectionforregionaleducationalprograms, which areanalogues of the Federalprogram“Time of Heroes” (n=21489) were used. Results. It was found that the core of perceptions of service in public administration consists of such semantic categories as “responsibility,” “honesty,” “dedication,” and “the ability to make quick and critical decisions under uncertainty and stress,” and its semi-periphery includes such semantic categories as “respect,” “cooperation,” “initiative,” “self-sacrifice,” and “altruism.” It was shown that group perceptions of service are conditioned, on the one hand, by the characteristics of the respondents’ professional education, and on the other, by the characteristics of their current life situation. Research implications of the study lie in clarification and expansion of the content and structure of contemporary social understandings of public service. The findings can be used as part of personnel work in the sphere of state civil service.

Healthcare systems worldwide operate through diverse models of service delivery, with public and private sectors playing distinct yet often complementary roles in ensuring access to care. This study aimed to identify differences in public perceptions of public and private health services in Poland, as well as to identify factors associated with the perception of health services provided within public or private health care systems. This nationwide cross-sectional survey was carried out in August, 2025 on a sample of 1,162 adults in Poland. Data were collected with Computer Assisted Web Interviews (CAWI) approach. Most of the respondents indicated waiting times for appointments and treatment (82.9%), courtesy and kindness of staff (60.1%), as well as appointment booking and cancellation process (58.5%) as better performing within the private sector of health services. Competence and knowledge of medical personnel were rated equally well (50.5%) in both types of health services. In none of the 8 analyzed characteristics of health services, public services were rated better than private ones. In multivariable logistic regression, perception of public and private health services varied mostly (p < 0.05) by gender, age, occupational status, household financial situation and the history of use of health services in the last 12 months. Our findings support the need to strengthen the public system by adopting selected organizational solutions commonly attributed to private services, including improved appointment scheduling, better communication, and more patient-centered administrative processes. Not applicable.

This study aimed to analyze visitor motivations and satisfaction with the Ajloun cable car experience, identify the spatial and service characteristics affecting the quality of the tourist experience, and measure the overall level of satisfaction. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach, relying on a field questionnaire distributed to a sample of Ajloun cable car visitors during the peak tourist season. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods. The results showed that the majority of visitors were domestic tourists, and that the site's aesthetic appeal was the most prominent factor attracting them, with the beauty of the natural scenery receiving the highest rating. The overall level of satisfaction with the services and spatial features was also found to be high, although some facilities, such as seating areas and restrooms, were identified as needing improvement. Furthermore, the results indicated that a significant percentage of visitors expressed a desire to repeat their visit and recommend the site to others, reflecting the project's success in promoting mountain tourism and enhancing the visitor experience in Jordan.

Hospitals are healthcare service organizations with complex characteristics, as the services provided are directly related to patient safety, clinical quality, and quality of life. In recent years, hospital service characteristics have evolved in response to increasing demands for service quality, greater attention to patient experience, and the accelerated adoption of digital technologies in healthcare delivery. These developments require a more comprehensive understanding from a hospital management perspective. This article aims to analyze the characteristics of hospital services from a hospital management perspective, with particular emphasis on the integration of service quality, patient experience, patient-centered care, and service digitalization. This article employs a conceptual-analytic approach based on a literatur review. The analysis is conducted through the examination and synthesis of concepts and findings from previous studies related to hospital service characteristics and hospital management published between 2020 and 2025. The literature is used as a theoretical foundation and conceptual reference to build an analytical framework, rather than as the object of a systematic review. The analysis indicates that service quality remains a fundamental foundation of hospital services, particularly in ensuring patient safety and clinical quality. However, service quality alone is no longer sufficient to explain the overall value of hospital services. Patient experience has emerged as a strategic dimension influencing patient satisfaction, trust, and hospital reputation. Furthermore, the implementation of patient-centered care strengthens the shift in service orientation toward patient needs, while digitalization reshapes interactions between patients and healthcare providers. In conclusion, hospital service characteristics are multidimensional and need to be managed in an integrated manner. Hospital management is required to combine clinical quality, service processes, patient experience, and organizational readiness for digital transformation in order to deliver patient-oriented and sustainable healthcare services.