Malaria in pregnancy remains a major public health concern in sub-Saharan Africa, associated with maternal anemia, low birth weight, and mortality. This study aimed to determine the effect of malaria infection on serum electrolyte levels (sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate) among pregnant women attending Mubi General Hospital. A hospital-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted from July to October 2025. A total of 180 pregnant women were enrolled. Rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and microscopy were used for the detection of malaria parasites, and for electrolyte analysis using an automated electrolyte analyzer. Socio-demographic and obstetric data were obtained via a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using appropriate tools. The mean serum levels of sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), and bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) were significantly lower in the malaria-infected group compared to controls (Na⁺: 132.1 ± 5.2 vs. 138.5 ± 3.8 mmol/L, p<0.001; K⁺: 3.4 ± 0.5 vs. 3.9 ± 0.4 mmol/L, p<0.001; HCO₃⁻: 18.2 ± 3.1 vs. 22.8 ± 2.4 mmol/L, p<0.001). Chloride (Cl⁻) levels showed no significant difference (101.3 ± 4.5 vs. 102.1 ± 3.9 mmol/L, p=0.211). Hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and metabolic acidosis (low HCO₃⁻) were significantly more prevalent among malaria cases. Parasite density correlated inversely with sodium (r = -0.68, p<0.001) and bicarbonate (r = -0.59, p<0.001) levels. Malaria infection in pregnancy is associated with significant electrolyte imbalances, notably hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and metabolic acidosis. These disturbances may contribute to adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Integration of electrolyte screening and correction into the management protocol for malaria in pregnancy is recommended in endemic areas.

Objective: This study aims to systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of diuretic therapy in patients with liver cirrhosis ascites. Method: 60 patients with liver cirrhosis ascites diagnosed from January 2024 to May 2025 were prospectively included and randomly divided into a furosemide monotherapy group (20 cases), a spironolactone monotherapy group (20 cases), and a combination therapy group (20 cases). The intervention period is 28 days, and the main observation indicators include 24-hour urine output, changes in abdominal circumference, weight loss, serum electrolyte levels, renal function indicators, and incidence of adverse reactions. All study subjects received standardized dietary management and sodium restriction intervention (daily sodium intake < 5 g). Result: The total effective rate (significant + effective) of the combination therapy group in reducing ascites was 95% (19/20), significantly higher than the 75% (15/20) of the furosemide group and the 70% (14/20) of the spironolactone group (p < 0.01). On the 28th day of treatment, the mean urine output in the combination group was 2450 ± 210 mL/d, which was higher than that in the monotherapy group (1850 ± 195 mL/d in the furosemide group); Spironolactone group 1560 ± 180 mL/d. The blood sodium levels of the three groups were maintained at 135–140 mmol/L, but the incidence of hypokalemia in the combination group (10%) was significantly lower than that in the furosemide group (35%). Conclusion: The combination of furosemide and spironolactone has a synergistic effect in the treatment of ascites in cirrhosis, with a 39.2% increase in diuretic effect and a reduction in the risk of electrolyte imbalance; Individualized dose adjustment combined with strict sodium restriction is the core strategy to ensure treatment safety.

Pseudo-Meigs syndrome owing to a retained fibroid following total laparoscopic hysterectomy for multiple leiomyomas: Acase report and review of the literature.

BackgroundSerum lactate dehydrogenase is a sensitive marker of hypoxia and cellular damage/death in preeclampsia due to vascular endothelial dysfunction. Evaluation of serum electrolytes can also indicate the severity of preeclampsia since it is a vascular endothelial disorder. However, in Ethiopia, there is a lack of data regarding the serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase and electrolytes among preeclamptic patients in comparison with apparently healthy normotensive pregnant women.MethodA hospital‐based comparative cross‐sectional study was conducted with 128 participants (64 preeclamptic women and 64 apparently healthy normotensive pregnant women) from October 20, 2021 to January 3, 2022. Preeclamptic women were further classified into 32 without severe features and 32 with severe features. Blood samples (5 mL) were collected, and a Beckman Coulter 700 AU chemistry analyzer was used to measure serum LDH and electrolyte levels. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. One‐way ANOVA was run to examine the mean variations, and the receiver operator characteristic curve was used to determine the potential diagnostic value for preeclampsia. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultPreeclamptic women showed a statistically significant elevation of LDH (p < 0.001) when compared with apparently healthy normotensive pregnant women. There was a substantial decrement in serum magnesium (p < 0.001), calcium (p < 0.001), and potassium (p = 0.029) in preeclamptic women than apparently healthy normotensive pregnant women. There was also a significant elevation of LDH (p < 0.001) but a reduction of calcium (p < 0.001) and potassium (p = 0.021) in preeclampsia with severe features than preeclampsia without severe features. Serum LDH detected preeclampsia with excellent accuracy (97.5%) at ≥ 350 U/L. Serum magnesium, calcium, and potassium demonstrated diagnostic accuracies of 69.5%, 82.3%, and 61%, respectively, for identifying preeclampsia, with optimal cutoff values of ≤ 1.505 mg/dl for magnesium, ≤ 8.65 mg/dl and 8.75 mg/dl for calcium, and 3.5 mmol/l and 3.75 mmol/l for potassium.ConclusionSerum LDH was significantly increased in the preeclamptic group compared with normotensive controls. There were significantly decreased levels of serum electrolytes (magnesium, calcium, and potassium) in preeclamptic women. Therefore, it is better to focus on the measurement of serum LDH and electrolytes for early detection and effective management of preeclampsia.

Introduction: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is a nutritional intervention used in patients with impaired oral intake but a functioning gastrointestinal system. PEG is considered the gold standard access route for long-term enteral nutrition. This study aims to evaluate the changes in serum electrolyte levels in patients with PEG presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) and to investigate their association with clinical outcomes, including morbidity and mortality. Methods: In this single-center retrospective cohort study, 87 patients with PEG admitted to the ED between January 1, 2021, and January 1, 2025, were analyzed. Results: The mean age was 70.2 ± 6.8 years, and 36.8% were female. The most common admission reason was tube obstruction/leakage (48.3%). Electrolyte disturbances were detected in 21.8% of patients. The overall mortality rate was 9.2%, with all deceased patients exhibiting electrolyte abnormalities(p

The relationship between serum electrolyte levels and nutrient intake in environmentally exposed populations has received little attention in the international literature. This study aimed to investigate serum potassium and sodium levels and nutrient intake in populations exposed to radiation from the former Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site compared with non-exposed populations. A cross-sectional study was conducted in four settlements of East Kazakhstan and Pavlodar provinces, with three classified as exposed and one as non-exposed. A total of 907 adults with lifelong residency were enrolled, and exposure status was verified using official residency documents and the state automated medical registry. Dietary intake was assessed using the validated EPIC-Norfolk Food Frequency Questionnaire, and fasting blood samples were collected to measure serum potassium and sodium using ion-selective electrodes. Compared with the non-exposed group, exposed individuals reported significantly lower consumption of nearly all macro- and micronutrients, except for vitamin A. Serum potassium levels did not differ significantly between groups (median 4.3mmol/l, p = 0.337), whereas median serum sodium levels were significantly higher in the non-exposed group (141 vs. 140mmol/l, p = 0.02). The sodium-to-potassium ratio was not significantly different between groups (32.56 in exposed vs. 32.79 in non-exposed, p = 0.156). Correlation analysis showed a moderate positive association between serum sodium levels and sodium intake (rho = 0.495, p < 0.001), and a strong positive association between sodium and potassium intake (rho = 0.642, p < 0.001). These findings underscore the need for further investigation into dietary patterns and possible physiological adaptations in environmentally exposed populations.

Background:Intravenous (IV) fluid administration is routine in pediatric care, but fluid composition can significantly influence serum electrolyte levels. Hyperchloremia, often associated with 0.9% saline, may lead to metabolic acidosis and renal dysfunction. Balanced solutions, including gluconate/acetate-buffered and lactate-buffered fluids, are being explored for safer alternatives.Objective:To compare the effects of saline, gluconate/acetate-buffered, and lactate-buffered IV fluids on serum chloride levels in hospitalized children.Materials and Methods:A prospective observational study was conducted among pediatric in patients receiving one of three IV fluids: saline (n = 30), gluconate/acetate-buffered solution (n = 30), or lactate-buffered solution (n = 30). Serum chloride was measured at baseline and after 24 h of fluid administration. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and paired t-tests.Results:Mean post-infusion chloride levels were significantly higher in the saline group (107.2 ± 3.1 mmol/L) compared to the gluconate/acetate group (103.5 ± 2.4 mmol/L) and lactate-buffered group (102.9 ± 2.8 mmol/L) (P < 0.001). Chloride elevation was most pronounced in the saline group, with associated trends toward mild acidosis.Conclusion:Saline use in children is associated with greater increases in serum chloride compared to balanced solutions. Buffered fluids may be preferable for maintaining electrolyte stability in pediatric fluid therapy.

Nutritional therapy is an essential supportive intervention for patients with COVID-19 who are at high nutritional risk, although the optimal timing for initiating nutritional support remains unclear. The present study investigated the association between the initiation of enteral nutrition (EN) and the incidence of refeeding syndrome (RS) in severely ill patients with COVID-19 and high nutritional risk. Patients from Tongji Hospital (Wuhan, China), with a Nutrition Risk Screening-2002 score ≥3 and who received EN, were retrospectively analyzed and categorized into an early EN (EEN) group and a late EN (LEN) group based on the time-frame of EN initiation. Serum electrolyte levels were assessed on the third day after EN initiation to evaluate the incidence of RS. A total of 211 patients were included in this analysis (EEN group, n=125; LEN group, n=86). The mean time to EN initiation was 2 days in the EEN group and 5 days in the LEN group. Both the incidence and severity of RS were markedly higher in the LEN group, and serum potassium, sodium, phosphorus and magnesium levels were significantly lower in the LEN group on the third day after EN initiation. These findings suggest that early EN initiation may help reduce the risk of RS in critically ill patients with COVID-19 and high nutritional risk.

BackgroundChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide, and acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) is the most common cause of hospitalization in these patients. This study demonstrated for the first time that serum sodium and calcium imbalances are independent predictors of AECOPD prognosis and explored the relationship between serum electrolyte levels and the prognosis of patients with AECOPD.MethodsThis retrospective study included 535 AECOPD patients admitted to The First Hospital of Lanzhou University between October 2021 and May 2023. Serum electrolyte levels, specifically sodium ion and calcium ion levels, were considered exposure variables, whereas AECOPD prognosis was defined as the presence or absence of readmission within 1 year. Logistic regression and Cox regression analyses were used to evaluate the associations between serum sodium and calcium levels and the risk of readmission within 1 year, supplemented by subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis.ResultsCompared with patients not readmitted within 1 year, readmitted patients had lower sodium (Na+ <139 mmol/L) and higher calcium (Ca²+ >2.20 mmol/L) levels. Multivariate logistic regression and Cox regression analyses confirmed that lower sodium and higher calcium levels were independently associated with 1-year readmission risk. Subgroup analysis demonstrated a stable independent association across multiple subgroups. Two sensitivity analyses consistently confirmed the robustness of these associations. Finally, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed significant differences in the cumulative risk of readmission within 1 year among the different sodium and calcium groups.ConclusionsSerum sodium and calcium levels are independently associated with 1-year readmission risk in AECOPD patients, and early detection and management of sodium and calcium imbalances may improve clinical outcomes. To establish a causal relationship and further explore the interaction of pathophysiological mechanisms, multicenter prospective studies are warranted.

Background: Knowing the description of serum electrolytes in those with a history of hypertension and congestive heart failure is critical. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to look into the estimation of serum electrolytes, the correlation between serum electrolytes (sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chlorine (Cl-)) levels with blood pressure, and the demographic characteristics of heart failure patients with a history of hypertension. Method: A retrospective design was used in this study, which used progress records (e.g., participant demographic data, medical history, and clinical laboratory tests such as serum electrolytes and blood chemistry) from patients with hypertension and Heart Failure (HF) who were hospitalized. Result: The present study established no correlation between serum electrolyte levels and blood pressure. The highest of Na+ levels were 169 mEq/L, K+ 6.4 mEq/L, and Cl- 119 mEq/L. Most participants had the habit of not smoking (87 people, 79.8%) and not consuming alcohol (91 people, 83.5%). Demographic characteristics such as gender, smoking habits, and alcohol consumption had no significant impact on serum electrolyte levels, except for a history of alcohol consumption on sodium levels, which had a significant effect (p-value = 0.014). Furthermore, an absence of correlation was observed between demographic factors and blood pressure. Conclusion: A lack of relationship between serum electrolyte levels and blood pressure. Similarly, demographic characteristics were not correlated with blood pressure. HF patients with a history of hypertension show normal serum electrolyte levels, but a significant relationship between alcohol consumption habits and sodium levels was found.

The global multicenter phase III MATTERHORN trial further validated the scientific rationale and clinical value of our earlier research, demonstrating that the combination therapy significantly improved patient survival outcomes and provided critical evidence for optimizing gastric cancer treatment strategies worldwide. Nevertheless, despite the overall effectiveness of neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy (NICT), approximately half of the patients did not achieve optimal therapeutic responses. Moreover, only a few clinically useful biomarkers can predict the treatment outcomes. The relationship between pre-treatment serum electrolyte levels and treatment outcomes in patients with locally advanced gastric cancer (LAGC) after NICT remains unclear. A retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical data from 112 patients with LAGC who underwent radical surgery after NICT between 2020 and 2024. Serum electrolyte levels were measured prior to NICT. The associations between serum electrolyte levels and overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were evaluated. In the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of pre-treatment serum electrolytes, only sodium showed a significant association; however, it was not an independent prognostic factor, according to the Cox regression analysis. Low pre-treatment serum magnesium levels were significantly associated with poorer OS (HR = 21.48, P < 0.001) and DFS (HR = 8.730, P < 0.001). Multivariate Cox regression analysis confirmed that low serum magnesium was an independent prognostic factor for both OS (HR = 0.232, P = 0.007) and DFS (HR = 0.274, P = 0.004). Low magnesium levels were more prevalent in patients with signet ring cell carcinoma or positive perineural invasion. Furthermore, low serum magnesium levels were associated with a poor rate of major pathological response (P < 0.0001). Pre-treatment serum magnesium levels are independent prognostic factors and potential biomarkers in patients with LAGC undergoing NICT. However, prospective studies are required to validate these findings.

Pulmonary hydatid cysts, caused by Echinococcus granulosus, are treated surgically, often with intraoperative protoscolicides like hypertonic saline to prevent recurrence. The safety of 30% hypertonic saline, particularly its effect on serum electrolytes, remains underexplored in pulmonary surgery. This study evaluates the impact of 30% hypertonic saline wash on serum electrolyte levels and associated complications in pulmonary hydatid cyst surgery. A prospective cohort study was conducted at Al-Mouasat Hospital, Damascus, Syria, from June 2023 to December 2024. Twenty-two adults with pulmonary hydatid cysts undergoing surgical resection were included. Fourteen patients received 30% hypertonic saline wash, while 10 did not. Serum sodium levels were measured before, during, and 2 to 4 hours post-surgery. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance. The cohort included 14 males (63.6%) and 8 females (36.4%). Cyst locations were 7 right lung, 7 left lung, 2 bilateral, 4 hepatopulmonary, 1 hepatic, and 1 mediastinal. No significant changes in sodium levels were observed (F(2,42) = 0.83, P = .44), with means of 140.00 (standard deviation [SD] 3.77) mmol/L presurgery, 140.82 (SD 3.29) during, and 140.73 (SD 3.43) post-surgery. No hypernatremia or related complications occurred. The use of 30% hypertonic saline wash in pulmonary hydatid cyst surgery does not significantly affect serum sodium levels and appears safe. Further studies are needed to confirm efficacy.

Objectives: This study evaluated changes in serum sodium (S Na) 24 h after the administration of isotonic versus hypotonic intravenous fluids (IVFs) and the incidences of dysnatremia and hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. Methods: This double-blind, randomized controlled trial involved children aged 3 months to 5 years who were admitted to a general ward between November 2020 and September 2022 and required IVF. We randomly assigned patients (1:1) to receive either an isotonic solution (D50.9%NaCl) or hypotonic solution (D50.45%NaCl). Serum electrolyte and venous blood gas levels were obtained at the time of IVF administration and 24 and 48 h after IVF administration. During this study, all participants were monitored for vital signs, body weight, fluid intake and output, and clinical symptoms of dysnatremia. Results: Totals of 69 and 68 patients received isotonic and hypotonic solutions, respectively. The mean age was 1.95 ± 1.25 years in the isotonic group and 1.91 ± 1.32 years in the hypotonic group. The initial degrees of dehydration and biochemical indicators were not different. The change in serum sodium level at 24 h was 2.97 (2.32–3.62) mmol/L in the isotonic group and 2.19 (1.54–2.84) mmol/L in the hypotonic group. In both groups, no significant hyponatremia nor hypernatremia occurred. The incidence of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis was not different between the groups. Neither group showed any complications. Conclusions: Isotonic fluids may be a preferred option for IVFs in pediatric patients under 5 years of age with medical conditions on a general ward, especially within 24 h, due to their potential to better maintain serum sodium levels without increasing the risk of fluid overload or electrolyte complication.

Objective: To identify distinct subtypes of ICU patients with Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) using serum electrolyte data and assess their associations with in-hospital mortality risk. Methods: This study used the eICU Collaborative Research Database (eICU-CRD) as its primary data source. AKI patients were identified according to the KDIGO clinical practice guidelines. Using K-Medoids clustering, we identified distinct AKI subtypes based on the first serum electrolyte measurements taken within 24 h of AKI diagnosis in the ICU. Logistic regression analysis was then employed to assess associations between these subtypes and in-hospital mortality risk. Within each subtype, we further examined the relationship between two AKI-related treatments, diuretics and renal replacement therapy (RRT), and mortality risk. Finally, to validate the identified subtypes, we replicated the entire analysis using a critical care dataset from a grade A tertiary hospital in Beijing, China. Results: We identified three distinct AKI subtypes from 15,838 eligible patients in the eICU-CRD. Subtype 1 (6364 patients, 40.2%) showed the lowest risk of in-hospital death and had all serum electrolyte levels within normal ranges. Subtype 2 (6624 patients, 41.8%) carried a moderate death risk and was characterized by abnormally high chloride levels. Subtype 3 (2850 patients, 18.0%) had the highest death risk, presenting with high serum phosphate and low bicarbonate levels. Importantly, the associations between treatments and mortality risk differed significantly by subtype. In the high-risk Subtype 3, both diuretics (OR = 0.71, p = 0.010) and RRT (OR = 0.78, p = 0.045) were associated with a lower risk of in-hospital death. However, in Subtype 2, both diuretics (OR = 1.30, p = 0.044) and RRT (OR = 1.56, p = 0.003) were associated with an increased risk. Neither treatment showed a significant association with death risk in Subtype 1. These findings were validated in the critical care database (431 AKI patients) from a Chinese local hospital, where the same three subtypes emerged with consistent electrolyte patterns, death risk profiles, and associations between treatments and mortality risks, validating the stability of the identified subtypes. Conclusions: Serum electrolyte data can help identify ICU AKI subtypes with different mortality risks. Additionally, associations between treatments (diuretics and RRT) and mortality risk vary significantly across these subtypes. These results generate the hypothesis that AKI subtyping could potentially inform personalized management strategies.

Background and objective: End-stage renal disease (ESRD), particularly in patients undergoing haemodialysis (HD), often results in altered serum mineral and electrolyte levels, which can lead to additional health complications. This study aims to assess serum zinc levels, electrolyte concentrations, and renal function markers in HD, providing a comprehensive analysis of these parameters for the first time in this population. Methods: This cross-sectional study, which included a comparison group, enrolled 65 ESRD patients undergoing regular HD at the Erbil Dialysis Centre and 65 healthy control subjects individuals from Erbil City. Information on dietary intake, medication use, and demographic factors was gathered through structured interviews, medical record reviews, and serum analysis, which measured kidney function biomarkers, serum zinc levels, and electrolyte levels. Results: Serum zinc levels were significantly lower, and potassium concentrations were notably higher in HD patients compared to the control group. Zinc depletion was more pronounced in HD patients with hypertension than in those without. These alterations showed a negative correlation with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) levels among HD patients, with hyperkalaemia being significantly associated with lower eGFR values. Conclusion: Monitoring serum zinc levels and electrolyte balance is crucial in HD patients, as zinc deficiency appears independently linked to hypertension. Addressing this deficiency may improve patient outcomes, through larger sample-size studies.

Abstract Background and Aims Patiromer (PAT) is a non-absorbed, calcium-based potassium (K) binding polymer that is sodium-free and indicated for treating hyperkalemia. We conducted a retrospective analysis to assess the changes in dialysate and serum potassium (sK) along with other electrolytes before and after PAT prescription in hemodialysis (HD) patients over a one-year follow-up. Method To be included in the analysis, patients were adult, thrice-weekly HD, prevalent HD patients first prescribed PAT monotherapy between 1/2016 and 12/2022 at Fresenius Kidney Care. Patients had sK measured during a 91-day (pre-PAT) baseline (bl) and during PAT treatment (follow up; Q1 to Q4). Furthermore, they had a starting PAT treatment schedule of (1) less than once a day, (2) once a day, (3) greater than once a day, or (4) as directed. Results Table 1 shows serum electrolyte levels including sK from BL to Q4 by PAT treatment schedule. The largest group of patients were prescribed PAT once a day (n = 6,069). Overall, 91.2% of patients were prescribed 8.4 g and for patients with once a day 89.9% were on 8.4 g. We observed that although only 33.9% of these patients had a sK &amp;lt; 5.5 mEq/L at BL, during PAT treatment 68.4% of patients had sK &amp;lt; 5.5 mEq/L. Similar patterns were seen with other treatment schedules. Patients with a schedule of “as directed” had the highest baseline (40.7%) and Q4 (74.2%) percent sK &amp;lt; 5.5 mEq/L. All groups showed a decrease in the percent of patients receiving at least one 1K dialysate bath from BL to Follow-up (Fig. 1). For example, patients prescribed PAT once a day had a decrease in patients receiving at least one 1K dialysate from 18.9% at BL to 12% by Q4. Conclusion In a real-world analysis of adult, prevalent HD patients, various treatment schedules were prescribed for PAT, although the most common was once a day with 8.4 g per packet. All treatment schedule groups had a decrease in mean sK, an increase in the percent of patients achieving &amp;lt; 5.5 mEq/L and a decrease in patients receiving at least one treatment with 1K dialysate bath.

Research has shown that UTIs are the most common human diseases across all age groups, including those who have been hospitalized and those who have not. The hormonal and physiological changes that occur during pregnancy make UTIs more common, as they provide an ideal environment for the growth of microbes. A mother and her unborn child are in grave danger if these infections are left untreated. A further complication of treatment is the rising antibiotic resistance among uropathogens. Taraba State’s pregnant population may benefit from understanding the immune response patterns and effective therapy by evaluating electrolyte changes and antimicrobial susceptibility in infected individuals. The purpose of this study is to identify antibiotic susceptibility and antimicrobial activity against pathogens in pregnant women’s urine and to profile the immune response to certain electrolytes in infected individuals in the study areas. As part of the research, 282 urine samples were obtained using conventional microbiological methods. Of the 282 samples that were analyzed, 103 showed symptoms while 179 showed no symptoms at all. In the case of Escherichia coli, the investigation revealed seven (7) distinct isolates, accounting for 8.7 percent of the total. There were seven (7) isolates of various bacteria, including nine (87.7%), one (1) of Staphylococcus aureus, one (1) of coagulase, and one (1) of a mysterious enzyme. Results for symptomatic patients showed negative staphylococci 4(3.9), Klebsiella pneumonia 0(0.0), Citrobacter species 3(2.9), proteus species 3(2.9), and Streptococcus species 1(1.0). No other bacteria were found. For patients without symptoms, the following bacteria and viruses were detected: Escherichia coli 17(8.6), Staphylococcus aureus 7(3.6), CONs 4(2.0), Klebsiella pneumonia 4 (2.0), Citrobacter species 0(0.0), Proteus species 3(1.5), and Streptococcus species 0(0.0). The most common infection among pregnant women was Escherichia coli, with 26 cases in symptomatic women and 8.7 cases in asymptomatic women. The least common type of bacteria was determined to be Streptococcus, with only one case (0.3%) among pregnant women experiencing symptoms and none among those without any symptoms. Ampicillin produced a perfect resistance against all strains of Proteus, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Streptococcus when tested against the antibiogram of urine samples taken from pregnant women experiencing symptoms and those without any symptoms. Various species of Proteus, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Citrobacter, among others. Among the bacteria tested, 3.8% were resistant to ciprofloxacin, 25% to CONs, 0% to Streptococcus spp., and 0% to all other bacteria. Cotrimoxazole was the antimicrobial agent against which Klebsiella pneumoniae displayed the lowest level of resistance. Ceftriaxone was the antibiotic with which Proteus isolates were most resistant (83.33%), while ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin showed no resistance at all. Furthermore, the majority of Citrobacter isolates showed resistance to Ampicillin (66.67%), Gentamicin (66.67%), and ceftriaxone (66.67%). In terms of immunological studies, the results for IL-10 electrolyte profiles in seropositive individuals are as follows: 64.98 ±11.38 for weakly positive, 76 ±20.3 for moderately positive, and 235.5±22.83 for strongly positive. In comparison, for TNF alpha, the results for seropositive individuals are as follows: 24 ±2.81 for weakly positive, 32.5±2.18 for moderately positive, and 73.5 ±22.83 for strongly positive. Salt had the highest level of elevation among the other electrolytes tested, which included protein (43±2.25), urea (1.29±0.17), creatinine (1.36±0.05), potassium (4.12±0.2), and sodium (131±2.25). Comparing infected and control subjects reveals notable variations in serum electrolyte levels and infection intensity. It is possible to use these electrolytes as a biomarker for UTI when they are elevated or depressed. As a result, these electrolytes may be a key immunological marker in the immunopathology of UTI, according to the results of the immunological studies.

Electrolyte disturbances are common yet under recognised complications in patients with enteric fever and can lead to adverse clinical outcomes if not promptly managed. Enteric fever, caused by Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi, remains a major public health challenge in developing countries like India. Despite its prevalence, limited research has focused on electrolyte imbalance patterns in affected patients. This study evaluated alterations in serum electrolyte levels specifically sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate among adult enteric fever patients admitted to a tertiary care center in New Delhi. A hospitalbased cross-sectional analysis was conducted at Max Super Specialty Hospital, Saket, including 128 adult patients (≥ 18 years 59 males, 69 females). Serum electrolytes were measured on admission and categorised as low, normal, or high. Descriptive statistics, including mean and standard deviation, were used to evaluate the distribution of electrolyte values, which were as follows bicarbonate 21.37 ± 3.93 mmol/L, chloride 100.96 ± 4.18 mmol/L, potassium 4.21 ± 0.61 mmol/L, and sodium 133.70 ± 4.00 mmol/L. A significant proportion of patients exhibited hyponatraemia (58.6%) and low bicarbonate levels (57.8%) suggesting trends toward fluid-electrolyte imbalance and metabolic acidosis. In contrast, potassium and chloride levels remained largely within normal limits, with over 95% of patients maintaining normal potassium levels. The study highlights that mild to moderate hyponatraemia and metabolic acidosis (as indicated by low bicarbonate) are frequent findings among patients with enteric fever. Regular monitoring of electrolyte profiles should be integrated into the diagnostic and therapeutic workflow to mitigate potential complications and improve patient outcomes.

Malaria is a major health problem around the world. Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) is the species that is most commonly associated with the severe and complicated forms of malaria, especially in tropical and subtropical areas, including Ethiopia. One of the complications of malaria is its impact on kidney and electrolyte levels. The objectives of the study were to assess the kidney function and serum electrolyte levels among untreated malaria patients infected with P. falciparum. A case-control study that enrolled a total of 108 participants (54 with confirmed untreated P. falciparum malaria as a case and 54 were non-malaria as a control). Participants in the study were included based on systematic random sampling technique. Data were collected using questionnaires administered by interviewers. 5ml of blood samples were collected to investigate kidney function such as creatinine and urea, as well as serum electrolytes such as sodium ion (Na+) and potassium ion (K+), using a chemistry automated analyzer. Data were analyzed using the statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 27. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant at a 95% confidence interval (CI). The study subjects were comprised of 52 (48.1%) men and 56 (51.9%) women. The mean age for the case group and the control group was 26.85 ± 8 and 27.17 ± 7.17 years old, respectively. The result showed a statistically significant (P < 0.05) increase in serum creatinine and urea level in the case group (1.32 ± 0.29mg/dL and 39.8 ± 8.34mg/dL) compared with the control group (0.92 ± 0.32mg/dL and 25.78 ± 7.97mg/dL), respectively. The serum levels of Na+ and K+ were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in the case group (132.15 ± 3.96 mmol/L and 3.44 ± 0.40 mmol/L) as compared to the control group (137.11 ± 3.11 mmol/L and 3.94 ± 0.39 mmol/L), respectively. Malaria has a significant impact on kidney function (creatinine and urea) and serum electrolytes (Na+ and K+). This may indicate that malaria is the determinant factor for developing kidney dysfunction and serum electrolyte imbalance. Hence, we recommend routine evaluation of these parameters in malaria-infected individuals.

Antimalarial potentials, toxicological impacts, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of ethanol extract of Spondias mombin Linn.