Serum Adiponectin Concentrations Research Articles

Methyl-donor supplementation in women with systemic lupus erythematosus with different nutritional status: the protocol for a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

IntroductionDNA hypomethylation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been recently documented in the literature. Low levels of DNA methylation have been observed globally and in genes associated with...

Serum Adiponectin Is Elevated in Critically Ill Patients with Liver Disease and Associated with Decreased Overall Survival.

Adiponectin, an adipokine with anti-inflammatory properties, has been implicated in various liver diseases. This study aimed to elucidate the prognostic value of serum adiponectin levels in critically ill patients with liver disease. This observational study included 161 critically ill patients admitted to the medical ICU of RWTH Aachen University Hospital due to acute liver failure or decompensated advanced chronic liver disease. Serum adiponectin levels were measured at ICU admission and after 48 h. Clinical parameters and outcomes, including transplant-free survival, were analyzed. Serum adiponectin concentrations were significantly elevated compared to healthy controls (p < 0.001). Levels were particularly high in patients with sepsis compared to those with gastrointestinal bleeding as the precipitating factor of acute decompensation (p = 0.045) and were higher in female patients (p = 0.023). Adiponectin concentrations correlated with the Model of End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score and Child-Pugh score. Multivariate analysis confirmed a significant correlation with total bilirubin (r = 0.292, p < 0.001) and serum sodium (r = -0.265, p = 0.028). Higher adiponectin concentrations were associated with a trend towards poorer 30- and 180-day survival. Cox regression analysis identified a significant association between increased adiponectin concentration and reduced transplant-free survival (p = 0.037), supported by a Kaplan-Meier analysis using a cutoff of 119 ng/mL (log-rank 5.145, p = 0.023). Elevated serum adiponectin concentrations are associated with liver dysfunction and poor outcomes in critically ill patients. Higher adiponectin levels at ICU admission may predict poorer transplant-free survival. Further research in larger, multicenter cohorts is warranted to validate these findings and explore the underlying mechanisms.

Total Gestational Weight Gain Is Explained by Leptin and Body Fat, Regardless of Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index and Other Adipokines, in Mexican Adolescents.

Pre-pregnancy body mass index (pBMI) is a predictor of gestational weight gain (GWG). However, other factors, such as adipokines and inflammation markers, may also be associated with GWG. The aim of the study was to determine the association of leptin, adiponectin, irisin, and C-reactive protein, with GWG in adolescents. A longitudinal study was conducted from 2018 to 2023 in adolescents with a clinically healthy pregnancy. The assessments included sociodemographic and clinical data, pBMI, percent of body fat, serum concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, irisin, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), and total GWG adequacy. Cox regression models were performed, the outcome variables were inadequate and excessive GWG. In 198 participants, being overweight/obesity was marginally associated with a protective effect against inadequate GWG (HR = 0.44, 95%CI = 0.18-1.06), regardless of maternal characteristics and adipokines. Leptin (HR = 1.014, 95%CI = 1.008-1.021), and body fat percent (HR = 1.11, 95%CI = 1.05-1.17) were associated with a higher risk of excessive GWG, independent of other maternal variables such as pBMI, while adiponectin was associated with a lower risk. These findings suggest that, in Mexican adolescents, adipose tissue and its adipokines during pregnancy may play a more significant role in the final GWG than body weight.

Adiponectin and Paraoxonase-1 Correlation With Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Frame Count With Coronary Slow Flow Phenomenon

Objectives: Coronary slow flow phenomenon (CSFP) is an important angiographic entity, with no clear-cut etiology. The effects of adiponectin (APN) and paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) have been proven in microvascular disease pathophysiology, endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. The present study aimed to determine the correlation between APN and PON-1 and CSFP. Methods: Subjects who were undergone coronary angiography and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in this study. The study subjects were divided into the following groups: 40 subjects without coronary artery disease (CAD) and CSFP, 22 patients without CAD but with CSFP, 29 patients with CAD &lt; 50% and without CSFP, 22 patients with CAD (50-90%) but without CSFP and 16 patients with CAD and CSFP. Coronary flow rates of the participants with slow flow diagnosis were determined by thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) frame count method. The serum levels of APN and PON-1 were measured by ELISA kit. Results: There were no significant differences between groups in serum levels of APN. No significant correlation was observed between APN serum concentration and corrected TIMI frame count (TFC) (r=0.17, P=0.29). The PON-1 serum concentration in patients with CAD (50-90%) and without CSFP was significantly lower than the other groups (P&lt;0.01). There was a near significant correlation between PON-1 serum levels and corrected TFC in left anterior descending coronary artery (r=0.32, P=0.08). Discussion: The present study has demonstrated no significant correlation between the serum concentration of APN and PON-1 and corrected TFC, so we need more extensive studies in this regard with larger sample size.

The Influence of Catechin on Adiponectin and Insulin Resistance in Obese Rats

Obesity represented as an abnormal accumulation of visceral fat. The synthesis of adiponectin has been linked to visceral fat accumulation. Obesity, and cardiovascular disease have all been linked to decreased levels of adiponectin. This study included the effect of catechin administration for 30 days on lipid profile, glucose, adiponectin and insulin serum levels as well as IR of obese female rats. Twenty female rats were conducted to the experiment where divide to four equal groups as; negative normal group received normal diet for all experiment time (60 days); positive obese control group received high fat diet (HFD) for (60 days); GTC-fed group fed HFD; ATV-fed group this group received ATV as cholesterol lowering drug. The significant differences considered at (p &lt; 0.05 with 95% CI). The study revealed that the levels of Total-Ch, triglycerides and glucose were significantly higher in positive than negative control group. Additionally, a significant decreased Total-Ch, triglycerides and glucose level of Catechin treatment group than positive control group. Moreover, a significant reduction of adiponectin means levels obtained in positive control group compared to negative control and Catechin treatment groups. Furthermore, a significant difference of IR obtained between means of positive control group with Catechin treatment group. HDL-C levels were also differed significantly between positive control groups and Catechin treatment group. In conclusion this study exposed a positive influence of catechin administration on obesity lethal factors such as cholesterol, hyperglycemia, IR and the serum concentration of adiponectin in obese female rats.

Insulin resistance assessed by short insulin tolerance test and its association with obesity and insulin resistance-related parameters in humans: A pilot randomized trial.

The aim of this study was to examine the association of insulin resistance (evaluated by the short insulin tolerance test [SITT]) with parameters related to obesity and insulin resistance. We prospectively recruited controls and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), subjected them to the SITT, and calculated the K indices of the intravenous insulin tolerance test (KITT(iv)) and the subcutaneous insulin tolerance test (KITT(sc)). We compared KITT(iv) results between the volunteers and patients and examined its correlation with KITT(sc). We also examined the association of KITT(iv) with obesity, insulin resistance-related parameters, and the insulin dose required for glycemic control. A total of 24 participants (seven controls and 17 patients with T2DM) were studied. The mean KITT(iv) was significantly lower in patients with T2DM than in the controls (2.5%±2.1% vs. 4.5%±1.8%). In all participants, KITT(iv) was significantly correlated with the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) values (r = -0.601, p<0.05) but not with KITT(sc) (p = 0.62). KITT(iv) was correlated positively with the serum adiponectin concentration, but negatively with the visceral fat area and serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α and branched-chain amino acids. In patients with T2DM, KITT(iv) and HOMA-IR values were significantly correlated with the total insulin dose required for glycemic control. Insulin resistance evaluated using KITT(iv) was correlated with the HOMA-IR values, but not with the resistance evaluated using KITT(sc). The degree of insulin resistance was associated with biomarkers, such as adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor-α, branched-chain amino acids, the visceral fat area, and the dose of insulin required for glycemic control.

AdipoRon, an adiponectin receptor agonist, modulates AMPK signaling pathway and alleviates ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma

Asthma is a long-term disease that causes airways swelling and inflammation and in turn airway narrowing. AdipoRonis an orally active synthetic small molecule that acts as a selective agonist at theadiponectin receptor 1 and 2. The aim of the current study is to delineate the protective effect and the potential underlying mechanism ofadipoRon inairway inflammationinduced byovalbumin (OVA) in comparison withdexamethasone. Adult maleSwiss Albino micewere sensitized to OVA on days 0 and 7, then challenged with OVA on days 14, 15 and 16. AdipoRon was administered orally for 6 days starting from the 11th day till the 16th and 1 h prior to OVA in the challenge days. Obtained results from asthmatic control group showed a significant decrease in serum adiponectin concentration, an increase in inflammatory cell counts inthe bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF), CD68 protein expression, inflammatory cytokine concentration and oxidative stress as well. Administration of adipoRon enhanced antioxidant mechanisms limiting oxidative stress by significantly increasing reduced glutathione (GSH) pulmonary content, decreasing serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) together with malondialdehyde (MDA) significant reduction in lung tissue. In addition, it modulated the levels of serum immunoglobulin E (IgE), pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and the anti-inflammatory one IL-10 improving lung inflammation as revealed by histopathological evaluation. Furthermore, lung tissue expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) and 5′AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) were significantly increased adipoRon. Notably, results of adipoRon received group were comparable to those of dexamethasone group. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that adipoRon can positively modulate adiponectin expression with activation of AMPK pathway and subsequent improvement in inflammatory and oxidative signaling.

Study of Correlation of Serum Adiponectin Concentration with Different Lipid Profile Components

Adiponectin is a hormone, secreted from adipose tissue. It is inversely correlated with body fat mass. This hormone has also anti-inflammatory and ant-iatherogenic properties. This study was purposed to explore the relationship between serum adiponectin concentration and lipid profile. This cross-sectional analytical study was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) from March 2016 to February 2017. By non-probability sampling, a total of 156 study subjects were selected from apparently healthy adult individuals attending outpatient department of BSMMU. Serum adiponectin level positively correlated with serum HDL cholesterol (r=0.246, p value 0.002) concentrations and negatively correlated with serum total cholesterol (r=-0.171, p value 0.033) and serum triacylglycerol level (r=-0.3, p value 0.00). So, from this study it can be concluded that adiponectin has an important role in the metabolism of lipid profile components and responsible for controlling the concentration of serum lipid profile components. When adiponectin concentration of blood increases it is responsible for raised serum HDL-C concentration and decreased total cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentration.&#x0D; Bangladesh J Med Biochem 2019; 12(1): 6-10

Serum levels of adiponectin differentiate generalized lipodystrophies from anorexia nervosa.

The differential diagnosis of lipodystrophy involves other disorders characterized by severe fat loss and may be sometimes challenging. Owing to the rarity of lipodystrophy, it is relevant to search for tools and assays that differentiate it from other diseases that may mimic it. We conducted a study on leptin and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin serum concentrations in a series of patients diagnosed with lipodystrophy and compared them with those found in anorexia nervosa, one of the illnesses that may be cause of a missed diagnosis of lipodystrophy. Leptin and HMW adiponectin serum concentrations were measured in six patients diagnosed with generalized lipodystrophy (GL), six with progeroid syndromes (PS), 13 with familial partial lipodystrophy type 1 (FPLD1, Kobberling syndrome), 10 with familial partial lipodystrophy type 2 (FPLD2, Dunnigan syndrome), 18 with acquired partial lipodystrophy (APL) and 12 affected by anorexia nervosa (AN). Measurements were compared to those obtained in 12 normal weight healthy subjects. Serum leptin concentrations were reduced to a similar degree in GL, PS and AN, proportionally to the extent of fat loss. Serum concentrations of HMW adiponectin were found extremely low in patients with GL and PS, while comparable to normal weight subjects in patients with AN. Serum HMW adiponectin can be regarded as a useful tool to discriminate between generalized lipodystrophy syndromes (including PS) and AN.

AMPK activation enhances osteoblast differentiation on a titanium disc via autophagy

PurposeThe acquisition of osseointegration during implant therapy is slower and poorer in patients with diabetes compared with healthy persons. The serum concentration of adiponectin in patients with type II diabetes is lower than that of healthy persons via the suppression of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Therefore, we hypothesized that the AMPK activation enhances bone formation around implants, resulting in the improved acquisition of osseointegration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of AMPK activation on osteoblast differentiation and its mechanism of downstream signaling on titanium disc (Ti).MethodsConfluent mouse pre-osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) cells (1 × 105 cells/well) were cultured with BMP-2 for osteoblast differentiation, in the presence or absence AICAR, an AMPK activator. We examined the effects of AMPK activation on osteoblast differentiation and the underlying mechanism on a Ti using a CCK8 assay, a luciferase assay, quantitative RT-PCR, and western blotting.ResultsAlthough the proliferation rate of osteoblasts was not different between a Ti and a tissue culture polystyrene dish, the addition of AICAR, AMPK activator slightly enhanced osteoblast proliferation on the Ti. AICAR enhanced the BMP-2-dependent transcriptional activity on the Ti, leading to upregulation in the expression of osteogenesis-associated molecules. AICAR simultaneously upregulated the expression of autophagy-associated molecules on the Ti, especially LC3-II. AdipoRon, an adiponectin receptor type1/type2 activator activated AMPK, and upregulated osteogenesis-associated molecules on Ti.ConclusionsAMPK activation enhances osteoblast differentiation on a Ti via autophagy, suggesting that it promotes the acquisition of osseointegration during implant therapy.

Associations between total, free and bioavailable 25-hydroxyvitamin D forms with adiponectin and irisin in maternal-neonatal pairs at birth from Greece.

Apart from the well-established skeletal effects, vitamin D has been explored as a secretagogue influencing various adipokines, including adiponectin and irisin. Recent evidence suggests that specific forms of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25(OHD), such as free and bioavailable 25(OH)D, may provide more accurate measurements of vitamin D status. The relationship between vitamin D status and serum irisin and adiponectin concentrations remains largely unexplored, particularly during pregnancy. We analyzed data from 67 healthy maternal-neonatal pairs from Northern Greece at birth. Biochemical and hormonal tests were conducted on each maternal-neonatal pair. The vitamin D forms were estimated using validated mathematical models. Subsequently, regression analyses were conducted to determine the association between the vitamin D forms and adipokine levels. Bioavailable maternal 25(OH)D was inversely associated with neonatal irisin concentrations [β=-73.46 (-140.573 to -6.341), p=0.034]. No other associations were observed between maternal vitamin D status and neonatal adipokine concentrations. In conclusion, maternal bioavailable vitamin D concentrations are inversely associated with neonatal serum irisin concentrations, warranting further studies to evaluate the underlying mechanisms for this finding.

The Molecular Basis of Male Infertility in Obesity: A Literature Review.

The rising incidence of obesity has coincided with rising levels of poor reproductive outcomes. The molecular basis for the association of infertility in obese males is now being explained through various mechanisms. Insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and changes in serum and gonadal concentrations of adipokines, like leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and ghrelin have been implicated as causes of male infertility in obese males. The effects of obesity and hypogonadism form a vicious cycle whereby dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis-due to the effect of the release of multiple mediators, thus decreasing GnRH release from the hypothalamus-causes decreases in LH and FSH levels. This leads to lower levels of testosterone, which further increases adiposity because of increased lipogenesis. Cytokines such as TNF-α and interleukins, sirtuins, and other inflammatory mediators like reactive oxygen species are known to affect fertility in obese male adults. There is evidence that parental obesity can be transferred through subsequent generations to offspring through epigenetic marks. Thus, negative expressions like obesity and infertility have been linked to epigenetic marks being altered in previous generations. The interesting aspect is that these epigenetic expressions can be reverted by removing the triggering factors. These positive modifications are also transmitted to subsequent generations.

Adiponectin in spinal cord injury: What is the role of nutrition in serum adiponectin concentration?

Objectives: The study aimed to analyze the relationship between serum adiponectin concentration, Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence, and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet adherence in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). Patients and methods: Thirty-three SCI patients (21 males, 12 females; median age: 33 years; range, 18 to 65 years) and 33 age-, sex-, and body mass index-matched healthy controls (21 males, 12 females; median age: 33 years; range, 18 to 64 years) were included in this cross-sectional study between March 2021 and March 2022. Serum adiponectin concentrations of all participants were measured. Body weight, height, and neck, hip, waist, and mid-upper arm circumferences were measured. Twenty-four-hour dietary records were obtained by the researchers for evaluation of the nutritional status. The DASH diet score and MD score were measured for each participant. Results: Most of the cases of SCI were due to motor vehicle collisions (n=12, 36.4%) and complete paraplegic. Mid-upper arm circumference, waist circumference, hip circumference, and neck circumference of the patient group were significantly higher than the control group (p=0.020, p=0.002, p=0.042, and p<0.001, respectively). Mediterranean diet scores and DASH diet scores of the patient group were significantly higher than the control group (p<0.001 and p=0.031, respectively). Serum adiponectin concentration of patients was significantly higher than the control group (p=0.049). No correlation was detected between adiponectin concentration, MD score, and DASH diet score in both groups. Conclusion: Although correlation analysis in the current research did not show significant relation between nutrition and adiponectin concentrations, nutrition of patients with SCI, as demonstrated by higher adherence to MD and DASH, may have provided positive effects on adiponectin concentrations. Future studies focused on the effect of a healthy diet intervention on serum adiponectin concentration is warranted.

The effect of physical activity on cardiometabolic parameters in women with a history of hypertension during pregnancy

Background. The effect of physical activity (PA) on the state of the cardiovascular system and quality of life in patients with hypertension (HTN) remains insufficiently studied, while there is no data on the effect of PA and rehabilitation programs on cardiometabolic parameters, according to duration and recurrence of their effect in women with a history of HTN during pregnancy. Objective. To compare cardiometabolic parameters in women with a history of HTN during pregnancy versus women without HTN during pregnancy and measure the effects of an exercise program on their dynamics changes. Design and methods. The study included 66 women divided into two groups: group 1 — 33 women with a history of HTN during pregnancy. The distribution of different HTN disorders of pregnancy was the following: 75% — gestational HTN; 12,5% — chronic HTN; 12,5% — preeclampsia. Group 2 — 33 women with a history of normotension during pregnancy. Walking for at least 150 min per week (30 min a day, 5 times a week) for 9 months was a mandatory component of the physical training program in group 2. Women in group 2 continued clinical follow-up without physical training program. All participants filled in a specially designed questionnaire. Anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical parameters were evaluated, including PA level, quality of life (short questionnaire SF‑36), and serum leptin and adiponectin concentrations. Results. A PA training program for 9 months in women with a history of HTN during pregnancy led to a decrease in waist circumference and body mass index, a decrease in serum leptin levels and an increase in serum adiponectin levels, an increase in PA levels and an improvement in quality of life for account of the general physical and spiritual components.

The Association Of Adiponectin, Homocysteine, B 12 And Folic Acid In Iraqi Women With Preeclampsia And Its Severity

Background: preeclampsia is a common obstetric disorder that remains a leading cause of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity. Maternal serum concentrations of adiponectin, folate, homocysteine, and vitamin B12 have been found to be associated with pre-eclampsia. Nevertheless, reported studies involved still not clear with variable reliably. The aim of the present study is to examine the relationship between these biomarkers and pre-eclampsia and its severity in Iraqi population. Aims: The study aims to evaluate the association between maternal serum adiponectin, homocysteine, B12 and Folic acid and preeclampsia and its severity. Study design and setting: A case control study carried out in Al-Zahraa Maternity and Pediatric Teaching Hospital in Najaf city/ Iraq from the 1st of December 2019 to the 1st of December 2020. Patient and Methods: The study included 50 pregnant women with preeclampsia and a comparative control group of 50 normotensive pregnant women. Preeclamptic women were further subdivided into 14 women with severe preeclampsia and 36 women with mild preeclampsia. Serum Adiponectin, Homocysteine, B 12, and Folic acid were measured by using special ELIZA (Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) technique. Results: There was a significant increment in the level of Adiponectin and Homocysteine while vitamin B12 and Folic acid were significantly decreased in preeclamptic pregnant women in comparison to the control group. On the other hand, there was no significant relation between the severity of preeclampsia and the level of Adiponectin, Homocysteine, Vitamin B 12, and Folic acid. Conclusion: Women with preeclampsia had significantly lower vitamin B12 and folic acid and significantly higher concentrations of adiponectin and homocysteine than normotensive pregnant women, but no relation with its severity.

Ameliorative effects of aqueous extract from rosemary on oxidative stress and inflammation pathways caused by a high-fat diet in C57BL/6 mice.

Rosemary is an herb exhibits biological properties, attenuates inflammation, oxidative stress, and improves lipid profile. Here, we evaluated the effects of rosemary aqueous extract (RE) on mice fed with a high-fat diet (HFD). Male C57BL/6 mice were administered a control diet or HFD for 10 weeks. The treated groups received RE in the diet at different concentrations: 25, 250, and 500mg/100g. After 10 weeks, serum concentrations of glucose, lipid, insulin, leptin, adiponectin, and cytokines were evaluated and the oxygen radical absorbance capacity was determined. Histological analysis was performed to determine the concentrations of triacylglycerides (TG), total cholesterol, cytokines, and antioxidant enzymes as well as the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation. The dietary RE ameliorated HFD-induced weight gain, adipose tissue weight, glucose intolerance, and insulin, leptin, and free fatty acid levels. Reduction in hepatic TG deposition was observed. The levels of inflammatory cytokines decreased, and the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism increased. RE mitigated oxidative stress and reduced the production of reactive oxygen species in HepG2 and 3T3-L1 cells. Therefore, RE is a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention of inflammation and oxidative stress outcomes associated with obesity.

Adiponectin serum levels and ADIPOQ (rs2241766) polymorphism in alopecia areata Egyptian patients

BackgroundAlopecia Areata (AA) is an acquired autoimmune form of non-scarring hair loss. Adiponectin and its gene polymorphism were related to many autoimmune disorders. ObjectiveAssessment of adiponectin serum levels and adiponectin gene (ADIPOQ) (rs2241766) Single Nucleoid Polymorphism (SNP) in AA patients and correlating the results with the disease severity in those patients. MethodsThis study included 75 AA patients and 75 age and gender-matched healthy subjects (controls). The severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) score assessment to evaluate AA severity was done. Adiponectin serum levels by ELISA and ADIPOQ (rs2241766) SNP using PCR were performed. ResultsAdiponectin serum levels were significantly lower in AA patients than controls (p = 0.001). ADIPOQ (rs2241766) TG genotype and G allele were significantly predominant in AA patients increasing its risk by 5 and 4 folds (OR = 5.17, p = 0.001), (OR = 3.82, p = 0.001) respectively. Serum adiponectin levels were negatively correlated with SALT score (r = -0.435, p = 0.001) and associated with alopecia totalis (p = 0.016). ADIPOQ (rs2241766) TG genotype was significantly associated with low serum adiponectin levels and higher SALT score (p = 0.001). Study limitationsThe small sample size. ConclusionsADIPOQ (rs2241766) gene polymorphism (TG genotype and G allele) may modulate AA risk and contribute to the development of AA in Egyptian populations. Decreased circulating adiponectin levels may have a dynamic role in AA etiopathogenesis. Adiponectin serum concentration can be considered a severity marker of hair loss in AA.

Correlation of Plasma Adiponectin Levels and Adiponectin Gene Polymorphisms with Idiopathic Atrial Fibrillation

Introduction: Adiponectin is a cellular protein secreted by adipocytes, which is closely related to a variety of diseases, including atrial fibrillation (AF). Idiopathic atrial fibrillation (IAF) is defined as AF without hypertension, diabetes, and other underlying diseases. Genetic polymorphism of adiponectin affects serum adiponectin concentration. However, the association of serum adiponectin concentration and its genetic polymorphism with IAF has not been studied. This study investigated the relationship between serum levels of adiponectin, adiponectin gene polymorphisms, and the risk of developing IAF in a Chinese Han population. Methods: Patients with IAF (n = 172, IAF group) and healthy individuals (n = 150, control group) were consecutively and randomly recruited and fasting peripheral blood samples were collected. All participants were examined for serum adiponectin concentrations and the polymorphisms SNP45T>G (SmaI locus, rs2241766) and SNP276G>T (BsmI locus, rs1501299) of the adiponectin gene were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Related clinical data from the two groups were also collected. Results: Plasma adiponectin levels in the IAF group were significantly lower than those in the control group (9.9 ± 2.6 mg/L vs. 16.1 ± 7.0 mg/L, p = 0.006). There were no significant differences among the three genotypes (wild type, mutant heterozygote, and homozygote) of SNP45T>G or SNP276G>T in the prediction value of IAF. The frequency of the T allele of SNP45 T>G was 70.3% in the IAF group and significantly different from that of the control group (71.3%; p = 0.02). In the case of SNP276G>T, the frequency of the G allele was 68.61% in patients with IAF compared to 73.34% in the control group (p = 0.35). Furthermore, a comparison of the clinical data of individuals in the two groups revealed that the left atrial diameter (LAD) in patients in the IAF group was obviously higher than that in the control group (43.3 ± 6.7 mm vs. 37.9 ± 5.1 mm, respectively; p < 0.001). The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in the IAF group was obviously reduced than that in the control group (54.7 ± 11.9% vs. 60.2 ± 5.6%, respectively; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Low plasma adiponectin levels were significantly associated with IAF. Hypoadiponectinemia can thus serve as an important factor for the incidence of IAF. The genotypes of SNP45T>G and SNP276G>T in the adiponectin gene may not correlate with the occurrence of IAF. However, our results demonstrate that the T allele of SNP45T>G may be responsible for IAF development in the Chinese Han population.

Involvement of the vagus nerve and hepatic gene expression in serum adiponectin concentrations in mice.

Several humoral factors, such as adiponectin and urate, have been suggested to affect metabolic syndromes. Previously, we reported a reduction in blood adiponectin concentrations after a high-fructose diet partially via the vagus nerve in rats. Although a lithogenic diet (LD), i.e., supplementation of a normal control diet (CT) with 0.6% cholesterol and 0.2% sodium cholate, reduced blood adiponectin concentrations, the involvement of the vagus nerve in this mechanism remains unclear. To estimate the involvement of the vagus nerve in the regulation of blood adiponectin concentrations using an LD, male imprinting control region mice that had been vagotomized (HVx) or only laparotomized (Sham) were administered a CT or an LD for 10weeks. Serum adiponectin concentrations in the Sham-LD, HVx-CT, and HVx-LD groups were reduced by half compared with the Sham-CT group. The hepatic mRNA levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 (Fgf21), which reportedly stimulates adiponectin secretion from white adipose tissue, were lower in the LD groups compared with the CT groups. HepG2 hepatoma cells showed that various bile acids reduced the mRNA expression of FGF21. Moreover, the LD increased serum urate concentrations and reduced hepatic expressions of the acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (Acox1) mRNA and glucokinase, suggesting insufficient regeneration of ATP from AMP. In conclusion, serum adiponectin concentration may be regulated via the vagus nerve in normal mice, whereas a reduction of hepatic Fgf21 mRNA by bile acids may also lower serum adiponectin levels. Moreover, the LD may promote hepatic AMP accumulation and subsequently increase the serum urate concentration in mice.

Serum and salivary adiponectin levels as predictive markers for diabetes mellitus in children with a family history of diabetes.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic, metabolic condition marked by defects in insulin production, action, or both. Environmental and genetic factors can contribute to the onset of diabetes mellitus. Adiponectin, a hormone affecting pancreatic beta cell proliferation, has emerged as a potential indicator of diabetes risk. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate serum and salivary adiponectin levels as predictors of diabetes mellitus in children with/without a family history of diabetes mellitus. The study was conducted at Al-Zahra Hospital in Najaf city and included 125 children aged 5 to 16. Data on demographics, including name, age, and gender, were collected, and body mass index (BMI) was assessed. Serum and salivary adiponectin levels were measured and analyzed in relation to family history and BMI. Children with a family history of DM had high serum adiponectin (ADP) levels. Serum adiponectin levels were significantly higher in children with first-degree relatives having a history of diabetes mellitus, except for cases involving mothers and other relatives with diabetes mellitus history (p<0.05). Furthermore, serum adiponectin levels were higher in obese children. Salivary adiponectin levels were significantly elevated in children with a maternal family history of diabetes (p=0.01), while no significant correlation was found with BMI. A significant negative correlation (r=-0.180, p=0.05) between salivary and serum adiponectin concentrations was observed. Compared to children with a normal, healthy weight, children with obesity had decreased salivary adiponectin levels and increased serum adiponectin levels.