Human Cytomegalovirus Seroprevalence Research Articles

Seroprevalence of Human Cytomegalovirus among Aborted Women in Aden, Yemen

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is one member of Herpesviridae. It can cause serious complications in pregnant women and their fetuses. So, this study aims to determine the prevalence of IgG and IgM against HCMV among aborted women and other related factors in Aden–Yemen. An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 88 aborted women. Blood samples were collected and serum HCMV IgG and IgM were analyzed using ELISA. The overall prevalence of IgG and IgM of HCMV infections were 77.6% and 83.3%, respectively. Neither HCMV IgG nor IgM seroprevalence had significantly influenced by age, number of abortions, education level, trimesters, and other factors. It can be concluded that the seroprevalence IgG antibodies of HCMV infections among aborted women were slightly lower than those reported globally whereas the seroprevalence IgM antibodies were higher than most of the previous studies that performed globally. Other causative factors may also contribute to abortion among aborted women. Further research is required to detect the HCMV and other causative agents of abortion in Aden and other southern governments of Yemen using adequate sample size and new advanced techniques.

Spanish HCMV Seroprevalence in the 21st Century.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is linked to age-related diseases like cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative conditions, and cancer. It can also cause congenital defects and severe illness in immunocompromised individuals. Accurate HCMV seroprevalence assessment is essential for public health planning and identifying at-risk individuals. This is the first HCMV seroprevalence study conducted in the general Spanish adult population in 30 years. We studied HCMV seroprevalence and HCMV IgG antibody titres in healthy adult donors (HDs) and HCMV-related disease patients from 2010 to 2013 and 2020 to 2023, categorized by sex and age. We compared our data with 1993 and 1999 studies in Spain. The current HCMV seroprevalence among HDs in Spain is 73.48%. In women of childbearing age, HCMV seroprevalence has increased 1.4-fold in the last decade. HCMV-seropositive individuals comprise 89.83% of CVD patients, 69% of SMI patients, and 70.37% of COVID-19 patients. No differences in HCMV seroprevalence or HCMV IgG antibody titres were observed between patients and HDs. A significant reduction in Spanish HCMV seroprevalence among HDs was observed in 1993. However, women of childbearing age have shown an upturn in the last decade that may denote a health risk in newborns and a change in HCMV seroprevalence trends.

Antiviral Treatment of Maternal and Congenital Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infections.

Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous member of the Herpesviridae family, responsible for the most common congenital viral infection-congenital Cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection. While a majority of HCMV infections in children and adults are asymptomatic, HCMV is well known to cause severe infections in the immunocompromised individual and maternal infections with variable long-term sequelae after maternal-fetal transmission with primary or nonprimary infections. HCMV seroprevalence and cCMV incidence vary by geographic area and demographic characteristics like race and socioeconomic status. While cCMV birth prevalence ranges from 0.2% to 6% in different parts of the world, it is influenced by regional HCMV seroprevalence rates. HCMV screening during pregnancy is not routinely offered due to lack of awareness, hurdles to accurate diagnosis, and lack of well-established effective treatment options during pregnancy. This review will focus on antiviral treatment options currently available for use during pregnancy and in the newborn period for the treatment of maternal and congenital HCMV infections.

Seroprevalence of Human cytomegalovirus among adult Population in Taiz city, Yemen

Human cytomegalovirus is a widespread herpesvirus that infects the vast majority of individuals. HCMV can establish long life latency. HCMV reactivations were reported in immunocompromised patients and pregnant females. HCMV causes congenital infections. In this study, almost 206 adults were underwent anti-HCMV IgG & IgM antibodies tests in Taiz International laboratory in Taiz city, Yemen (from March 2019 to December 2020). A total of 206 adults underwent HCMV antibodies screening tests. Among them, 12 males and 194 females. All males were HCMV IgG seropositive, while 97.9% of females were HCMV IgG seropositive. Among all patients, only four were HCMV IgM seropositive. All four HCMV IgM seropositive patients were HCMV IgG seropositive. Low socioeconomic status and poor hygiene practices determine HCMV prevalence in developing countries. Minister of Public Health, Yemen have to approve HCMV serologic test as a routine screening test for pregnant females to prevent HCMV neurological disorders in fetus/newborn.

Molecular and Serological Prevalence of HCMV in Iranian Patients with Breast Cancer.

Background:Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is prevalent viral infection involved in several human cancers including breast cancer. The presence of HCMV genome in breast cancer tissue and footprint of viral last exposure patient’s serum are considered as important factor in the process of breast cancer development. Objectives:This study aimed to investigate molecular and serological epidemiology of HCMV in patients with breast cancer in Iran for first time. Methods:In our case-control study, 98 samples of breast tissue, including 49 cancerous (case) and 49 adjacent non-cancerous tissue were collected (control). In addition, we collected sera samples from all patients (n=49) and healthy individual (n=49). Seroprevalence of HCMV was assessed by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and detection of HCMV genome was performed using Nested-PCR method. Results:HCMV genome found in 16.3% (8/49) of cases tissue and 2% (1/49) of controls tissue. In patients group, the levels of anti-CMV IgG and IgM were 93.9% and 2% compared to 69.4% and 4.1% in healthy individuals, respectively. There was a statistically difference between the anti-CMV IgG in patients and healthy control (p= 0.002). We found 75% of (6/8) HCMV genome positive PCR samples were also positive for their anti-CMV IgG in cases which was statistically significant (p= 0.01). Conclusions:Our result showed significant presence of HCMV genome and anti-CMV IgG in patients, supporting the role of HCMV in breast cancer.

Human Cytomegalovirus Infections Are Associated With Elevated Biomarkers of Vascular Injury.

Background: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infects ~50% of adults in the United States. HCMV infections may cause vascular inflammation leading to cardiovascular disease, but the existing evidence is inconsistent.Objective: We investigated demographic predictors of HCMV infection and explored associations between HCMV infection status, the intensity of anti-HCMV Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody response, and biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial function which are known predictors of cardiovascular disease.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 694 adults residing in the Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill, NC metropolitan area. Serum samples were tested for IgG antibody response to HCMV, and for biomarkers of vascular injury including soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM-1), C-reactive protein (CRP), and serum amyloid A (SAA). Associations between HCMV and biomarker levels were analyzed using two approaches with HCMV serostatus modeled as a binary variable and as an ordinal variable with five categories comprised of seronegative individuals and quartiles of anti-HCMV antibody responses in seropositive individuals.Results: HCMV seroprevalence in the study population was 56%. Increased body mass index, increased age, female gender, racial/ethnic minority status, and current smoking were significantly associated with HCMV seropositivity in a multivariate regression analysis. HCMV seropositivity was also associated with 9% (95% confidence interval 4–15%) and 20% (0.3–44%) increases in median levels of sICAM-1 and CRP, respectively, after adjusting for covariates. The association between HCMV seropositivity and median levels of sVCAM-1 and SAA were positive but not statistically significant. Significant positive associations were observed between the intensity of anti-HCMV IgG responses and levels of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 (p-values 0.0008 and 0.04 for linear trend, respectively). To our knowledge, this is the first epidemiological study to show a relationship between anti-HCMV IgG responses and vascular injury biomarkers sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 in the general population.Conclusion: HCMV infections are associated with vascular injury and inflammation biomarkers in adult residents of North Carolina.

Human Cytomegalovirus Infection in Women With Preexisting Immunity: Sources of Infection and Mechanisms of Infection in the Presence of Antiviral Immunity.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection remains an important cause of neurodevelopmental sequelae in infants infected in utero. Unique to the natural history of perinatal HCMV infections is the occurrence of congenital HCMV infections (cCMV) in women with existing immunity to HCMV, infections that have been designated as nonprimary maternal infection. In maternal populations with a high HCMV seroprevalence, cCMV that follows nonprimary maternal infections accounts for 75%-90% of all cases of cCMV infections as well as a large proportion of infected infants with neurodevelopmental sequelae. Although considerable effort has been directed toward understanding immune correlates that can modify maternal infections and intrauterine transmission, the source of virus leading to nonprimary maternal infections and intrauterine transmission is not well defined. Previous paradigms that included reactivation of latent virus as the source of infection in immune women have been challenged by studies demonstrating acquisition and transmission of antigenically distinct viruses, a finding suggesting that reinfection through exposure to an exogenous virus is responsible for some cases of nonprimary maternal infection. Additional understanding of the source(s) of virus that leads to nonprimary maternal infection will be of considerable value in the development and testing of interventions such as vaccines designed to limit the incidence of cCMV in populations with high HCMV seroprevalence.

Human cytomegalovirus seroprevalence and titres in solid organ transplant recipients and transplant donors in Seoul, South Korea

BackgroundHuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can cause poor outcomes in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients; moreover, it is associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the general population. Accordingly, anti-HCMV immunoglobulin G (IgG) seroepidemiology may be useful in identifying the risk of post-SOT HCMV infection or disease as well as immunosenescence or CVD. However, HCMV seroprevalence and titre have not been fully evaluated with regard to age distribution or compared between SOT recipients and healthy individuals in South Korea.MethodsWe retrospectively retrieved all unduplicated anti-HCMV IgG results of individuals aged > 1 year evaluated between July 2006 and November 2017 at Severance Hospital in Seoul. The cohort, excluding haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients and subjects with equivocal values, included 2184 SOT recipients and 3015 healthy transplant donors. All IgG results in the SOT recipients were measured during the pre-transplant period.ResultsThe overall IgG seroprevalence and titres were significantly higher among SOT recipients than among healthy donors (98.7% vs. 88.6%, p < 0.001, and 64.7 ± 44.3 vs. 49.8 ± 20.6 arbitrary units/mL, p < 0.001, respectively). The lowest seropositive rate in the SOT group was observed in recipients aged between 11 and 15 years (70.6%). The frequency of seropositivity among adults aged ≥41 years increased to ≥90% in SOT recipients and healthy donors. Age was independently associated with higher HCMV seroprevalence (41–60 years, OR, 76.4, 95% CI, 24.5–238.9, p < 0.001; ≥ 61 years, OR, 4.4, 95% CI, 1.3–14.9, p < 0.001, compared to ≤40 years). The healthy donor group had an independently low HCMV seropositive rate (OR, 0.1, 95% CI, 0.1–0.2, p < 0.001).ConclusionsHCMV seropositivity was the lowest among school-aged children and adolescents. IgG testing revealed an intermediate serostatus risk of post-transplant HCMV infection and disease for most adult SOT recipients in South Korea.

Seroprevalence of human cytomegalovirus among pregnant women who had undergone abortion(s) attending El-Damazin Hospital for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sudan: A cross-sectional study

Background: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a major cause of congenital infections. It is more widespread in developing countries and communities with low socioeconomic status. The infection can cause pregnancy loss or spontaneous abortion. Tests are available for the detection of HCMV IgG and IgM antibodies. Many pregnant women in Blue Nile State, Sudan, have suffered from recurrent pregnancy loss, and currently there is no available data concerning the prevalence of HCMV in Blue Nile state. This study aimed to determine HCMV antibodies (IgG and IgM) among pregnant women, who had undergone abortion(s), attending El-Damazin Hospital for Obstetrics and Gynecology. Methods: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional hospital-based study. 270 pregnant women, who had undergone abortion(s) and who attended El-Damazin Hospital for Obstetrics and Gynecology, were included in the study from September to December 2018. Personal and clinical data were collected directly from each participant into a predesigned questionnaire. Serum samples were separated and stored at -20˚C until used. Samples were analyzed for HCMV IgG and IgM using enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Participants were categorized into three age groups: 15-25 years (33.7%; 91/270); 26-40 years (62.2%; 168/270); and &gt;41 years (4.1%; 11/270). The majority of the participants had IgG antibodies to HCMV (74.8%; 202/270), while only 13.3% (36/270) had IgM antibodies to HCMV. Most abortion cases were documented in the first trimester (85.6%; 231/270) and this had a significant relationship with IgG level (P=0.003). Low socioeconomic status was recorded in 84.8% (229/270) of participants and showed significant correlation with IgG level (P=0.025), whereas illiteracy was reported in 41.9% (113/270) of participants and did not have a significant relationship. Conclusions: Seroprevalence of HCMV in this study population was 74.8% for IgG antibodies. There was an association between HCMV IgG level and first trimester abortion and low socioeconomic status among the studied women.

Seroepidemiological analysis and literature review of the prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus and herpesvirus infections in pediatric cases with non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Central Europe.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is linked to a variety of malignancies; most endemic Burkitt lymphoma (BL) harbor EBV, whereas only a subset of the cases of sporadic BL is EBV positive. We retrospectively determined the herpesvirus seroprevalence at the time of diagnosis in pediatric non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) patients enrolled in NHL-BFM (Berlin-Frankfurt-Muenster) studies. We accessed the seroepidemiological data from 1147 patients that became available during 1990-2007. We included the records from patients 6 months to 18 years of age with BL, T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL), lymphoblastic precursor B-cell lymphoma (pB-LBL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), or anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). EBV seropositivity was significantly more frequent in patients with BL than in those with T-LBL. EBV was more prevalent in patients younger than 6 years of age and in patients with BL than in those with non-BL or T-LBL. Event-free survival was significantly lower in varicella-zoster-seronegative patients, but there was no indication of an association to complications due to varicella zoster infection. We found no associations between herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, or human cytomegalovirus seroprevalence and the pediatric Central European NHL cases. Early EBV exposure may increase the risk of BL in Central Europe. A higher involvement of EBV in European BL than originally reported appears at least probable. Our data support the thesis that the distinction between endemic and sporadic BL is artificial and should be replaced by the differentiation between EBV-positive and EBV-negative BL.

Seroprevalence of Human Cytomegalovirus in Pregnant Women in the Asir Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Background: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection spreads easily by interpersonal contact. Objective: This study determined the prevalence of seropositivity of cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the Asir Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: The study evaluated the seropositivity for cytomegalovirus-specific IgG in 460 females. Collected samples were processed and tested using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and specific HCMV IgG. Results: The study showed that all the respondents aged 15–20 years were seropositive for the HCMV. HCMV seropositive status was recorded in 99.2% of the older patients (>40 years of age). In the remaining age groups, the rate of seropositivity ranged from 95.7 (age range 20–25 years) to 98.9% (age range 30 years). Conclusions: In all age groups of females tested, the prevalence of seropositive for HCMV was high, i.e., in the range of 95.7–100%.

Multimodal techniques failed to detect cytomegalovirus in human glioblastoma samples.

The role of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in gliomagenesis is largely debated. Contradictory data exist regarding the sensitivity and specificity of HCMV detection techniques, including immunohistochemistry (IHC), in situ hybridization (ISH), and RNA and DNA sequencing. The aim of this study is to detect HCMV in glioblastoma (GBM) tumor samples using IHC, ISH, and real-time PCR (qPCR), as well as to correlate the findings with serological status and HCMV DNA load in blood. Forty-seven patients with histopathological diagnosis of GBM and HCMV serological status were retrospectively reviewed. HCMV DNA quantification in whole blood was performed in 31 patients. The detection of HCMV in tumor samples was performed using IHC in 42 cases, ISH in 10 cases, and qPCR in 29 cases. All but two patients were taking high steroid doses at the time of biological testing. HCMV seroprevalence was 68%. Active infection with HCMV DNA detected in blood was diagnosed in 6 out of 21 (28%) seropositive patients. HCMV was not detected in GBM samples using IHC or ISH, while qPCR was positive in one case (also positive for blood HCMV DNA). These data do not support a crucial role of HCMV in GBM tumorigenesis. HCMV might be reactivated in GBM patients, due to steroid treatment.

Review of sero-prevalence of human cytomegalovirus in Iraq

Review of sero-prevalence of human cytomegalovirus in Iraq

High Seroprevalence of Cytomegalovirus Infection among Pregnant Women in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an important public health problem worldwide and has been shown to be an important aetiological agent of intrauterine infection in pregnant women that results into congenital malformations such as cerebral palsy, blindness and sensor neural loss. This study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of human cytomegalovirus among pregnant women in Kwara State. Two hundred and twenty five (255) blood samples were collected from pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in two selected state Hospitals in Kwara State. Serum obtained from the blood samples were examined for the presence of CMV IgM and IgG antibodies by ELISA method. Out of the 225 pregnant women tested, 221 (98.2%) and 56 (24.9%) were CMV IgG and IgM positive, respectively. A significant statistical relation was observed between CMV IgG seropositivity and gestational age, occupation and marriage type, while the age, parity and gestational age were significantly associated with CMV IgM seropositivity. This extremely high level of CMV infection among these pregnant women as observed in this study indicates that the virus is prevalent in the study area. It is therefore imperative to implement a routine CMV infection screening in pregnant women within the State and also need for vaccination in order to prevent birthing of children with avoidable birth defects.

Seroprevalence of Cytomegalovirus Infection Among a Rural Population of Côte d'Ivoire.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a betaherpesvirus that can be pathogenic to humans. In particular, immunocompromised patients can develop life-threatening symptoms. In the present study, HCMV seroprevalence was investigated in a rural population of Western Côte d'Ivoire. Plasma samples collected from 166 apparently healthy subjects living in 8 villages surrounding the Taï Forest National Park were tested for anti-HCMV immunoglobulin G and M antibody with two commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Prevalence of anti-HCMV IgG and IgM antibody was 100% and 5.4%, respectively. Anti-HCMV IgM positive was 10.2% (5/49) of the children and adolescents and 3.4% (4/117) of the adults. This observed decrease of IgM seropositivity and the seroprevalence difference between males and females (3.8% vs. 6.1%) was not statistically significant. In plasma of one IgM-positive participant, a low CMV load was detected indicating low-level replication. A second IgM-positive participant showed signs of local CMV replication. The other seven IgM-positive plasma samples likely reacted nonspecifically or due to polyclonal stimulation. Taken together, the results indicate that HCMV infection is hyperendemic in Côte d'Ivoire.

Baseline antibody level may help predict the risk of active human cytomegalovirus infection in a HCMV seropositive population

Recurrent human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection during pregnancy could lead to congenital HCMV infection and permanent sequelae. However, knowledge regarding the risk factors associated with recurrent HCMV infection is limited. In the present study, 1,659 paired serum samples from the natural population were collected in Guangxi Province, China, from 2003 to 2004 with a 1-year interval. The serum anti-pp150 titre was quantitatively determined using a homemade recombinant pp150-based ELISA, and the IgG titre that increased at least 4-fold was defined as a recurrent infection. The HCMV seroprevalence was above 98.6% (1,636/1,659) in Guangxi in 2003, and the infection rate during the 1-year follow-up was approximately 10% (171/1,659). The seronegative population has the highest infection risk, while the risk of recurrent infection in the seropositive population was negatively correlated with the baseline anti-pp150 titre. With a cutoff of 1:80 (the baseline anti-pp150 IgG titre), the sensitivity and specificity were 73.1% (125/171) and 85.7% (1,275/1,488) respectively, and the relative risk of infection in the high-risk group compared to the low-risk group was 10.6 (95% CI: 7.7-14.6). In conclusion, the baseline anti-pp150 IgG was negatively correlated with the risk of HCMV infection and could be an excellent predictor of HCMV infection in HCMV seropositive populations.

Sociodemographic factors associated with IgG and IgM seroprevalence for human cytomegalovirus infection in adult populations of Pakistan: a seroprevalence survey.

BackgroundThe seroprevalence of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection ranges from 30 to 90 % in developed countries. Reliable estimates of HCMV seroprevalence are not available for Pakistan. This study determined the seroprevalence and sociodemographic factors associated with HCMV infection in adult populations of Karachi, Pakistan.MethodsA seroprevalence survey was conducted on 1000 adults, including residents of two semi-urban communities, and visitors to a government and a private hospital. Questionnaire-based interviews were conducted. Sera were analysed for HCMV-specific IgG and IgM. Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test was used for comparing sociodemographic variables against seropositivity of HCMV-IgG or IgM. Multiple logistic regression modeling was performed for IgG seroprevalence and adjusted odds ratios were computed.ResultsThe seroprevalence of HCMV-IgG and IgM was 93.2 and 4.3 % respectively. 95.3 % of individuals who were IgM seropositive were also seropositive for IgG. Around 6 % (15/250) of women of childbearing age remained uninfected and were therefore susceptible to primary infection. HCMV-IgG seroprevalence was associated with being female (p = 0.001), increasing age (p = 0.002) and crowding index (p = 0.003) and also with lower levels of both education (p < 0.001) and income (p = 0.008). Seroprevalence also differed significantly by marital status (p = 0.008) and sampling location (p < 0.001). A logistic regression model for HCMV-IgG seroprevalence showed associations with being female (OR = 1.89; 95 % CI: 1.10–3.25), increasing age (OR = 3.95; 95 % CI: 1.79–8.71) and decreasing income (OR = 0.72; 95 % CI: 0.54–0.96). A strong association was observed between increased seroprevalence of HCMV-IgM and decreasing household size (p = 0.008).ConclusionsSeroprevalence of HCMV is very high in Pakistan, although 6 % of women of childbearing age remain at risk of primary infection. The IgM seropositivity observed in some individuals living in small household size (1–3 individuals) with persistent HCMV infection could have resulted from a recurrent HCMV infection. Future longitudinal research in pregnant women and neonates is required to study the trends in HCMV seroprevalence over time in Pakistan for the development of a potential HCMV prevention and vaccination programme.

Increased Cytomegalovirus Secretion and Risks of Infant Infection by Breastfeeding Duration From Maternal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Positive Compared to Negative Mothers in Sub-Saharan Africa.

BackgroundBreastfeeding imparts beneficial immune protection and nutrition to infants for healthy growth, but it is also a route for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. In previous studies, we showed that HCMV adversely affects infant development in Africa, particularly with maternal HIV exposure. In this study, we analyzed infants risks for acquisition of HCMV infection from breastfeeding and compared HIV-positive and HIV-negative mothers.MethodsTwo cohorts were studied in Zambia. (1) Two hundred sixty-one HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected mothers were compared for HCMV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) loads and genotypes (glycoprotein gO) in milk from birth to 4 months postpartum. (2) Maternally HIV-exposed and HIV-unexposed infants were compared for HCMV infection risk factors. The second cohort of 460 infants, from a trial of micronutrient-fortified complementary-food to breastfeeding, were studied between 6 and 18 months of age. Human cytomegalovirus seroprevalence was assayed, and logistic regression was used to calculate risk factors for HCMV infection, including maternal HIV exposure and breastfeeding duration.ResultsHuman cytomegalovirus was detected in breast milk from 3 days to 4 months postpartum, with significantly raised levels in HIV-positive women and independent of genotype. In infants, HCMV antibody seroprevalence was 83% by 18 months age. Longer breastfeeding duration increased infection risk in maternally HIV-unexposed (odds ratio [OR] = 2.69 for 18 months vs <12 months; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84–8.59; P = .03) and HIV-exposed infants (OR = 20.37 for >6 months vs never; 95% CI, 3.71–111.70; P < .001).ConclusionsProlonged breastfeeding, which is common in Africa, increased risk of HCMV infection in infants. Both HIV-positive and HIV-negative women had extended milk HCMV secretion. Women who were HIV-positive secreted higher HCMV levels, and for longer duration, with their children at increased infection risk. Human cytomegalovirus control is required to maintain health benefits of breastfeeding.

Seroprevalence of human cytomegalovirus antibodies among children with type I diabetes mellitus in the Aseer Region, Southwest KSA

Abstract Objectives This study is aimed at determining the seroprevalence and possible infectivity factors of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in children affected by type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in the Aseer Region of KSA. Methods A total of 205 children diagnosed with T1 DM who routinely attended the Diabetic Centre (DC) of Aseer Central Hospital (ACH) in Abha KSA were randomly selected. Another control group of 51 non-diabetic children were also selected. Sera of both groups were tested for HCMV-specific IgG and IgM using an indirect enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA). Results The recorded HCMV-IgG seroprevalence rates were found to be higher in both groups of children than the IgM responses, which were consistently low. There were no obvious differences between the two groups in terms of HCMV responses. No significant variations were observed between girls and boys in terms of the seroprevalence rates. The highest positive IgG prevalence rates to HCMV were observed among 11- to 15-year-old children, and the least positive rates were noted in children younger than 5 years of age. Children from Abha city and its vicinity showed relatively higher HCMV-specific IgG and IgM responses rates than children from other localities. Conclusions Despite the presence of high HCMV-IgG response rates among the studied group of children, this study could not identify the associated clinical manifestations. There is no correlation between T1 DM and virus infectivity, as this research could not find differences in serological responses to the virus between the diabetic and non-diabetic children.

The decoy Fcγ receptor encoded by the cytomegalovirus UL119-UL118 gene has differential affinity to IgG proteins expressing different GM allotypes

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus that has been implicated in many diseases. However, there is significant divergence between HCMV seroprevalence and the prevalence of HCMV-associated diseases, implying the presence of host genetic factors that might modulate immunity to this virus. HCMV deploys many sophisticated strategies to evade host immunosurveillance. One strategy involves encoding for proteins that have functional properties of the Fcγ receptor (FcγR). The aim of the present investigation was to determine whether the UL119-UL118-encoded recombinant FcγR ectodomain binds differentially to genetically disparate IgG1 proteins. Results show that mean absorbance values for binding of HCMV UL119-UL118-encoded Fcγ receptor to the immunoglobulin GM (γ marker) 1,17-expressing IgG1 were significantly higher than to the IgG1 expressing the allelic GM 3 allotype (0.225 vs. 0.151; p=0.039). These findings suggest possible mechanisms underlying the maintenance of immunoglobulin GM gene polymorphism and its putative role in the etiology of HCMV-associated diseases.