September October Research Articles

Changes of nutrient composition in the ovaries and hepatopancreas of mud crab Scylla paramamosain broodstock and their offspring performance at different salinities

The mud crab Scylla paramamosain is a major marine crab species for aquaculture in the southern coastal regions of China. This study investigated the differences in the quality of low-salt cultured and wild mud crabs and the the salinity tolerance and growth performance of their offspring. Ovarian development and fatty acid and amino acid compositions in the hepatopancreas and ovaries of mature low-salt and wild mud crabs were compared. The gonadosomatic index was significantly lower, but the hepatopancreatic index was significantly higher in the low-salt mud crab than in the wild mud crab. The contents of C18:1, C22:6n3 (DHA), DHA/EPA, and n-3/n-6 fatty acids in the ovaries and hepatopancreas of the low-salt mud crab were significantly higher than those of the wild mud crab. Except for proline in the hepatopancreas of the low-salt group, there were no significant differences in amino acids in the ovaries and hepatopancreas between the two groups. Although the survival rate of larval mud crabs in the low-salt mud crab was significantly higher than that in the wild mud crab when the salinity was 24‰, there was no significant difference in the juvenile survival between the two groups. However, the survival rate of larval and juvenile mud crabs in the low-salt group was significantly higher than in the wild group when the salinity was 5 ‰ and 3 ‰, respectively. The final body weight, average weight, weight gain, and specific weight gain rate of male and female offspring in the low-salt group were significantly higher than in the wild group. However, the weight gain and specific growth rate of male offspring in the low-salt group in September–October were significantly lower than those of male mud crabs in the wild group. This study indicates that the mud crab can be domesticated for culture and breeding at low salinity.

Perceptions of Arabian Gulf Residents and Citizens about Physical Activity and Social Media Awareness Campaigns: A Qualitative Study.

Physical activity (PA) is crucial for preventing chronic diseases, but in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries (Oman, Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates), PA levels are lower than in developed countries. The Gulf Health Council's social media PA awareness campaign responded to the public's need for discussion and motivation on this topic. A qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured Zoom interviews with 19 participants from GCC countries between 21 September and 21 October 2021. It aimed to explore PA barriers, facilitators, and perceptions of awareness campaigns. Interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed thematically. Facilitators for PA included health value, self-efficacy, persistence, variety, familiar consequences, social support, behavior change techniques, time management, starting at young age, and enjoyment. Barriers encompassed outdoor restrictions, limited amenities, age and weight biases, gym-centric views, lack of proficiency, and injury risk. The study also examined social media awareness campaigns' effectiveness, identifying themes like engagement, acceptability, reach, design, presentation, and perceived outcomes. Results underscore the complexity of PA facilitators and barriers in the GCC, highlighting the need for campaigns addressing values, perceptions, social connections, and practical challenges, emphasizing the role of research and public policy in boosting PA levels.

Seasonal prediction of end-of-dry-season watershed behavior in a highly interconnected alluvial watershed in northern California

Abstract. In undammed watersheds in Mediterranean climates, the timing and abruptness of the transition from the dry season to the wet season have major implications for aquatic ecosystems. Of particular concern in many coastal areas is whether this transition can provide sufficient flows at the right time to allow passage for spawning anadromous fish, which is determined by dry season baseflow rates and the timing of the onset of the rainy season. In (semi-) ephemeral watershed systems, these functional flows also dictate the timing of full reconnection of the stream system. In this study, we propose methods to predict, approximately 5 months in advance, two key hydrologic metrics in the undammed rural Scott River watershed in northern California. The two metrics are intended to characterize (1) the severity of a dry year and (2) the relative timing of the transition from the dry to the wet season. The ability to predict these metrics in advance could support seasonal adaptive management. The first metric is the minimum 30 d dry season baseflow volume, Vmin, which occurs at the end of the dry season (September–October) in this Mediterranean climate. The second metric is the cumulative precipitation, starting 1 September, necessary to bring the watershed to a “full” or “spilling” condition (i.e., initiate the onset of wet season storm- or baseflows) after the end of the dry season, referred to here as Pspill. As potential predictors of these two metrics, we assess maximum snowpack, cumulative precipitation, the timing of the snowpack and precipitation, spring groundwater levels, spring river flows, reference evapotranspiration, and a subset of these metrics from the previous water year. Though many of these predictors are correlated with the two metrics of interest, we find that the best prediction for both metrics is a linear combination of the maximum snowpack water content and total October–April precipitation. These two linear models could reproduce historical values of Vmin and Pspill with an average model error (RMSE) of 1.4 Mm3 per 30 d (19.4 cfs) and 25.4 mm (1 in.), corresponding to 49 % and 37 % of mean observed values, respectively. Although these predictive indices could be used by governance entities to support local water management, careful consideration of baseline conditions used as a basis for prediction is necessary.

Ichthyoplankton in the northern part of the Black Sea under prolongation of summer hydrological season in 2020

The species diversity and spatial distribution of ichthyoplankton in the shelf and deep-sea waters of the northern half of the Black Sea near the Crimean Peninsula and the shores of the Caucasus under the conditions of prolongation of the summer hydrological season 2020 for September–October are presented. The high temperatures of the upper layer of the sea, peculiar of the summer spawning season, caused a continuation of productive spawning of warm-water fish. Eggs and larvae of 19 species from 12 families were identified in the ichthyoplankton. The maximum number of eggs was 302 ind./m2, and larvae — 58 ind./m2. Eggs and larvae of the mass commercial species Engraulis encrasicolus (L., 1758) dominated, whose share in the total population was 92.9 and 84.2% respectively. The highest abundance of ichthyoplankton corresponded to areas with minimal dynamic activity and maximum warming within the limits of coastal-shelf quasi-stationary anticyclonic vortices characteristic of the summer hydrological season.

Primary production and microbial heterotrophy in the Siberian arctic seas, Bering Strait, and Gulf of Anadyr, Bering Sea

The data obtained during the recent decades indicate large-scale climatic changes in the Arctic Ocean, especially in the Siberian shelf seas. The impact of shrinking of the Arctic ice cover on marine net primary production (PP) was mostly studied using satellite-derived estimates of chlorophyll-a (Chl a), sea surface temperature, and sea ice concentrations, as well as various modeling approaches. However, no data are available on the quantitative relations between phytoplankton production and heterotrophic bacterioplankton activity in the broadest and shallowest shelf of the World Ocean - the East Siberian Arctic seas (ESAS). In this paper we present a full set of in situ measurements of main PP and microbial heterotrophy characteristics required for better understanding and further validation of the satellite and modeling approaches. In September–October 2011, during the 57th cruise of RV Akademik M.A. Lavrent'ev, PP, bacterioplankton abundance (BA) and bacterioplankton production (BP), as well the rates of dark CO2 assimilation (DCA) were determined in the Chukchi, East Siberian, and Laptev seas and in the Gulf of Anadyr of the Bering Sea (a total of 26 stations) by in situ measurements using radiolabeled bicarbonate. All three important production indicators exhibited significant variance within the studied water areas of the Arctic (РР from 0.98 to 54.7 μg C L−1 day−1), (ВР from 1.1 to 17.1 μg C L−1 day−1), and (DCA from 0.23 to 8.7 μg C L−1 day−1). The state of phyto- and bacterioplankton was determined by analysis of the BP/PP and DCA/PP ratios. Active photosynthesis with efficient incorporation of inorganic carbon into the biomass was observed in the Chukchi Sea coastal eastern waters and in the Gulf of Anadyr. On the contrary, the phytoplankton primary production was extremely low in oligotrophic basins of the East Siberian and Laptev seas, while the activity of heterotrophic bacterioplankton consuming organic matter of phytoplankton origin was relatively high. The data of direct measurements can be used for further adjustment of the indirect assessments of production obtained by satellite observations. Glossary East Siberian Arctic seas (ESAS), net primary production (PP), bacterioplankton abundance (BA), bacterial biomass (BB), bacterial production (BP), Arctic Ocean PP (AO-PP), organic matter (OM), dissolved organic matter (DOM), colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), light CO2 assimilation (LCA), dark (heterotrophic + chemotrophic) CO2 assimilation (DCA), production indicators of the surface water layer (PPsurf, DCAsurf, BPsurf), estimated production indicators for the entire depth of the sea (PPint, DCAint, BPint; mg C m−2 day−1).

Influence of Eastern Pacific Hurricanes on the Southwest US Wildfire Environment

AbstractWhile some previous studies examined the contribution of Eastern Pacific (EP) hurricanes toward precipitation in the arid Southwest US (SWUS), their potential to influence wildfires in that region has not been explored. Here we show, using observations and simulations from the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM), that recurving EP hurricanes modulate the wildfire environment in the SWUS by increasing precipitation and soil moisture, and reducing the vapor pressure deficit. This is especially the case during late season months of September–October when the likelihood of storms to recurve and make landfall increases. Further, analysis of burnt area observations reveals that for the months of September–October, recurving EP hurricanes may significantly reduce the prevalence of wildfires in the SWUS. Finally, E3SM simulations indicate that late season EP hurricanes have been on the decline, with important implications for wildfires in the SWUS.

Associations of lifestyle with burnout risk and recovery need in Flemish secondary schoolteachers: a cross-sectional study

Teacher burnout and high recovery need are a topic of concern for educational institutions. This cross-sectional study assesses the association between lifestyle (including physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior (SB), dietary behavior and sleep), burnout risk and recovery need in 1878 secondary schoolteachers in Flanders. In September–October 2019, an online-questionnaire assessing burnout (i.e., emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, personal accomplishment), recovery need, PA-domains, SB-domains, dietary behavior (including fruit and vegetable intake and diet quality) and sleep during the week and the weekend was completed. Multiple linear regression models were applied. More emotional exhaustion was associated with more domestic and garden PA, work-related SB and sleep during the weekend, whereas higher scores of emotional exhaustion were associated with lower fruit intake, diet quality and less sleep during the week. More depersonalization was associated with more leisure-time PA and work-related SB and with lower fruit intake. Teachers showing more recovery need, showed more domestic and garden PA and work-related SB, but less leisure-time PA and sleep during the week. Future research should use longitudinal or experimental designs to get more insight into causality. Despite the low effect sizes, education networks and schools might benefit from promoting and facilitating a healthy lifestyle in secondary schoolteachers.

Neutralization of Anthropogenic Acidic Particles by NH3 From Wildfire Over Tropical Peatland

AbstractAcidity is an essential characteristic of aerosol particles that influences chemical and physical properties. Aerosol particles in tropical Asia, such as Singapore, have been reported as highly acidic due to intense anthropogenic sulfur emissions. At the same time, the region has also been experiencing wildfire over tropical peatlands, which is recognized as an intense source of NH3. Here, we investigated the role of NH3 from wildfire on aerosol particles in Singapore by employing the aerosol mass spectrometric technique. The observation was conducted both during wildfire haze (2015 October and 2019 September–October) and non‐haze (2018 October and 2019 April) periods. The observation result demonstrated that inorganic ionic species in Singapore were neutralized by NH4+ during the haze periods. Namely, the degree of neutralization of aerosol particles (i.e., measured NH4+ concentration/predicted NH4+ concentration by assuming that NH4+ fully neutralized SO42−, NO3−, and Cl−) was lower than 0.77during the non‐haze periods. On the other hand, the corresponding values were higher than 0.93 during the haze periods. In addition, NO3− concentration during the daytime of the haze period in 2015 was higher than that in other observation periods. A thermodynamic model calculation suggested that the regime shifts from the “NH3 sensitive region” to the “NH3 and HNO3 sensitive region” or “HNO3 sensitive region” might have occurred during the haze period. In the future, continuous monitoring of both gas‐ and particle‐phase inorganic chemical species will need to be conducted to investigate the impact of wildfire haze on atmospheric chemical processes in more detail.

워케이션 참여자의 관광경험 고찰

This study aims to examine the concept of workation and develop a theory accordingly. Grounded theory was employed as the research methodology, and theoretical sampling was used as the sampling method. Participants in this study included Koreans who had engaged in workation activities within the past year, selected based on their level of involvement in both work and tourism activities. Data were collected from 16 individuals through two rounds of interviews conducted between September 2nd and October 13th, 2022. The analysis yielded a total of 93 concepts, 24 subcategories, and 9 categories. Workation was found to be a convergence concept that encompasses tourism, work, and daily life. Attributes that differentiate it from existing tourism include proactive, impromptu, independent, local, and daily tourism experiences.The core category emerged as 'tourism + work + everyday long-term tourism experience as a new stimulus,' leading to the formulation of the 'TWD (Tourism + Work + Daily) long-term stay theory. This study differentiates itself from prior research by departing from a binary categorization of workation as either work or tourism. Instead, it explores the concept of workation within the context of a blend of tourism, work, and daily life. Furthermore, this study holds academic significance in its revelation of the distinct characteristics of the tourism experiences associated with workation, setting them apart from conventional tourism experiences, and subsequently proposing a theory to capture these distinctions. From a political and practical perspective, this research offers valuable insights into leveraging workation to stimulate regional tourism, as evidenced by the contents of the interviews. This study is expected to make a valuable contribution to the innovative growth of the tourism industry by proactively addressing emerging social phenomena and discussing workation as a new and local tourism trend.

Ionosphere disturbances on GNSS signal and positioning performance: Analysis of the solar flare and geomagnetic storm events in September 2017 and October 2021

Ionosphere has important influences on the performances of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) in terms of signal quality and ranging errors. This study discusses the impact of ionosphere disturbances caused by the solar flare and geomagnetic storm events in September 2017 and October 2021 on signal quality and positioning accuracy. To identify the occurrence and also to study the magnitude of the storm, we have evaluated the Solar Activity parameters and constructed global Rate of TEC Index maps. In regard of the GNSS signal, both the signal-in-space ranging error and cycle slip occurrence are adopted to study the influence of the solar flare on the accuracy of the broadcast ephemeris and the quality of phase observation. Furthermore, the kinematic precise point positioning experiments with 39 International GNSS Service (IGS) stations are carried out, and the positioning errors of north, east, and up components are calculated to assess the precise positioning accuracy during the storm. The presented results suggest that the kinematic precise point positioning accuracy of the selected IGS stations in low- and high-latitude areas degraded at 8th September 2017 and 12th October 2021, implying that the GNSS precise positioning are less reliable during the solar flare events.

Modular Multiplatform Compatible Air Measurement System (MoMuCAMS): a new modular platform for boundary layer aerosol and trace gas vertical measurements in extreme environments

Abstract. The Modular Multiplatform Compatible Air Measurement System (MoMuCAMS) is a newly developed in situ aerosol and trace gas measurement platform for lower-atmospheric vertical profiling. MoMuCAMS has been primarily designed to be attached to a Helikite, a rugged tethered balloon type that is suitable for operations in cold and windy conditions. The system addresses the need for detailed vertical observations of atmospheric composition in the boundary layer and lower free troposphere, especially in polar and alpine regions. The MoMuCAMS encompasses a box that houses instrumentation, a heated inlet, a single-board computer to transmit data to the ground for in-flight decisions and a power distribution system. The enclosure can accommodate various combinations of instruments within its weight limit (e.g., 20 kg for a 45 m3 balloon). This flexibility represents a unique feature, allowing for the study of multiple aerosol properties (number concentration, size distribution, optical properties, chemical composition and morphology), as well as trace gases (e.g., CO, CO2, O3, N2O) and meteorological variables (e.g., wind speed and direction, temperature, relative humidity, pressure). Different instrumental combinations are therefore possible to address the specific scientific focus of the observations. It is the first tethered-balloon-based system equipped with instrumentation providing a size distribution for aerosol particles within a large range, i.e., from 8 to 3370 nm, which is vital to understanding atmospheric processes of aerosols and their climate impacts through interaction with radiation and clouds. Here we present a characterization of the specifically developed inlet system and previously unreported instruments, most notably the miniaturized scanning electrical mobility spectrometer and a near-infrared carbon monoxide monitor. As of December 2022, MoMuCAMS has been tested during two field campaigns in the Swiss Alps in winter and fall 2021. It was further deployed in Fairbanks, Alaska, USA, in January–February 2022, as part of the ALPACA (Alaskan Layered Pollution and Chemical Analysis) campaign and in Pallas, Finland, in September–October 2022, as part of the PaCE2022 (Pallas Cloud Experiment) study. Three cases from one of the Swiss Alpine studies are presented to illustrate the various observational capabilities of MoMuCAMS. Results from the first two case studies illustrate the breakup of a surface-based inversion layer after sunrise and the dilution of a 50–70 m thick surface layer. The third case study illustrates the capability of the system to collect samples at a given altitude for offline chemical and microscopic analysis. Overall, MoMuCAMS is an easily deployable tethered-balloon payload with high flexibility, able to cope with the rough conditions of extreme environments. Compared to uncrewed aerial vehicles (drones) it allows for observation of aerosol processes in detail over multiple hours, providing insights into their vertical distribution and processes, e.g., in low-level clouds, that were difficult to obtain beforehand.

Monitoring of coccinellid (Coleoptera) presence and syrphid (Diptera) species diversity and abundance in southern California citrus orchards: implications for conservation biological control of Asian citrus psyllid and other citrus pests

Abstract The abundance and diversity of three taxa of citrus pest predators, syrphids (Diptera), coccinellids (Coleoptera), and chrysopids (Neuroptera) and their association with flowering weed species in commercial citrus orchards in southern California were investigated. The occurrence and frequency of adult predators were determined with vertical yellow sticky traps and by performing 3 min visual counts on flowering weeds from May through November 2021. Syrphid abundance peaked in June and September, with the dominant species being Allograpta obliqua (Say), Toxomerus marginatus (Say), and Paragus tibialis (Fallen). Peak collections of coccinellids occurred in May, June, and September on sticky traps and during September and October in flowering weedy plants. Peak flowering of weed species occurred during May and declined sharply over summer into fall (June–November). The efficacy of yellow 355 mL glycol pan traps, yellow 1774 mL water pan traps, and yellow sticky traps orientated either horizontally or vertically with respect to capturing key natural enemies was evaluated in 2021 and 2022. Significantly more syrphids were captured on the horizontal yellow sticky traps than on the vertical yellow sticky traps or the yellow pan traps filled with glycol or water. Coccinellids were most frequently captured on vertical yellow sticky traps and yellow water pan traps. Numbers of chrysopids captured in all studies were not significant, which was most likely attributable to their nocturnal behavior. Collectively these results suggest that syrphid and coccinellid activity in southern California citrus orchards displayed two seasonal peaks, one in spring and the other in the fall. In the context of future conservation biological control, insectary plantings in spring (April–June) and fall (September–October) would be most beneficial to these predators and would coincide with population peaks of a key citrus pest, Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae).

Creating allies: qualitative exploration of young women’s preferences for PrEP methods and parents’ role in PrEP uptake and user support in urban and rural Zambia

BackgroundZambian adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) have high HIV incidence and face barriers to the use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Parental support improves PrEP use and adherence in some settings, but negative parental attitudes toward HIV prevention may inhibit engagement with AGYW. We explored perceptions of future PrEP methods among AGYW and parents and parent-youth engagement on HIV prevention and PrEP use.MethodsWe conducted a qualitative descriptive study among AGYW and parents of AGYW in five provinces in Zambia in September–October 2021. We conducted 10 focus group discussions (FGDs) and four in-depth interviews (IDIs) with AGYW participants (n = 87) and seven FGDs and four IDIs among parents of AGYW (n = 62). All FGDs and IDIs were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed to identify qualitative themes.ResultsMost AGYW participants preferred the discreet nature and longer duration of injectable PrEP compared to the PrEP ring and oral PrEP. Many AGYWs reported inability to disclose PrEP use to their parents due to lack of parental support based on cultural taboos against premarital sex. Nevertheless, AGYW participants said they would like to talk to their parents about PrEP so their parents could support their use. Many parents also described difficulties discussing PrEP with their daughters because of cultural and religious beliefs about abstinence from sex before marriage. However, parents acknowledged that the threat of HIV is real and said they need PrEP knowledge and guidance on speaking with their children about HIV prevention and PrEP.ConclusionsAlthough many parents are currently not playing a role in daughters’ decisions about PrEP use, both parents and AGYW are willing to engage with each other on HIV prevention issues. To foster parent-child engagement, HIV prevention programs should not only provide information about PrEP but also address social norms that impede discussion of HIV prevention and equip both parents and AGYW with skills and support for such conversations. Community sensitization is also needed as new PrEP products are introduced, to create an enabling environment for parent-child engagement by increasing awareness, countering misconceptions, and reducing stigma.

Weakened pelagic-benthic coupling on an Arctic outflow shelf (Northeast Greenland) suggested by benthic ecosystem changes

Arctic marine ecosystems are becoming more boreal due to climate change. Predictions of ecosystem change focus mainly on Arctic inflow or interior shelves, with few comprehensive studies on Arctic outflow regions. During September–October 2017, soft-bottom communities were sampled and benthic ecosystem processes were quantified at 12 stations on the Northeast Greenland shelf (outflow shelf) and compared to the last regional ecosystem study, conducted in 1992 and 1993. The benthic habitat was characterized in terms of sediment granulometry, pigment concentrations, and porewater chemistry (dissolved inorganic carbon, nutrients). Total abundance and biomass of macrobenthos and meiobenthos, bacterial abundance, porewater dissolved inorganic carbon and ammonium concentrations were higher on the outer shelf compared to locations adjacent to the Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden glacier at 79°N and the inner shelf stations (e.g., macrofauna: 1,964–2,952 vs. 18–1,381 individuals m−2). These results suggest higher benthic production in the outer parts of the NEG shelf. This difference was also pronounced in macrobenthic and meiobenthic community structure, which was driven mainly by food availability (pigments with 1.3–4.3 vs. 0.3–0.9 µg g−1 sediment, higher total organic carbon content and bacterial abundance). Compared to the early 1990s, warmer bottom water temperatures, increased number of sea-ice-free days and lower sediment pigment concentrations in 2017 were accompanied by decreased polychaete and increased nematode abundance and diversity, and a different community structure of nematode genera. The present study confirms previous reports of strong pelagic-benthic coupling on the NEG shelf, but highlights a possible weakening since the early 1990s, with a potential shift in importance from macrofauna to meiofauna in the benthic community. Increasing inflow of Atlantic water and decreasing volume transport and thickness of sea ice through the Fram Strait, probably affecting the Northeast Water Polynya, may be responsible, suggesting ecosystem-wide consequences of continued changes in sea-ice patterns on Arctic shelves.

Uptake of biocrust nitrogen by tree crops in a sandy soil agroecosystem

Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) are widespread in dryland ecosystems worldwide and were only recently discovered in agroecosystems. As agroecosystem biocrusts complete biological nitrogen (N) fixation, this research investigated if biocrust N could be released to biocrust subsoil and assimilated by a perennial tree crop. Biocrust was pulse labeled with 15NH4Cl (15N) in the greenhouse for eight weeks prior to application in a citrus (Citrus spp.) orchard in Southwest Florida, USA. Patches of labeled biocrust were applied to twelve citrus trees in September, with twelve trees in the same orchard not receiving biocrust (controls). The 15N in the biocrust, subsoil, crop fibrous roots, and crop leaves was quantified at seven dates leading up to fruit harvest 158 days after application. Sampling dates overlapped with citrus root (September–October) and shoot (March) flush periods. Isotopically labeled biocrust N was present in subsoil and crop roots one day after biocrust application and in leaves after three days. Results revealed that N was released from biocrust at a rate of 0.63% 15N released per day leading up to fruit harvest when 91.7% of 15N had been released. The amount of biocrust 15N in the fibrous roots increased during a root flush period (September–October) until 28 days after biocrust application and then decreased leading up to a leaf flush period and fruit harvest. Approximately 23.8% of total biocrust 15N was in the crop tissue at fruit harvest. Overall, these results indicate agroecosystem biocrusts have the potential to support tree crop growth during N demanding growth stages.

Internal tides off the Amazon shelf – Part 1: The importance of the structuring of ocean temperature during two contrasted seasons

Abstract. The impact of internal and barotropic tides on the vertical and horizontal temperature structure off the Amazon River was investigated during two highly contrasted seasons (AMJ: April–May–June; ASO: August–September–October) over a 3-year period from 2013 to 2015. Twin regional simulations, with and without tides, were used to highlight the general effect of tides. The findings reveal that tides have a cooling effect on the ocean from the surface (∼ 0.3 ∘C) to above the thermocline (∼ 1.2 ∘C), while warming it up below the thermocline (∼ 1.2 ∘C). The heat budget analysis indicates that the vertical mixing is the dominant process driving temperature variations within the mixed layer, while it is associated with both horizontal and vertical advection to explain temperature variations below. The increased mixing in the simulations including tides is attributed to breaking of internal tides (ITs) on their generation sites over the shelf break and offshore along their propagation pathways. Over the shelf, mixing is driven by the dissipation of the barotropic tides. In addition, the vertical terms of the heat budget equation exhibit wavelength patterns typical of mode-1 IT. The study highlights the key role of tides and particularly how IT-related vertical mixing shapes the ocean temperature off the Amazon. Furthermore, we found that tides impact the interactions between the upper ocean interface and the overlying atmosphere. They contribute significantly to increasing the net heat flux between the atmosphere and the ocean, with a notable seasonal variation from 33.2 % in AMJ to 7.4 % in ASO seasons. This emphasizes the critical role of tidal dynamics in understanding regional-scale climate.

Detection of the Infection Stage of Pine Wilt Disease and Spread Distance Using Monthly UAV-Based Imagery and a Deep Learning Approach

Pine wood nematode (PWN) is an invasive species which causes pine wilt disease (PWD), posing a significant threat to coniferous forests globally. Despite its destructive nature, strategies for the management of PWD spread lack a comprehensive understanding of the occurrence pattern of PWNs. This study investigates the outbreak timing and spread distances of PWD on a monthly scale. Two regions (A and B) in southeastern China, characterized by varying mixed ratios of coniferous and broadleaf trees, were examined. Infected trees were classified into early, middle, late, and dead stages. Monthly unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) RGB data covering one year and three deep learning algorithms (i.e., Faster R-CNN, YOLOv5, and YOLOv8) were employed to identify the stress stages and positions of the trees. Further, each month, newly infected trees were recorded to calculate spread distances from the location of surrounding trees. The results indicate that the YOLOv5 model achieved the highest accuracy (mean average precision (mAP) = 0.58, F1 = 0.63), followed by Faster R-CNN (mAP = 0.55, F1 = 0.58) and YOLOv8 (mAP = 0.57, F1 = 0.61). Two PWD outbreak periods occurred between September–October and February of the following year, with early and middle-stage outbreaks in August and September and late and dead-tree outbreaks occurring between October and February of the following year. Over one year, the nearest spread distance for PWD-infected trees averaged 12.54 m (median: 9.24 m) for region A in September and 13.14 m (median: 10.26 m) for region B in October. This study concludes that February through August represents the optimal period for PWD control. Additionally, mixed conifer–broadleaf forests with a higher proportion of broadleaf trees prove beneficial in mitigating PWD outbreaks and reducing the number of infected trees. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating monthly UAV-based imagery and deep learning algorithms for monitoring PWD outbreak times and spread distances, offering technical support for forest pest prevention and management.

Chrześcijańskie Stowarzyszenie Społeczne w rzeczywistości politycznej PRL w latach 1957–1974

The Christian Social Association in the political reality of the Polish People’s Republic in 1957–1974 Formed in October 1957, the Christian Social Association was founded on the basis of a breakaway group in the ‘PAX’ Association, referred to as ‘secession’. In late September and early October 1957, its leader, Jan Frankowski, removed from the editorial board of the group’s weekly Za i Przeciw leading ‘secession’ activists, who styled themselves ‘non- affiliated democratic left’. He established a small Catholic organisation which had a loyalist programme, and which was intended not to cause trouble for the authorities, gaining some political and economic concessions in return. However, Frankowski did not want to come into open conflict with the Church, a stance that irritated the communists, who wanted to strengthen the association in order to use it to fight the Episcopate and other Catholic groups. In the 1960s an opposition to Frankowski emerged within the organisation’s leadership, seeking to activate the association. In 1968, the president of the association lost Zenon Kliszka’s patronage, which, in the atmosphere of the March political purge, facilitated his dismissal. Zygmunt Filipowicz, an MP, became the new head of the organisation, but he drew his support from several activists who were in conflict with each other. The course of events within the association and the struggle between volatile coalitions resulted in 1972 in a clash between the general secretary, Kazimierz Morawski, and Stanislaw Jan Rostworowski, MP, both seeking to become the organisation’s president. Both were Ministry of Internal Affairs agents and their conflict led to chaos throughout the organisation. In the end, with the support of the communists, Morawski became the president, while Rostworowski was marginalised. The Christian Social Association was unable to win political independence or genuinely increase its importance within the country’s political system, and Rostworowski’s attempts to change this state of affairs had a significant impact on his defeat.

Seasonally dependent increases in subweekly temperature variability over Southern Hemisphere landmasses detected in multiple reanalyses

Abstract. The inter-dataset agreement of trends in subweekly near-surface (850 hPa) temperature variability over Southern Hemisphere midlatitude land masses is assessed among 12 global atmospheric reanalysis datasets. A comparison of the climatological temperature variance and dominant sources and sinks of the variance reveals that, except for NCEP-NCAR (R1) and NCEP-DOE (R2), there is a relatively good agreement for their magnitudes and spatial distributions during the satellite era (1980–2022), which indicates that the key features of subweekly variability are sufficiently well represented. A good agreement is noted for the positive trends found in subweekly variability over the satellite era affecting South Africa in September–October–November (SON) and South America in December–January–February (DJF). Although there is agreement in most of the reanalyses concerning the positive trend affecting Australia in SON, this has not yet emerged from the noise associated with interannual variability when considering only the satellite era. It is significant, however, when the period is extended (1954–2022) or limited to the most recent decades (1990–2022). The trends are explained primarily by a more efficient generation of subweekly temperature variance by horizontal temperature advection. This generation is also identified as a source of biases among the datasets. The trends are found to be reproduced even in those reanalyses that do not assimilate satellite data (JRA-55C) or that assimilate surface observations only (ERA-20C, 20CRv2c, and 20CRv3).

Uosialapių klevų paplitimo Tirkšlių miestelyje analizė

The study analyses the occurrence of Ash Maples (Acer negundo L.) in the town of Tirkšliai, which is located in the municipality of Mažeikiai district. The assessment survey was carried out in September–October 2023. The inventory of the Ash Maples was carried out using a route method, recording the coordinates and the conditions of the sites: area, projection coverage of individuals, level of urbanisation of the ecotope, biotope, assessment of whether or not the area of the site was mown, intensity of use of the area where the site is located. The ontogeny stage shall be assessed on the basis of the vegetative and generative characters of the ash-leaved maples and the height of the trees. The height of the individuals of the Ash Maple was determined visually, in metres, by assessing the entire length of the above-ground part of the tree. In total, 14 sites with ash-leaved maples were identified as well as 10 sites with trees of juvenile age. Most of the sites were found in grassland (64 %), 79 % in roadsides, by intensity of land use the highest number of sites were found in unused land (43 %), 50 % of the sites are not mown. It is therefore evident that the occurrence of big-leaved maple trees is higher in less maintained areas.