A generalized dimensionless rule linking ultrasound cavitation and separation processes across multiple scales developed by experimental and simulation investigations.

Exploration of cascading crystallization process of 3D biomass evaporator and spatiotemporal salt-water separation

• Inductive heating separates rubber-metal bonds in seconds instead of minutes, drastically reducing thermal load on the rubber. • Localized heat targets the adhesive layers while preserving bulk rubber mechanical properties. • Recovered steel inserts retain hardness and microstructure, enabling direct reuse in new components. • Process cuts separation energy by more than one order of magnitude compared to oven heating and enables higher-quality material recycling routes for the rubber fraction. Rubber-metal composites, such as rubber tracks and pads for construction and agricultural machinery, rely on robust adhesion to withstand mechanical stresses and harsh environmental conditions. However, their effective recycling is significantly hindered by the difficulty of separating strongly bonded components. Conventional recycling techniques, including mechanical milling, waterjet separation, and standard thermal processing, often result in excessive energy consumption, long processing times, or material degradation. Compared to inductive heating, these methods typically require significantly more energy, leading to higher associated emissions. This study investigates a new recycling approach based on localized inductive thermal treatment, targeting specifically the adhesive bonding layers. Specimens of rubber-metal composites were thermally treated at temperatures between 150 °C and 300 °C for durations ranging from 1 to 10 min to assess their separation efficiency and subsequent changes in mechanical and adhesive properties. Results indicated that the adhesive layer could be effectively degraded at temperatures significantly below the decomposition point of rubber, enabling clean separation of metal components while preserving the integrity of the rubber material. The metal inserts remained unaffected, allowing direct reuse. This targeted thermal separation method demonstrates substantial potential for advancing a circular economy for rubber-metal composites. By enabling clean separation, the process allows direct reuse of the metal inserts and preserves the rubber for subsequent material‑recycling routes, such as high‑quality regrinding instead of destructive thermal treatment. This approach significantly reduces energy requirements and associated CO 2 emissions compared to conventional methods, offering a viable path for resource preservation and reduced landfilling.

A two-step process dominated by rotary crystallization for 6 N high-purity selenium: Impurity separation behavior and process optimization

Data-driven emulation of peak storm surge has emerged as a popular strategy for overcoming limitations arising from the computational burden of high-fidelity hydrodynamic numerical models used within coastal risk assessment applications. The surrogate models (also known as metamodels) used for this emulation are developed using suites of synthetic storm simulations, and once calibrated, can replace the original high-fidelity model to establish predictions for new storms. These predictions pertain to the geographic domain, and therefore nodal locations, covered by the original high-fidelity simulation suite. This creates a two-dimensional space for the peak surge predictions, with one (primary) corresponding to the storm features (i.e., the storm parametric description) and the other (secondary) to the spatial domain. Gaussian Process (GP) techniques have emerged as a widely popular surrogate modeling technique for peak surge emulation. In all GP implementations so far, the spatial variability has been incorporated in the analysis through the metamodel output, considering a multi-output GP implementation. This approach fails to explicitly model spatial dependencies for the peak surge. To address this shortcoming, this study examines an alternative implementation that considers spatial and storm feature variability as part of the metamodel input, establishing a surrogate model that simultaneously predicts the peak storm surge (scalar output) across both the spatial domain and the storm features. For computational tractability, a separable covariance function is considered for the GP, establishing separate kernels for the spatial and storm feature spaces. Particularly for the spatial domain, an adaptive covariance tapering formulation, which infuses sparsity in the corresponding covariance matrix, is adopted to support applications with a large number (in the order of thousands) of nodal locations. A simultaneous calibration approach for the hyperparameters of the separate kernels is further proposed to improve emulation accuracy. Comparisons of computational efficiency and accuracy of the alternative GP implementations are established utilizing the Coastal Hazards System–North Atlantic (CHS-NA) database, with those employing the adaptive covariance tapering formulation evaluated under varying sparsity levels. The case study demonstrates that the simultaneous hyperparameter calibration is beneficial for the separable GP’s predictive accuracy, particularly as it relates to the worst-performing nodes in the domain, and that the imposed sparsity level impacts the separable GP’s ability to model non-stationary spatial trends in the domain. • Gaussian-Process based emulation of peak storm surge is examined • Spatial and storm feature variability are considered as part of the metamodel input. • Separable covariance kernel is adopted, establishing separate kernels for the spatial and storm feature spaces • Adaptive sparse covariance tapering is utilized to accommodate large spatial domain applications • The impact of the sparsity level on the established accuracy for the spatial interpolation is examined.

Reliable phase equilibrium data are essential for the design and optimization of supercritical carbon dioxide (CO₂)–based separation and fractionation processes involving fatty acids. In this study, liquid–supercritical phase equilibria of three binary systems—caprylic acid (C8)–CO₂, capric acid (C10)–CO₂, and myristic acid (C14)–CO₂—were experimentally determined using a static analytical method. Measurements were carried out at temperatures of 333.15, 343.15, and 353.15 K over a pressure range of 14–30 MPa. The experimental data reveal a systematic decrease in fatty acid solubility in the supercritical phase with increasing carbon chain length, accompanied by increasingly asymmetric and nonideal phase behavior. The measured equilibrium data were correlated using the Peng–Robinson equation of state with four mixing rules: van der Waals quadratic, Panagiotopoulos–Reid, Stryjek–Vera, and Mathias–Klotz–Prausnitz. Comparative evaluation demonstrates that symmetric mixing rules provide only limited accuracy for highly asymmetric CO₂–fatty acid systems, particularly for long-chain fatty acids, whereas asymmetric mixing rules significantly improve the quality and robustness of the correlations. Among the tested formulations, the Stryjek–Vera and Mathias–Klotz–Prausnitz mixing rules exhibit superior performance across the investigated temperature and pressure ranges. The consistent experimental dataset and systematic modeling analysis presented in this work provide a reliable thermodynamic basis for the design of supercritical CO₂ processes involving medium- and long-chain free fatty acids.

Molecular recognition-based affinity chromatography strategy for selective separation of cucurbit[5]uril and cucurbit[7]uril on hybrid monolithic materials.

Pore engineering and charge attenuation for covalent organic framework membranes: A new approach to high-performance molecular-ion separation.

Simulation and optimization study on pneumatic separation process of silicon wafer and glass in retired photovoltaic modules

Separation process electrification and site-wide integration for energy and carbon efficiency in sulfuric acid alkylation

Study on the metal separation process of alkali metal-rich biomass-enhanced industrial silicon refining slag outside the furnace

Treatment and resource recovery of N,N-Dimethylformamide waste liquids: A review of processes and prospects

Machine learning-based insights and optimization of membrane separation processes to remove antibiotic resistance genes

The rok1 gene encodes the ATP-dependent RNA helicase Rok1, which is involved in regulating the maturation of small subunit ribosomal RNA and thus ribosome biogenesis. However, the regulation of cellular mitotic dynamics by the rok1 gene deletion is currently unclear. In the present study, fluorescent protein labeling and live cell imaging techniques were used to investigate the effects of rok1 deletion on the dynamics of microtubules, actin and kinetochores during mitosis at 25 and 37˚C, and RNA-sequencing and bioinformatics analyses were used to reveal the key genes. Analysis of the live cell imaging results revealed that, in mitosis, the initiation length and contraction length of actin rings were both shortened and the contraction rate was decreased at 25 and 37˚C. The separation process of kinetochores was inhibited at 25 and 37˚C, and the inhibition was more severe at the higher temperature of 37˚C. Analysis of RNA sequencing results showed that upregulation of myo51 and blt1 resulted in delayed actin ring assembly and slowed actin ring contraction in the rok1Δ strain. In addition, psm1 and psc3 were upregulated and are key genes affecting the ability of kinetochores to move on the spindle and the cohesion of sister chromatids. The present study revealed that the Rok1 protein not only influences the actin polymerization process, participate in the regulation of actin ring assembly and contraction, and cytoplasmic division, but also affects the migration ability of kinetochores on the spindle and participate in the regulation of the formation and maintenance of cohesion between sister chromatids, which provides a certain scientific basis for further exploring the function of the Rok1 protein in cell division.

(Deep) eutectic solvents in chromatographic and electromigration techniques.

Single-use devices made from plastic materials and used in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical products were identified as sources of extractables and potentially process equipment-related leachables (PERLs), which may interfere with process performance and product quality. In this contribution, the sinks of PERLs in biopharmaceutical processes are explored and the underlying physical-chemical mechanisms are discussed. This includes an overview of studies on leachable clearance with ultrafiltration/diafiltration operations (UF/DF) and chromatographic steps, filter rinsing, and adsorption. Literature reveals that dilution and phase separation are the main drivers for reducing PERL exposure along a process. Integrating extractables release and established physical processes of dynamic dilution and phase separation allows to set up and populate mathematical models which can predict the fate of PERLs in batch and continuous bioprocessing. Integrating the fate of PERLs improves process understanding, supports process qualification studies, and, ultimately, strengthens the patient safety assessment. KEY POINTS: • It is possible to demonstrate that biopharmaceutical processes can significantly reduce PERLs. • Various process operation steps are identified as sinks for PERLs, and the fate of PERLs is predictable with simple mathematical models. • Using PERL exposure models improves process understanding and enhances the safety assessments for single-use devices used in bioprocessing.

The rapid expansion of nuclear energy as a low-carbon power source has intensified the need for advanced materials capable of managing the hazardous radionuclides throughout the nuclear fuel cycle. Existing remediation technologies are constrained by limited selectivity, slow interfacial kinetics, secondary waste generation, and poor tolerance to harsh chemical and radiolytic effluents, underscoring a pressing demand for transformative materials for radionuclide remediation. Emerging nanomaterials with unprecedented control over surface chemistry, interfacial coordination, and adsorption energetics are fundamentally reshaping the radionuclide separation science. This review aims to present a mechanism-governed performance of the next-generation nanomaterial systems containing metal-organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, carbon-based architectures, nanoscale zero-valent iron, MXenes, etc., highlighting their evolving roles in selective radionuclide remediation and immobilization. Distinct from prior reviews, this work aims to surpass the isolated performance-based comparisons to a meaningful condition-responsive performance-based comparisons by linking the structure-property-function relationships of the materials under realistic conditions. A unified context-aware benchmarking method has also been proposed to critically evaluate the practical deployment ability of the nanomaterial classes in regard to resistance to competing ions, chemical and radiolytic stability, regeneration efficiency, and scalability. Importantly, such a unified evaluation strategy can lead to the design and development of rationally engineered adsorbent systems across nanomaterial classes rather than relying simply on empirical functional optimization. Persistent challenges such as selectivity-capacity trade-offs, long-term structural integrity, and process-level integration are very critical issues with the nanomaterial systems for sustainable nuclear wastewater management, and future research directions are articulated to find solutions to all these issues. The integration of interfacial science with advanced nanomaterials engineering, as proposed in this review, provides a forward-looking roadmap for the development of robust, selective, and scalable nanomaterial systems for radionuclide remediation, positioning them as the propelling factors for transforming the nuclear fuel cycle sustainability.

As global industry advances toward sustainability and high-performance manufacturing, porous membranes are increasingly required to combine environmental friendliness and precise microstructural control. The integration of thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) and non-solvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) can be termed hybrid phase separation (HPS), which has emerged as a promising technique for creating porous polymers with intricate hierarchical structures. Nevertheless, systematic investigations into the associated crystallization and pore formation remain scarce. In this work, the crystallization behavior and pore formation of poly(l-lactic acid)/poly(d-lactic acid) (PLLA/PDLA) porous membranes prepared via HPS were investigated. During processing, the PLLA/PDLA/1,4-dioxane system undergoes TIPS to generate microscale pores, while residual ethanol in the pore walls induces the secondary NIPS, forming nanoscale subpores within the microporous framework. A moderate ethanol content promotes the development of stereocomplex crystals that enhance structural stability, whereas excessive ethanol accelerates phase separation, suppressing crystallization due to a shortened crystal growth time. This study provides insights into the HPS technique and contributes to the design of bio-based porous materials with tunable structural and functional characteristics.

In chromatographic technology, the stationary phase is of paramount importance, with its properties intrinsically linked to both the separation performance and the mode of chromatography employed. The study of stationary phase modifiers has attracted considerable attention in the field of analytical chemistry due to their critical role in the separation process. Of late, hydrogels, characterized by a three-dimensional structure and multiple interaction sites, have been harnessed to augment the development of stationary phases for liquid chromatography. Hydrogel-modified silica stationary phases have demonstrated superior separation performance across various chromatographic modes, including hydrophilic interaction, reverse-phase, and ion exchange liquid chromatography. The evolution of these functionalized silica stationary phases holds significant importance in the fields of analytical chemistry and separation science. However, to date, there has been a lack of comprehensive reviews discussing the use of hydrogel-modified silica stationary phases in liquid chromatography. This review provides a succinct overview of the performance and recent advancements of hydrogel-modified silica stationary phases in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It also provides an in-depth discussion on the use of hydrogel-modified silica stationary phase composites for the separation of analytes in various chromatographic modes. Efficient separation and analysis of analytes crucial to life sciences and medicine, such as nucleoside bases, steroid hormones, antibiotics, pesticides, and environmental pollutants, can be achieved using various hydrogel-modified silica stationary phases. Finally, it outlines the challenges and prospects associated with the application of hydrogel-modified silica in separation science.

The creation of synthetic membranes that mimic the high selectivity and flux of biological ion channels remains a major challenge in separation science. Precise control over chemical microenvironment within sub-nanometer pores is critical but notoriously difficult to achieve in scalable materials like amorphous polymers. Here we report a strategy for engineering the microenvironments of confined channels in a polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM) by using hydrogen bonding to uniformly anchor oligoether chains onto the pore walls. The enhanced confinement effect resulting from this anchoring increases steric limitation for larger ions (e.g., Mg2+) and strengthens their ion-channel interactions. Concurrently, the uniformly distributed oligoether chains establish a synergistic transport pathway for small ions (e.g., Li+). The resulting membrane exhibits exceptionally high selectivity for monovalent ions over divalent ions (Li+/Mg2+ selectivity of >270) while maintaining a high Li+ flux (>0.6mol m-2 h-1)-an order of magnitude improvement compared to state-of-the-art polymeric membranes. When deployed for direct lithium extraction from salt-lake brine, the membrane achieves a lithium recovery rate of 268g m-2 day-1 and low energy consumption (7.26Wh gLi -1).