Separate Tribe Research Articles

New gall midges of the tribe Leptosynini (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from the Late Eocene ambers and the classification of the supertribe Heteropezidi

Three new genera and 27 new species of gall midges are described from the Late Eocene ambers: Henria baltica sp. nov., Frirenia manca sp. nov., F. musicata sp. nov., Leptosyna samlandica sp. nov., L. fastosa sp. nov. from Baltic amber and H. xystica sp. nov., H. liquida sp. nov., Stellasegna vlaskini gen. et sp. nov., S. vaporea sp. nov., S. nexa sp. nov., Rasnitsia verticosa gen. et sp. nov., F. rohdendorfi sp. nov., F. schevchenkoi sp. nov., F. melica sp. nov., F. lukashevichae sp. nov., F. leporidis sp. nov., F. marmarygma sp. nov., F. vesana sp. nov., Vincinescia alisae gen. et sp. nov., L. margarita sp. nov., L. munifera sp. nov., L. sukachevae sp. nov., L. assa sp. nov., L. larga sp. nov., L. vegeta sp. nov., L. vaticina sp. nov., and L. shcherbakovi sp. nov. from Rovno amber. Strobliella capitata Fedotova is redescribed as Henria capitata (Fedotova, 2004) (comb. nov.). Diagnoses of Henria (= Electroxylomyia Nel et Prokop, syn. nov.), Frirenia, and Leptosyna are revised. As a result, Henria comprises 3 extant and 5 extinct (Late Eocene) species, including H. eocenica (Nel et Prokop), comb. nov. (= Electroxylomyia eocenica), Frirenia comprises 1 extant and 10 Late Eocene species, and Leptosyna comprises 3 extant and 11 Late Eocene species. The tribe Heteropezini is elevated to the supertribal rank (Heteropezidi) and included in the subfamily Lasiopterinae. Leptosynini is treated as a separate tribe, and Lasiopterinae is considered as part of Cecidomyiidae s. str. (i.e., excluding Lestremiidae). Keys to the tribes and genera of Heteropezidi and to species of Henria, Stellasegna, Frirenia, and Leptosyna are provided. The gall midge faunas of the Rovno and Baltic ambers are compared. Phylogenetic relationships within the supertribe are hypothesized.

On the status of the tribes Orthognathini and Rhinostomini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Dryophthorinae)

A cladistic analysis is performed of the four genera of the tribe Orthognathini of the curculionid subfamily Dryophthorinae, specifically to assess whether the tribe constitutes a monophyletic group or whether the genus Rhinostomus falls outside it into a separate tribe, as advocated in some classification systems. The analysis based on 27 morphological characters revealed that Orthognathini is indeed a monophyletic group, with the phylogenetic sequence Rhinostomus (= Yuccaborus), Sipalinus, Mesocordylus and Orthognathus. The basal position of Rhinostomus with respect to the other genera may warrant recognition of a separate subtribe, Rhinostomina, for it. Taxonomic synopses of the tribe and subtribes and a key to the genera are provided.

A new genus and species of the tribe Trigonogeniini Cobos, 1956, from Belize (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

The name Trigonogenium Harold, 1869 was introduced as a replacement name for Trigonophorus Solier, 1849 (preoccupied by Serville,1834: Hymenoptera). The genus was revised by Cobos (1956) who discussed the systematic position of Trigonogenium and suggested for the genus a separate tribe Trigonogenini (sic !). The next revision was published also by Cobos (1986) and the placement of the genus was repeatedly discussed by Hołyński (1988, 1993), Bílý (2000), Volkovitsh (2001), Bellamy (2003, 2007) and the tribal level of the group was finaly confirmed by Bílý & Volkovitsh (2007) after a detailed study of the larval morphology. Up to now the tribe has contained only two genera: Trigonogenium (three species and one subspecies) and Hovorigenium Bellamy, 2007 (one species).

Славяномания и кельтомания в российской лингвистике XVIII века

Our paper is concerned with the linguistic work of two Russian antiquarians, Vasily Kirillovich Tredyakovsky (1703–1769) and Alexander Petrovich Sumarokov (1717–1777). Both of them are renowned mostly as poets, but their antiquarian skills are much less known. For a long time their etymologies were regarded as a historical curiosity and it was only recently that there appeared a noticeable shift towards a more favourable opinion. But while dealing with history of linguistics, we should ignore correctness / falseness or plausibility / implausibility of etymologies and lay the emphasis on the task and purpose of an author. Etymological studies have always been a handy instrument for detecting the origins of peoples. The 18th century Europe witnessed an extraordinary rise of celtomania. Scholars tried to find Celtic roots of their nations, striving to emphasize their significance and priority, which was understood as antiquity or, one might say, indigenity. Tredyakovsky set himself a similar task in his “Three treatises on three main Russian antiquities” (1758). He starts with comparing Slavic and Germanic languages aiming to prove that Slavic is more ancient than Germanic and, accordingly, the Slavs are superior to the Germans. Taking into account the fact that the author did not distinguish between Slavic and Russian, it is obvious that in the end he sees his task in glorifying the Russian nation. Tredyakovsky’s treatise, for all its intents and purposes, is a rebuttal of German scholars who have claimed the superiority of Teutonic languages over Slavic. Tredyakovsky resorts to the best possible argument that was in store of contemporary linguistic science and appeals to Celtic language which was perceived as the last instance due to a celtomaniac wave that flooded all over Europe. For this purpose he first derives Slavic from Scythian, or rather identifies the Scythians with the Slavs, and then claims the antiquity of Scythian. Now, it turns out that the Slavonic language in fact is identical not only to Scythian, but also to Celtic, in a sense that Celts had spoken Slavonic before they formed a separate tribe and spread all over Europe where due to the natural language corruption they lost their original dialect and fell away from their roots. By means of such argument the Slavonic language at once takes the upper hand over Teutonic. In fact, Tredyakovsky tries to implant the European celtomania in the Russian ground, but substitutes the Slavs for the Celts, thereby changing celtomania into slavomania. In my opinion, Tredyakovsky’s etymologies should be considered against the background of this purely pragmatic task; in this case they cannot be regarded as ridiculous or curious. They should be taken as historical facts determined by extralinguistic causes. Certainly, Tredyakovsky’s use of linguistic arguments has often been ad hoc. Once Slavic was proclaimed as the most ancient language, it was necessary to show that the material of all other languages may be deduced and explained on the ground of Slavic. Naturally, the most valuable way of proving this was to derive from Russian ancient and modern ethnonyms as well as place names. In this manner a number of etymologies were produced, such as Etruscans – “hitroushki” (i. e. “sly ones”); Celts – “zhelty” (i.e. “yellow ones”) “after their fair hair”; Iberians – “oupery”, because they are locked (“ouperty”) from all sides by seas. Sumarokov published a treatise “On the origin of Russian people” which for the most part follows Tredyakovsky’s wake. Pragmatically considered, their work presents us with an interesting paradox: on the Russian ground the Western celtomania turns into slavomania. On the one hand, there is a noticeable and passionate desire to introduce the Russians into the European family of nations and, furthermore, to bring the Russian science up to the Western European standards. Making Slavs and Celts related, both scholars expanded the boundaries of Europe, presenting Russia as its natural part. From this point of view, they acted as predecessors of the 19th century “Westerners” in Russia. On the other hand, their method of etymologizing and the persistence with which they derived all the words of all languages from Russian, closely resembles the way of thinking which the 19th century slavophils adhered to.

Phylogenetic relationships in the Gesnerioideae (Gesneriaceae) based on nrDNA ITS and cpDNA trnL-F and trnE-T spacer region sequences.

The Gesnerioideae includes most of the New World members of the Gesneriaceae family and is currently considered to include five tribes: Beslerieae, Episcieae, Gesnerieae, Gloxinieae, and Napeantheae. This study presents maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS), and the chloroplast DNA trnL intron, trnL‐trnF intergenic spacer region, and trnE‐trnT intergenic spacer region sequences. The ITS and cpDNA data sets strongly support the monophyly of a Beslerieae/Napeantheae clade; an Episcieae clade; a Gesnerieae clade; a Gloxinieae clade minus Sinningia, Sinningia relatives, and Gloxinia sarmentiana; and a Sinningia/Paliavana/Vanhouttea clade. This is the first study to provide strong statistical support for these tribes/clades. These analyses suggest that Sinningia and relatives should be considered as a separate tribe. Additionally, generic relationships are explored, including the apparent polyphyly of Gloxinia. Chromosome number changes are minimized on the proposed phylogeny, with the exception of the n = 11 taxa of the Gloxinieae. Scaly rhizomes appear to have been derived once in the Gloxinieae sensu stricto. The number of derivations of the inferior ovary is unclear: either there was one derivation with a reversal to a superior ovary in the Episcieae, or there were multiple independent derivations of the inferior ovary.

The cladistics and biology of the Callajoppa genus-group (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae, Ichneumoninae)

A cladistic analysis is presented for the genera of the former ichneumonine tribe Trogini. The tribe Heresiarchini is paraphyletic with respect to the Trogini, and so maintaining Trogini as a separate tribe is unsatisfactory. Within Heresiarchini, the following changes are made: (a) the subtribes Apatetorina and Heresiarchina are referred to as the Apatetor and Heresiarches genus-groups, (b) the genera of the paraphyletic subtribe Protichneumonina are treated as incerta sedis within Heresiarchini, and (c) the Trogini are referred to as the Callajoppa genus-group, with the former subtribe Trogina referred to as the Trogus subgroup. Thirty-five genera are recognized as valid within the Callajoppa genus-group. Catadelphops, Catadelphus, Cobunus, and Facydes are transferred to this group; Holojoppa is removed and is incertae sedis within Heresiarchini. Three new synonyms are proposed: Araeoscelis and Cryptopyge are junior synonyms of Macrojoppa, and Neamblyjoppa is a junior synonym of Catadelphops. Trogus latipennis Cresson is transferred to Pedinopelte from Macrojoppa, and Trogus mactator Tosquinet and its related species (T. bicolor Radoszkowski, T. heinrichi Uchida, and T. tricephalus Uchida) are transferred to Holcojoppa. Tricyphus is redefined and a neotype is designated for Tricyphus cuspidiger Kriechbaumer, the type-species of the genus. Thirteen new genera are described (authorship of all is Wahl & Sime): Charmedia (type-species: Charmedia chavarriai Wahl & Sime, sp. n.), Daggoo (type-species: Daggoo philoctetes Wahl & Sime, sp. n.), Dothenia (type-species: Dothenia hansoni Wahl & Sime, sp. n.), Humbert (type-species: Humbert humberti Wahl & Sime, sp. n.), Laderrica (type-species: Laderrica feenyi Wahl & Sime, sp. n.), Mokajoppa (type-species: Tricyphus respinozai Ward & Gauld), Metallichneumon (type-species: Metallichneumon neurospastarchus Wahl & Sime, sp. n.), Myocious (type-species: Myocious orientalis Wahl & Sime, sp. n.), Quandrus (type-species: Trogus pepsoides Smith, transferred from Callajoppa), Queequeg (type-species: Gathetus flavibasalis Uchida, transferred from Neofacydes), Saranaca (type-species: Trogus elegans Cresson; includes Trogus apicalis Cresson, Tricyphyus ater Hopper, and Tricyphus floridanus Heinrich), Tashtego (type-species: Tashtego janzeni Wahl & Sime, sp. n.), and Xanthosomnium (type-species: Xanthosomnium froesei Wahl & Sime, sp. n.). A key to the genera of the Callajoppa genus-group is provided. The evolution of biological traits within the Callajoppa genus-group is discussed with reference to the elucidated phylogeny. The groundplan biology is parasitism of Sphingidae, with oviposition into a host pupa/prepupa. There have been two transitions to butterfly parasitism within the Trogus subgroup: one a transition to Papilionidae (followed by a switch to Nymphalidae at Psilomastax) and the other to Nymphalidae (followed by a switch to Papilionidae within Macrojoppa).

Morphology and molecular analysis of the Australasian monotypic genera Lembergia and Sonderella (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta), with a description of the tribe Sonderelleae trib. nov.

The monospecific genus Sonderella is endemic to south-eastern Australia and has been the subject of speculation with regard to its taxonomic position. When the anatomy and reproduction of this genus were described in detail by Womersley [Aust. J. Bot. 13: 435–450 (1965)], he recommended the inclusion of Sonderella in the Rhodomelaceae and speculated that it would ultimately warrant its own tribe. Recent molecular investigation has confirmed both of Womersley's hypotheses. Classical anatomical investigation of the rare and poorly known New Zealand endemic genus Lembergia has shown that it shares many features with Sonderella, including vegetative construction and the position and construction of the reproductive structures. Molecular investigations of the 18S rRNA gene support the close relationship of the two genera, which are positioned within the Rhodomelaceae as a separate tribe, the Sonderelleae LE. Phillips, trib. nov.

Molecular Phylogeny of Selected Eurasian Podismine Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

Abstract The grasshopper subfamily Melanoplinae, comprising a large number of genera and species, maintains a distribution throughout Eurasia and the New World. Despite various attempts to subdivide the subfamily, taxonomic assignments within the Melanoplinae remain unclear. However, the placement of Eurasian and related Nearctic genera within a separate tribe, Podismini, is a common feature within most proposed taxonomic schemes. The Podismini have been independently divided into two and four subtribes on the basis of cytogenetic and morphological traits, respectively; however, the two schemes differ with respect to the placement of certain genera. This study analyses sequence data obtained from portions of four mitochondrial genes (cyt b, COII, ND2, and COI) to (1) test the hypothesis that Eurasian podismines are monophyletic and (2) examine which, if any, of the proposed subtribal affiliations is correct. The view that the nominate genus, Podisma, represents a form closely related to the ancestral podi...

The genus Scaphoideus Uhler in Australia (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae)

AbstractThe Australian leafhopper species of the genus Scaphoideus Uhler (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) are revised. Scaphoideus pristidens Kirkaldy is removed from synonymy with Scaphoideus festivus Matsumura, which does not occur in Australia. Two new species, Scaphoideus foshoi from New South Wales, Queensland and the Northern Territory and Scaphoideus obscurus from Queensland and the Northern Territory are described and illustrated, as is Scaphoideus pristidens, and a key is provided for the separation of all three species. The retention of the Scaphoideini as a separate tribe within the Deltocephalinae is discussed.

SONDERELLA, LEMBERGIA AND THE NEW TRIBE SONDERELLEAE (RHODOMELACEAE, RHODOPHYTA)

The monospecific genus Sonderella is endemic to Australia and has been the subject of speculation with regard to its taxonomic position. When the anatomy and reproduction of this genus were comprehensively described by Womersley in 1965, he recommended its inclusion in the Rhodomelaceae and foreshadowed that it would warrant its own tribe. Recent molecular investigation has confirmed its position within the Rhodomelaceae. Classical anatomical investigation of the rare and poorly‐known New Zealand endemic genus Lembergia has shown that it shares many features with Sonderella, including vegetative construction and position and construction of the reproductive structures. Molecular investigations of the 18S rRNA gene support the close relationship of the two genera and their inclusion within the Rhodomelaceae as a separate tribe, the Sonderelleae tribus novum.

Embryology of Phryma leptostachya L. (Verbenaceae) with considerations of its systematic status and affinities

AbstractSome embryological aspects – structure and development of the microsporangium, microporogenesis and male gametophytes; embryogeny and some features of seed‐coat of Phryma leptostacha L. have been studied. The microsporangial wall develops confirming to the Dicot type of Davis (1966). The anther tapetum is secretory and displays dual origin. Endothecial cells exhibit fibrous thickenings. The tricolpate pollen grains are shed at 3‐celled stage. The embryogeny follows the Hyoscamus variation of the Solanad type (Johansen 1950) or the Period‐I, Series C, Megarchetype IV of Soueges (1948). The mature embryo is dicotyledonous. Only a papery layer of endosperm encompasses the embryo. In the light of the present study with the other relevant informations from diverse sources the taxonomic status of the taxon Phryma leptostachya L. is examined. It is suggested, that this genus is undoubtedly related to some verbenaceous taxa and so merits to be retained in a separate tribe (Phrymeae) of its own nearer but not within the sub‐family Verbenioideae, a view expressed by Thorne (1976, 1983, 1992) and Takhtajan (1980, 1987).

Taxonomic significance of extracellular crystals on the phloem fibres of Taxaceae

Summary A preliminary study of extracellular crystals deposited on the outer surface of phloem fibres in 12 species belonging to 5 genera of Taxaceae has shown that the occurrence and characteristics of crystals are of taxonomic significance. Lack of crystals on the outer surface of phloem fibres in Austrotaxus suggests that it is necessary to raise it as a separate tribe under Taxaceae. Based on differences in the nature of the crystals in the other four genera of Taxaceae, three distinct groups were recognized. Therefore, it seems more appropriate to divide the family into four tribes Taxeae, Amentotaxeae and Torreyaxeae as well as Austrotaxeae.

Chromosomal Criteria and Taxonomic Relationships in the Solanaceae.

Taxonomic relationships in the Solanaceae have been discussed based on chromosomal criteria of 45 species; including three new records; belonging to 15 genera representing eight of the 14 currently recognized tribes; and their phylogeny based on variation in chromosome number is proposed. In contrast to the traditional subfamilial delimitation of the family (Murray 1945, D'Arcy 1979, 1991, Armstrong 1986) cytological data indicate that subfamily Cestroideae is less evolved than subfamily Solanoideae. These data further support the isolation of Cestrum in a separate tribe. The isolation of tribe Salpiglossideae in a separate family as proposed by Hutchinson (1973) and the delimitation of both Datura and Hyoscayamus as two separate tribes as done by D'Arcy (1991) is strongly supported by cytological data. In agreement with both Wettstein (1895) and D'Arcy (1991) the delimitation of Nicandra in a separate tribe is further recommended. However, the separation of Atropa and Lycium from the tribe solaneae are not likely to be justified based on cytological ground.

Phylogenetic implications of the mesofurca in Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera), with emphasis on Aphelinidae

The skeletomusculature of the mesofurcal–mesopostnotal complex is surveyed within the Chalcidoidea. Four internal character systems are assessed for their phylogenetic significance: the mesofurcal bridge, the structure and position of the furcal–laterophragmal muscle, the structure of the lateral arms of the mesofurca, and the supporting structures for the interfurcal muscles. Among Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea are unique in having the furcal–laterophragmal muscle attached along the entire length of the laterophragmal apodeme. Also the furcal–laterophragmal muscle originates medial to the junction of the mesofurcal bridge and lateral mesofurcal arm in most Chalcidoidea. Mymarommatidae do not share either of these apomorphic states with Chalcidoidea. Within Chalcidoidea, apomorphic character states were found in each of Aphelinidae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, Mymaridae, Rotoitidae, Signiphoridae, Tanaostigmatidae and Trichogrammatidae. For taxa classified as Aphelinidae, the plesiomorphic complement of structures and muscle attachments is retained in Eriaphytinae and Eriaporinae. The mesofurcal bridge is considered to have been lost at least twice in each of Aphelininae and Coccophaginae. Similar interfurcal processes, resulting from loss of the mesofurcal bridge, support the monophyly of Aphelininae (Aphelinini, Aphytini and Eutrichosomellini). Azotinae are placed as the sister group of Aphelininae because of a similar lateral origin of the laterophragmal muscle and the shape of the mesofurcal arms. Other than loss of the mesofurcal bridge, no character states were shared by Azotinae and Coccophaginae. Coccophaginae (Coccophagini and Pteroptricini) are regarded as monophyletic based on the loss of the mesofurcal bridge, the peculiar shape of the mesofurca, and a unique modification of the laterophragmal muscle. Euxanthellus is removed from synonomy with Coccophagus and may be best treated as a separate tribe of Coccophaginae based on the shape of the lateral mesofurcal arms and the presence of a mesofurcal bridge. The shape of the mesofurca suggests a monophyletic grouping of Cales, Eretmocerus and Trichogrammatidae that could render Aphelinidae paraphyletic.

Art of the Florida Seminole and Miccosukee Indians

The artistic tradition that in the past sustained Florida Indians helps identify them today as possessing a resilient, modern culture. In this account of the arts and crafts of the Florida Seminole and Miccosukee Indians, the author shows how artistic expression reflects and inspires history. Approximately 2000 Seminoles and 500 Miccosukee (recognised as a separate tribe in 1962) now live in Florida, primarily on reservations in the southern part of the state and particularly along the edge of the Everglades. Their elders say, We're not from here, a poignant allusion to their years of geographic relocation and social upheaval. While their heritage includes the Mississippi Culture of the Indians of the Eastern Woodlands of North America, for the most part the Indians who lived in Florida and greeted the early explorers were annihilated by 1710. The ancestors of today's Seminole and Miccosukee are the Creek Indians from Georgia and Alabama, who were joined by runaway African slaves and free blacks. Emphasising the influence of drastic cultural changes on their artistic traditions, Downs traces Seminole and Miccosukee art from the 18th century. Retaining only the most persistent designs from prehistoric Southeastern Indian culture, their primary art form of dress reflects the materials, techniques and design elements they encountered during their contact with Europeans. In addition to clothing and finger-woven or bead-embroidered accessories, their arts and crafts - most often practiced by the women - include pottery, basketry, and doll making. Their most powerful artistic expression is found in the colourful and intricate patchwork patterns that have become their 20th-century signature. The black-and-white photographs of these articles, along with examples of the men's work of silver and wood crafts and chickee building, should interest both scholars and the general public.

Visions, Secular and Sacred

As an imaginative vision of life as a whole is a central part of our mental equipment for any serious study, we must be careful what vision we espouse. If science is not furnished with a sensible one, it cannot fail to gather a wild one. or more than a century now, our culture has largely swallowed the positivistic idea that religion and science are competitors, alternative practices belonging to separate tribes-one tribe being childish and the other mature. Still worse, if one asks what the two tribes stand for, the answer often concentrates entirely, not on religion as such, which is a fairly universal human phenomenon, but on a single doctrine of fundamentalist Christianity. It centers on a particular factual account of the origin ofthe physical universe. When did that event take place? Was there afabulous being designing it, a being who will now look after us, or was there not? Other issues, such as present attitudes to the meaning of life and the nature of the soul, are not seen as being relevant because they are not scientific business. So a lot of people, not only professional scientists, see religion and science-two very different human concerns-as essentially just two rival historical views about the origin of the physical world: a false one and a true one. The last thing they expect is to see new, disorganized forms of religion

THE EXTRAORDINARY LARVAL CHARACTERS OFCARENUMBONELLI AND THEIR BEARING ON THE PHYLOGENY OF THE SCARITITAE (COLEOPTERA; CARABIDAE)

AbstractLarvae of the Australian fossorial carabidCarenum anthracinumMacleay are described from reared material and compared with the reared larva ofC.elegansMacleay and eight different unassociated larval types belonging to the complex. These larvae exhibit an extraordinary range of character states indicating clearly that their placement in the tribe Scaritini cannot be retained. An examination of adult characters and, in particular, the fore tibial dentition confirms thatCarenumand allied genera form a separate tribe, the Carenini, which appears to be a sister group of the remaining Scaritini (including Clivinina).

Seed protein homology and species relationship in the Tribe Vicieae

AbstractElectrophoresis of seed proteins from the tribe Vicieae species was carried out on SDS‐PAGE. On the basis of similarity matrix index, the homology of Cicer arietinum with the rest of the members of the tribe Vicieae is approximately the same as that of Trifolieae and Ononideae. This endorsed the removing of Cicer from Vicieae and assigned it to a separate tribe, the Cicerideae. The three dimensional model of the Cicer species grouped the species into five groups. One of these groups includes C. arietinum and C. reticulatum. These data support the suggestion that C. reticulatum is the wild progenitor of the cultivated Cicer.

Nuclear Ribosomal RNA Sequences for Inferring Tribal Relationships Within Onagraceae

Relationships among tribes within the evening-primrose family, Onagraceae, were inferred from 18S and 26S ribosomal RNA sequences. Of 1819 nucleotide positions sequenced, 17 were phylogenetically informative. With Lythrum (Lythraceae) as the outgroup, one most parsimonious cladogram was derived (length = 28; consistency index = 0.75) using computer-assisted phylogeny inference software. The cladogram supported Ludwigia as the sister group to Onagraceae and provided strong evidence for the monophyly of Oenothera-Epilobium and Circaea-Fuchsia. The placements of Hauya and Lopezia were not well supported by the data as indicated by examining trees which were one step longer than the most parsimonious tree. Onagraceae is the best known and most thoroughly studied family in the order Myrtales (Raven 1989) and has been of evolutionary and genetic interest since deVries' classic analyses of non-Mendelian inheritance in mutants of Oenothera in 1886 (Cleland 1972). It is distinct from the other families in Myrtales by virtue of the following synapomorphic character-states: epigynous flowers (Eyde 1981), pollen with viscin threads (Skvarla et al. 1978), paracrystalline beaded ektexine (Skvarla et al. 1978), 4-nucleate embryo-sac formation (Raven 1979; Tobe and Raven 1983), vegetative tissues abundant with calcium oxalate raphides (Metcalfe and Chalk 1950; Carlquist 1975) and divided sporogenous (anther) tissue (Tobe and Raven 1986). The family consists of seven tribes, 16 genera and approximately 650 species (Raven 1989). Detailed information is available for much of this family for floral and vegetative anatomy and morphology (Carlquist 1977; Eyde 1982), breeding systems and pollinators (Raven 1979), embryology (Tobe and Raven 1983), pollen morphology (Patel et al. 1984), flavonoids (Averett and Raven 1984), and chromosome features (Kurabayashi et al. 1962). Although Onagraceae is well-characterized at many levels, tribal concepts and relationships within the family remain uncertain. The genera within Onagraceae are highly distinctive, suggesting that the lineages within the family diverged very early in its history (Raven 1989). If this is true, it is not surprising that evolutionary connections between tribes have proved difficult to resolve. Current classification places Ludwigia (tribe Jussiaeeae) as the sister group to all other Onagraceae, based on evidence from floral anatomy (Eyde 1977, 1979, 1981, 1982), cytology (Raven and Tai 1979) and amino acid sequence differences for the N-terminal region of the small subunit of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBisCo; Martin and Dowd 1986). Fuchsieae, Circaeeae, Lopezieae, and Hauyeae are considered to be closely related because they are the least specialized members of the family with respect to floral and vegetative anatomy and chromosome number (Dahlgren and Thorne 1984; Raven 1989). At one time, Hauya was considered to be the basal genus of Onagreae (Tobe and Raven 1985; Raven 1989) based on similarities of pollen (Skvarla et al. 1975), chromosomes (Kurabayashi et al. 1962) and floral morphology (Raven 1979). It currently is placed in a separate tribe (Hauyeae) because the genera possess a number of features, such as presence of stipules, lack of interxylary phloem and a generalized leaf anatomy (Tobe and Raven 1985, 1986), that distinguish them from members of Onagreae. Tobe and Raven (1986) suggest a possible relationship between Onagreae (Clarkia) and Epilobieae, because both are highly specialized groups having unique four-lobed stigmas with the lobes in commissural position and dry, papillate stigma surfaces (Raven 1979; Eyde 1982). Along with Lopezia, they are the only groups in Onagraceae to display marked protandry (Raven 1979). In this study, nuclear ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Xiaomyia, Shangomyia and Zhouomyia, three new and unusual genera of Chironomini from Oriental China (Diptera: Chironomidae)

AbstractXiaomyia aequipedes gen. & sp. n. from Guandong in Oriental China, Shangomyia impectinata gen. & sp. n. from Hainan in Oriental China and Burma, and Zhouomyia plauta gen. & sp. n. from Hainan are described as male imagines. Xiaomyia plus Shangomyia in most features appear to form a separate tribe within the subfamily Chironominae, while a few characters indicate a placement in the Harnischia group of genera. They are preliminary placed at the base of the Chironomini. They are unique in having apical scales with 1-2 spines on all tibiae, but no combs; no dorsomedian eye extension; extended costa; leg ratios of all legs higher than 1.5; and inferior volsella fused to the gonocoxite. Zhouomyia is a typical plesiomorphic Chironomini either related to Apedilum Townes, Paralauterborniella Lenz, Lauterborniella Thienemann & Bause, and Pagastiella Brundin, or to the Endochironomus group of genera.