Separate Scientific Discipline Research Articles

DEFINITION OF THE MAIN PREREQUISITES FOR THE EMERGENCE OF THE TERM “SPACE ERGONOMICS”

The article discusses the main reasons for the formation of space ergonomics as a separate scientific discipline, since the knowledge used on the organisation of human activity in the surrounding techno-sphere on Earth differs significantly from the subject environment in outer space. The state of weightlessness dictates not only new rules in ergonomics, but also leads to the development of unique design solutions for a comfortable human stay in the space environment. Space ergonomics studies the laws of human life processes in the conditions of space flight. It is shown that the development of ergonometric requirements for the conditions of human professional activity in the space environment is an important factor for successful space exploration. The requirements include life support systems, safety, development of scientific and household equipment, design of the surrounding space, as well as consideration of psychological features of cosmonauts’ work.

Analysis of Writing Styles in Bi Al-Ma'tsur's Tafsir Books

Tafsir Bi Al-Ma'tsur is explaining the meaning of the verses of the Qur'an with verses from the Qur'an or authentic Sunnah verses or the words of the companions of R.A. While the words narrated from the Tabi'in, some people classify them as al-ma'tsur on the grounds that the Tabi'in narrated from friends who studied with them, they also belong to the group of Salaf whose good words and interpretations adorn tafsir books such as the book of Ibn Jarir al- tabary and anyone who follows his method. Tafsir Bi Al-Ma'tsur existed during the time of the Companions, which was carried out by quoting interpretations from Rasulullah SAW, or from the Companions by the Companions, as well as from the Companions by the Tabi'in with a clear method of narration, this method is usually done orally. After that there was a period where the interpreters used the exegesis of the Companions' time which had been recorded and codified. At first this codification was included in the hadith books, but after tafsir became a separate scientific discipline, books were written and published specifically containing the Tafsir of Bi Al-Ma. 'tsur complete with sanad lines to the prophet Muhammad SAW, his companions, tabi'in al tabi'in.

Penerapan Hifdzul Bi’ah Dalam Fatwa Kupi Tentang Haramnya Kerusakan Lingkungan

Environmental damage is becoming an actual problem along with the increasing rate of population growth. The occurrence of environmental damage cannot be separated from human intervention. This is very contrary to the Al-Qur’an because Allah has prohibited humans from doing damage to the earth. This encouraged the initiators of environmental jurisprudence to add hifdzul bi'ah as a goal in maqashid syari'ah. This article will discuss the postulates and concept of hifdzul bi'ah in preserving the environment; history of the founding of KUPI; and how important hifdzul bi'ah is based on the KUPI fatwa regarding preserving the environment. This research is the result of a literature study using a descriptive-analytic approach. Currently, there is a lot of environmental damage caused by humans. The environment should be our collective responsibility. One of the initiators of environmental jurisprudence is KUPI. KUPI is a forum for Indonesian female ulama, who are concerned with contemporary issues using a gender perspective as one of their thinking methods. One of the KUPI fatwas is that it is haram to cause environmental damage. Hifdzul bi'ah becomes important if we are guided by the KUPI fatwa, for several reasons, namely: first, the environmental crisis is getting worse; second, Muslims need a comprehensive legal framework/guidelines regarding environmental issues; Third, classical jurisprudence does not accommodate environmental issues as a separate scientific discipline within the realm of Islamic studies. In formulating this fatwa, the KUPI team used the mubadalah (mutuality) method.

SCIENCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION: Dialectics of Muslim Scientific Thought

Islamic education is still understood traditionally as containing the sciences of tafaqquh fiddin. On the other hand, science is still considered a separate scientific discipline from Islamic Education. This study aims to explain and analyze the dialectics of scientists regarding Islamic Science and the urgency of science for the development of Islamic Education. This article is the result of a systematic literature review through the identification, evaluation and synthesis of the thoughts of Muslim scientists. This study concluded that science education is the peak achievement of Muslims' dialectic towards science. Science education is necessary for Islamic education, which will provide a way forward towards the revival of Islamic civilization—namely, science that uses metaphysics in an Islamic perspective to guide in formulating concepts about the universe. Finally, science education will only be realized if scientists and religionists have a harmonious relationship. So, it is necessary to create a dialogical, pluralist and democratic climate so science education can grow and run well.

EXPLORING THE BIOEFFICACY OF ENDOPHYTIC BACTERIA AGAINST IMPORTANT PLANT PATHOGENS

The biological management of plant diseases has developed into a separate scientific and technological discipline, and in recent years, this change has happened quickly. A form of bacterium known as a bacterial endophyte may colonize any portion of a plant without causing any symptoms or harm to the host plant. Endophytic bacteria have been discovered by several researchers, and there is growing evidence that they can stop a variety of plant diseases from growing and functioning. Endophytes have a variety of benefits including growth-increasing and disease-hampering properties. Researchers’ interest in this field is growing as a result of its potentially to be utilized as an alternative to synthetic fungicides. This review's main objectives are to chart the development of endophytic bacterial research and give scientists access to current knowledge that will spur further investigation. Endophytic bacteria are employed to control plant diseases including wilt, rot and post-harvest damage, as well as nematode infestation. Endophytic bacteria are also used to control nematodes and postharvest diseases. With an emphasis on endophytic bacteria, this review explains the diverse mechanisms of bacterial endophytes to shield the plant from biotic infection.

History of management thought in the works of domestic authors: Essential characteristics of the subject of study in the history of management thought

The aim of the work is to identify the essential characteristics of the subject of the history of management thought (HMT) in the works of domestic authors, published in the period from 1985 to 2022. To achieve this task, the following problems were solved: the works of leading scientists on this topic, who formulated their own position on the subject of HMT research, were analyzed; three essential characteristics of the subject of HMT research were identified; a critical analysis of the essential characteristics of the subject of HMT research was carried out. During the study, such approaches as analysis, synthesis, and comparison were used. The current formulation of the research subject of HMT as a science was critically analyzed, and the identified essential characteristics of the HMT. The subject can be the basis for further development of HMT research in specific areas. This approach to the understanding of the subject of HMT research may serve the further development of historical-management research and consolidation of HMT as a separate scientific discipline.

The Importance of Theory and Scientific Theories for the Scientific Study of Genocide in the Context of the Contribution to the Development of the Science of Genocide

The research problem is the importance of scientific theory and theories in the scientific study of genocide. The main objective and purpose of the work are to enable, through an appropriate, correct, and scientifically verified methodological approach, the acquisition of real scientific knowledge about the study of a very complex social phenomenon - genocide - and the contribution of scientific theory to this research, builds a separate scientific discipline - the science of genocide. The main results of the work are prerequisites for successful genocide research and the formation of a special science that would deal with this problem, it is necessary to develop theory and scientific theory as a basis for the development of genocide science because the underdevelopment of theoretical assumptions reflects the development of methodological empirical research and the limited use of research procedures, methods, and techniques. If the theoretical basis of empirical research is weaker, then the source of research knowledge is limited. This suggests that there is a direct causal relationship with the research results obtained, which calls into question their value and validity. The research conducted in this thesis has the characteristics of scientific theoretical research, which is necessarily qualitative in nature. As it is theoretical research of a qualitative nature, the qualitative method of document content analysis is mainly applied as one of the methods of data collection. In addition to this method, all the basic analytical-synthetic methods will be used as individual methods and in certain combinations, correlations, and relationships as necessary, as well as the hypothetico-deductive, axiomatic and comparative methods of the group of general scientific methods. The study will add to and complete the body of scientific information on genocide research.
 
 Received: 18 September 2022 / Accepted: 25 December 2022 / Published: 5 January 2023

The Fate of Psychology in Lithuanian Higher Education Institutions during World War II

This paper examines the fate of psychology as an academic field of study in Lithuanian universities during World War II. During the period of independent Lithuania, thanks to the first psychologists, psychology existed as a science and found its place in the main and only higher education institution of the time, the Lithuanian University (later – Vytautas Magnus University). After the regaining of Vilnius, some of the psychologists stayed at Vytautas Magnus University and some were transfered from Kaunas to the regained Vilnius University. During World War II, Vytautas Magnus University lost all of its psychologists, and Vilnius University also lost several psychologists. However, even under the conditions of occupation and adverse war conditions, psychology survived at the university. Although psychology established itself as a separate scientific discipline in independent Lithuania, it hadn‘t become one either during the Nazi occupation or the first or second Soviet occupations, instead existing alongside the science of pedagogy in Lithuanian higher education institutions, even with a small group of researchers.

ПЕРЕДУМОВИ ФОРМУВАННЯ ТА РОЗВИТОК БІОНІКИ В АРХІТЕКТУРІ

The article is devoted to the study of the use of bionic forms in modern architecture. The question of the formation of bionics types is considered, the characteristic features of each type and the ways of their transfer to the architectural and urban space are given. The author notes a clear relationship between bionics and architecture, gives examples that confirm and clearly illustrate it. Based on the analysis of these types, the most relevant directions of the spread of bionic forms in the design of new buildings and structures are identified. Taking into account the research, the definition of sustainable design is given. The features and recommendations for further development of modern architectural bionics are provided. Adaptation of forms and phenomena of nature is not a modern concept. Observation of natural mechanisms has been the main source of innovation since prehistoric ages, which can be perceived through the history of architecture. This idea is now coming to the fore again through sustainable architecture and adaptive design. The study of natural innovation and the clarity of evolution during the 20s of the XX century led to the creation of a separate scientific discipline - bionics. Architecture and bionics are closely related to each other, as the process of building is as old as human civilization - moreover, its first formal and structural source was obviously the environment. This article is a brief overview of the vast topic of bionics in architecture. The buildings and structures mentioned above are only a selection, a complete list of buildings and descriptions related to biomimicry is beyond the scope of this study. At the same time, it is necessary to pay more attention to this underrepresented topic in university education, because the development of architecture continues, new solutions appear every day. Modern and future architecture requires innovation and the use of advanced technologies.

Pemikiran Ibnu Asyur Tentang Maqashid Syariah Dalam Ekonomi Kontemporer

Ibn Ashur is one of the contemporary figures in the maqashid sharia which born in Tunisia. Ibn Ashur was dubbed the "second teacher" after al-Syathibi as the "first teacher". Ibn 'Ashur has succeeded in developing the theory of maqhasid al-syariah which previously only focused on the study of kulliyah and juz'iyyah to be broader, namely by expanding the study of maqhasid al-syariah into maqhasid al-syariah al-khassah about muamalat which explores various Maqhasid al-Sharia issue. This division is the success of Ibn Ashur in developing and perfecting the concept of al-Syathibi's maqashid al-Sharia. There are several views of Ibn Ashur regarding maqhasid al-syariah which are different from the previous ones: First, Ibn Ashur views the importance of realizing the independence of maqhasid al-syariah as a separate scientific discipline. Second, in Ibn Ashur's view, the basic characteristics possessed by humans are actually in line with maqhasid al-syariah.

SCIENTIFIC FOUNDAMENTALS OF SYNANTHROPIC FLORISTICS IN FORESTRY

The publication characterizes basic principles of the scientific direction, which for the past hundred years has been shaped on the border of botany, ecology, forestry and constructive geography and study the flora that benefits from anthropogenic intervention in life of phytocenoses - synanthropic floristics. The object-subject sphere of synanthropic floristics as a separate scientific discipline is formulated. The interdisciplinary connections of synanthropic floristics with other branches of natural sciences, including geography, ecology, forestry, are highlighted. The importance of some concepts of modern natural science - sustainable development, noosphere, anthropogenic landscape - in the development of research on synanthropic flora is emphasized. The content of the most important studies during the formation of synanthropic floristics is outlined, which allowed to distinguish three stages in its development. It is noted that at the first stage, basically, the most important scientific principles of research of synanthropic flora were formed. The second stage is related to the improvement of theoretical foundations and the active development of regional research in the field of synanthropic floristics. The third stage is marked by in-depth regional studies of synanthropic floroelements of phytocenoses. Emphasis is placed on the significance of the works of the most prominent scientists in the field of synanthropic floristics - A. Tellung, J. Kornaś, V. Protopopova and others. Particular attention is paid to history of study of synanthropic flora of Ukraine since the 1920s. It is noted that synanthropic floristics uses a wide range of methods, including general science (dialectics, system, logic), interdisciplinary (historical and geographical) and special (Brown-Blanquet method, syntaxonomic analysis). The conceptual and terminological apparatus of the characterized discipline is given. Depending on the origin and content of the concept and terms are grouped into several groups that can develop into conceptual and terminological systems. In particular, such systems are formed around the basic concepts of "synanthropization", "flora", "phytocenosis", "landscape" and so on. It is noted that the synthetic nature of the discipline determines its significant prospects in the context of the development of modern natural science

Stilistika dan Al-Qur’an: Fenomena Budaya Uslûbiyah Bangsa Arab

This paper discusses the correlation of modern linguistics with the linguistics contained in the Al-Qur'an, then explains the phenomenon of Arabic language style which has become a culture, either before or after the Al-Qur'an was revealed, and finally describes how the influence of language literature Al-Quran on the uslûbiyah culture of the Arab nation. The explanation in this paper is in the form of descriptive which relies on explanations from the literature in accordance with the theme so that the method of analysis that is appropriate to this theme is descriptive-analytic, this method also includes qualitative research based on library research (library research). The results of the discussion of this article conclude that stylistics is a Western language discipline that has an equivalent to uslûbiyah science. Uslûbiyah is a separate scientific discipline which is formed from the science of Balaghah and has a central function with other linguistics. The Qur'an, which is a source of uslûbiyah (stylistic) studies, greatly influenced the rhetorical style of the Arab nation after it was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad, especially in terms of style, content, and purpose.

20 РОКІВ У АВАНГАРДІ УКРАЇНСЬКИХ КЕРАМОЛОГІЧНИХ СТУДІЙ

Про заснування унікальної академічної наукової установи не лише на пострадянськомупросторі, а й у всій Європі – Інституту керамології – відділення Інституту народознавства НАНУкраїни, з якою пов’язане становлення в Україні нової наукової дисципліни – керамології. Упродовж2001–2020 років активна діяльність відділення фокусувалася на посиленні міждисциплінарностікерамологічних студій і використанні досягнень, методик і методів досліджень інших наук длякомплексного вивчення гончарної культури від найдавніших часів до сьогодення; інтенсивнійкомунікації вчених-керамологів з носіями народної й академічної культури; популяризації українськоїкерамології, керамологічних знань серед різних професійних і вікових груп населення, науковців,художників-керамістів і народних майстрів-гончарів; практичних кроках зі збереження пам'ятокгончарної спадщини, музеєфікації глиняних виробів, інструментів гончарів, теплотехнічнихспоруд, їх консервації та реставрації.За цей період часу установа стала провідним національним осередком дослідженняукраїнського й світового гончарства, кераміки. Цьому сприяли завершення процесу організаційногоструктурування української керамології; виділення керамології в окрему наукову дисципліну;формування наукової школи української керамології; розробка основоположних теоретичнихпитань, формування сучасної уніфікованої керамологічної термінології; започаткування новихнапрямків керамологічних досліджень (історіографічні студії; керамологічна біографістика,керамологічна компаративістика, керамологічна критика, археологічна керамологія,керамофольклористика, керамолінгвістика).Новою сторінкою в історії української керамології стали започатковані монографічнідослідження гончарства доби середньовіччя, у тому числі доби козаччини, гончарного шкільництва,запровадження викладання курсів керамології в навчальних програмах закладів середньої та вищоїосвіти.Охарактеризовано провідні напрямки наукових студій учених, специфіку діяльності установи,основні монографії й фахові періодичні видання («Бібліографія українського гончарства»,«Українська керамологія», «Український керамологічний журнал», «Археологічна керамологія»),керамологічні ресурси в мережі Інтернет; сформульовано першочергові завдання керамологічнихстудій в Україні на наступні десятиліття. The article deals with the establishment of a unique academic research institution not only inthe post-Soviet space, but throughout Europe – the Institute of Ceramology – the branch of the Instituteof Ethnology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, which is associated with the formationof a new scientific discipline in Ukraine, namely ceramology.During 2001–2020, the active work of the department focused on strengthening the interdisciplinarityof ceramological studies and the use of achievements, methods and research methods of other sciences fora comprehensive study of pottery culture from ancient times to the present; intensive communication ofceramologists with the bearers of folk and academic culture; popularization of Ukrainian ceramology andceramological knowledge among various professional and age groups, scientists, art ceramists, and folkpotters; practical steps to preserve the relics of pottery heritage, museification of earthenware, potters’tools, heat-engineering structures, their conservation and restoration.During this period, the institution has become a leading national center for the study of Ukrainianand world pottery, ceramics. This was facilitated by the completion of the process of organizationalstructuring of Ukrainian ceramology; allocation of ceramology in a separate scientific discipline;formation of a scientific school of Ukrainian ceramology; development of fundamental theoretical issues,formation of modern unified ceramological terminology; initiation of new directions of ceramologicalresearch (historiographical studies; ceramological biography studies, ceramological comparative studies,ceramological criticism, archaeological ceramology, ceramological folklore studies, ceramolinguistics).A new page in the history of Ukrainian ceramology was the beginning of monographic studiesof pottery of the Middle Ages, including the Cossack epoch, pottery school education, the introductionof teaching ceramology in the curricula of secondary and higher education.The author described the leading directions of studies of the scientists, specifics of the institution,main monographs and professional periodicals (Bibliography of Ukrainian Pottery, Ukrainian ceramology,Ukrainian Ceramological Journal, Archaeological Ceramology), ceramological resources on the Internet;the priority tasks of ceramic studies in Ukraine for the next decades are formulated.

Delimitation of the concepts of "speech", "discourse" and "text" in the light of modern linguistic concepts

As an integrative cross-disciplinary phenomenon, discourse requires critical comprehension in synergistic unity with the differentiating parameters of the text and processes of generation and perception of speech, taking into account ethnopsychological, cultural, linguocognitive and structural-logical factors of communication. The author carries out a comparative analysis of the research of discourse in its correlation with speech and text as macrounits of cognitive and speech activity. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the theory of discourse is currently undergoing fundamental transformations that reflect changes in the conceptual and terminological framework, the emergence of new methodologies and objects of linguistic research. Contrastive description of the triad "speech-discourse-text" is conducted through the prism of semantic-structural, communicative and socio-pragmatic approaches in modern linguistics. The thesis is advanced that discursology, as a cross-disciplinary scientific discipline should possess the objective instruments for analyzing and grading discourse as a subject matter in all national languages. The article provides theoretical generalization of a range of research dedicated to examination of the phenomenology of speech, discourse and text in the light of modern linguistic concepts. Leaning on the thesis on mutual conditionality of structural-semantic parameters of the text, the author carries out a comparative analysis of a number of fundamental theoretical works of foreign and Russian linguists in the field of speech activity, modeling of the psychological processes of speech, as well as semantics of the discourse and semantic structure of the text. The problematic of studying the trichotomy "speech-discourse-text" affects more and more fields of linguistics and expands discursology as a separate scientific discipline. The comparative analysis of terminological units demonstrates that the distributive examination of the concepts of "discourse", "speech" and "text" in modern linguistics is primarily substantiated by the traditional culturological, ontological and methodological factors, and is associated with a variety of approaches, instruments for analysis, and categorical-conceptual framework.

A Case Study of the Health Information System in Family Medicine Practice in Canton Sarajevo

Background: Family medicine is defined as continuous, comprehensive medical care of the patient in the context of the family and the community. Continuous patient care includes prevention, diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic diseases and palliative care. Caring for individuals during different diseases and stages in the life cycle, understanding the role of the family in disease and using community resources makes family medicine unique among medical disciplines. With the development of new technologies, there was a need for changes in the work and introduction of the Health Information System, in all areas of medicine, including family medicine. Objective: The objectives of this study are to analyze CHIS functions in family medicine, analyze CHIS data reports, complaints, and suggestions for improvement, and then, based on the results of these analyses, to offer recommendations for future development of the CHIS family medicine module. Methods: This article represents a qualitative, interpretative case study of the implementation of the CHIS in family medicine in Public Institution Health Centre of Sarajevo Canton conducted by a group of physicians using three primary data sources: medical experts’ analysis of the CHIS content, reports available in the CHIS about the number and type of services, analysis of written medical doctor and nurse complaints, and suggestions for improving the CHIS. Although qualitative data analysis predominated, quantitative data analysis was also employed. Results and Discussion: It is crucial that healthcare professionals who utilize HIS have the opportunity to provide feedback on the system and suggest modifications. The main results show that CHI is widely used in family medicine and that employees in this department provide purposeful suggestions to improve CHI, as well as that a good cooperation between the software company and the user exist. Experts in software should view these suggestions as useful information and adopt them to enhance the system so as to increase customer satisfaction and enhance the quality of health care. Health informatics as a separate scientific discipline began to be effective in academic institutions at the end of the 70’s by the presentation of actual accomplishments in this area in under and postgraduate education at biomedical faculties. The Central Health Information System (CHIS) in Sarajevo Canton was implemented in 2014 but was not fully integrated and was incompletely used at certain levels of health care. Conclusion: Thanks to the agility of the company rapid implementation of new software modules enabled the organizational transformation of the Sarajevo Canton health network.

Current Status and Contemporary Academic Perspectives of Comparative Literature in Slovakia

The paper seeks to offer an expert examination and brief overview of the development of Literary Comparison as a separate scientific discipline in the Slovak Republic, to present its current status and to consider the possibilities for its further realization in the future. The beginnings of Literary Comparison understood as a methodological paradigm in Slovakia can be traced back to the early works of Mikuláš Bakoš from the early second half of the twentieth century, whose primary researches are in the domain of historical poetics, formalism and structuralism. Decades later, the well-known Slovak theorist Dionýz Ďurišin reflects, and at the same time creatively shapes the postulates of his papers by building on his already well-known theory of special inter-literary communities, inter-literary centers and of characteristics of the inter-literary process. Drawing on national literature as a concept, Dionýz Ďurišin develops a whole theoretical model of rethinking world literature, and his terminological categories also inspire the academic sculptor Ludwig Korkoš, who “revives” them in an artistic way in the nineties of the 20th century. Today, in the Slovak Republic there is a Center for Research on the Heritage of Dionýz Ďurišin at the Faculty of Pedagogy at Comenius University Bratislava under the leadership of prof. Maria Bátorová; while the subject of Literary Comparatics is taught as a compulsory subject at the Faculty of Arts at the same University in Bratislava under the guidance of prof. Zvonko Taneski, and also an elective at the Universities “Constantine the Philosopher” in Nitra, “Matej Bel” in Banska Bystrica and “Pavol Jozef Šafárik” in Prešov. In 2015, the Czech-Slovak Association for Comparative Literature was formed, which recently became a full member of the International Association for Comparative Literature AILC / ICLA. The Slovak headquarters of the Association are at the Institute of World Literature at the Slovak Academy of Sciences, and the president of the Slovak section of the same Association is prof. Róbert Gáfrik. The Association organizes domestic scientific conferences and congresses and regularly participates in appropriate scientific symposia abroad. In the last decade new representative collections have been published devoted to literary comparison in several academic centers in Slovakia. A good platform for presenting and publishing new posters from comparative literary science has become the prestigious scientific journal World Literature Studies, which is periodically published by the Institute of World Literature in Bratislava, and its status and prospects are growing as the magazine is registered, i.e. indexed in several important world scientific databases.

Incline and Admonish

The article deals with the forms of epistemic injustice associated with the scentization of expertise, its locking in a separate scientific discipline. Counter-expertise is directed against deprivation of the right to speak out about one's own interests which is the most common form of epistemic injustice. But the most radical form is related to the comprehension of other’s phenomenal experience as a derivative of the parameters measured by expert. In this regard, the concept of embodiment can play a crucial role both in preventing epistemic injustice and in overcoming the crisis of expertise.

V. P. Petrov Historiosophy as an Ethnogenic Study Methodology

It is already 125 years since birthday of Dr. Viktor Platonovych Petrov (aliases: V. Domontovych, Viktor Ber, Viktor Petrenko, Borys Verigo). Dr. V. Petrov was a famous Ukrainian archaeologist, philosopher, literary critic, linguist, folklore researcher, ethnographer, historian, pedagogue, writer, professor, and doctor of philological sciences. Dr. V. Petrov developed a new ethnogenesis theory, and called it historic. He proposed to consider ethnogenesis as a separate scientific discipline with its own tasks, sources, and methodology. The methodology of all Dr. V. Petrov’s ethnogenic studies is based on his historiosophy. The main goal of his research was the origin of Ukrainian nation. His views, as a history of mankind existence, are different from the other existing historiosophy, including Marxism. Dr. V. Petrov considered ethnosophy as a separate research field within historiosophy. He also developed original periodization system of history. The main thesis of the theory is that the historic process is divided into closed and self-sufficient time periods — epochs. The time periods have gaps and interconnections between them. Dr. V. Petrov rejected creative self-sufficiency of time in history on the basis of his ideas about the discreteness of historical existence and renunciation of ideas about evolutionary progress as a movement in only forward direction. From this follows his thesis about irrelevance of time in historical research. According to Dr. V. Petrov, a person whose problem has always been in the center of his attention perceives the world through the ideology of his era. It reflects the way of each era existence. Each era structure-forming category is truth, which determines the development of political, economic, moral, aesthetic and other categories. Petrov traced the ideology of epochs on concrete historical material. In the history of mankind, the scientist distinguished three epochs: the Middle Ages, the ideology of which was theology; New Time with the ideology of humanism; and Our Time that started in 20th century. Petrov’s incomplete studies of the mankind prehistory are published posthumously. Dr. V. Petrov considered history as a history of mankind existence not only in the aspect of biological reproduction, but also in the cultural-historical aspect. According to Dr. V. Petrov crisis and regression are as important as progress for mankind historical development. From this thesis follows his statement: The process of ethnogenic development has shifts, gaps, and breaks between epochs, but no evolutionary path or ascending line of development. The ethnogenesis process is discrete. The ethnic group’s formation process occurs according to the characteristics of each epoch; therefore, ethnic groups of different epochs are “above epoch” category. As a result of shifts, gaps, and breaks between epochs they are not identical. Within each epoch, there are peculiarities and differences in the ethnogenesis of an individual nation. At present time, it became clear that historiosophy and ethnogenetic concept of Dr. V. Petrov agree with the latest scientific theories, and connects to the modern philosophical teachings.

Primer višekriterijumske optimizacije primenom Expert Choice

A number of methods and techniques can be used in the decision making process. The first systems that began to support decision-making, as a separate scientific discipline, were decision support systems. The goal was to create decision-making elements and, on the basis of this, make a quality choice for admission of candidates/teachers into employment. The starting point for the selection of candidates for the post of teacher was verbal check /assessment, ie interview, assessment at the internal test and work experience. Auxiliary elements are defined as communicativeness, that is, in the given work situation, and the average achieved during the studies. The method used in the decision-making process is the AHP method. AHP provides an interactive analysis of the sensitivity of the evaluation process to the final ranking elements of the hierarchy. By structuring the problem, that is, by defining the goal and the decision criteria for the selection of teachers in the work relation, an optimal solution is defined.

Status i istota leksykografii. Stanowiska i kontrowersje

The article presents different, often contradictory, opinions on the status and nature of lexicography and discusses, among others, the following issues: is lexicography practice, theory or both? Is lexicography a part of linguistics, applied linguistics, a sub-discipline of lexicology or applied lexicology, or a separate discipline? The main aim of the article is to show how lexicography should be understood both as practice and theory, and that lexicography, whose object of study is a dictionary, is not a part of linguistics, whose object of study is language. According to the author, metalexicography should be considered a separate scientific discipline, while lexicography as a whole, i.e. its practical and theoretical components, can be considered an academic discipline.