Separate Head Research Articles

Analysis of Satellite Compass Error's Spectrum.

The satellite compass is one of new variants of satellite navigational devices. Is it still treated with caution on International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) vessels, but has become popular on the fishing vessels and pleasure crafts. The standard data obtained by such devices suggest accuracy of satellite compasses at a level of about 1 degree, so it seems to be as accurate as gyro or the magnetic equivalent. A changeability of heading errors, especially its frequency spectrum, is analyzed and presented in the paper. The results of comparison of an onboard standard gyrocompass, a fiber-optic gyrocompass (FOG) and a satellite compass in real shipping circumstances have been discussed based on the available literature and previous research. The similar comportment of these compasses are confirmed, however, in real circumstances it is difficult to separate heading oscillations produced by the ships yaw (or helmsman abilities) from the oscillations of the compass. Analysis of the heading oscillations has been performed based on the measurements of the heading indications of stationary compass devices and the devices mounted on the vehicles moving on the straight line (straight part of a road and tram line) to separate the impact of the vessel steering system. Results of heading changeability in the frequency domain are presented based on the Fourier transform theory.

تنازع الزوجین فی المصوغات الذهبیة وأثره فی الأحکام الفقهیة

هذا بحث يشتمل على مسائل المنازعات التي تحدث بين الزوجين في المصوغات الذهبية ، تکون البحث من مقدمة وفصل واحد وخاتمة ، وکان الفصل بعنوان : إبراز الأحکام لما استجد بين الزوجين من خصام في مسائل المصوغات الذهبية ، واشتمل على ثلاثة مباحث ، کل مبحث منها يعالج النزاعات التي تحدث في فترة زمنية معينة . المبحث الأول: يعالج المنازعات الحاصلة على المصوغات الذهبية أثناء فترة الخطبة ، واشتمل على مطلبين، کل مطلب يعالج جانبا مما يحصل من نزاع بين الخاطبين على المصوغات بعد العدول عن الخطبة، وتعويض الضرر الناشئ عن فسخ الخطبة بالاحتفاظ بالمصوغات کنوع من التعويض، وهل يصح ذلک شرعا أو لا ؟ . والمبحث الثانى: بعنوان: تنازع الزوجين في المصوغات الذهبية أثناء قيام الحياة الزوجية، واشتمل على أربعة مطالب؛ الأول بعنوان: التکييف الفقهي للمصوغات الذهبية المدونة في قائمة المنقولات، والثانى بعنوان : تصرف الزوجة في المصوغات الزوجية المدونة في القائمة، والثالث بعنوان: تصرف الزوج في المصوغات الذهبية أثناء قيام الحياة الزوجية ، والرابع بعنوان : جعل المصوغات الذهبية رأس مال في تجارة ، وناقش هذا المبحث کثيرا من المسائل المعاصرة التي يحتاج الفقيه أن يخرج فيها برأي له حظ من النظر، يلائم العصر ولا يناقض ثوابت الشرع . والمبحث الثالث بعنوان: تنازع الزوجين في المصوغات الذهبية بعد انتهاء الحياة الزوجية ، وتنتهى الحياة الزوجية إما بطلاق أو خلع أو فسخ أو موت، ولکل منها مسائل تختص بالمصوغات ، ولا يغيب عنها النزاع، تعرض المبحث لهذه المنازعات في مطالب ، کل منها يعالج تنازعا يحدث بين الزوجين أو الورثة، وتعرض المطلب الأخير لمسألة ظفر الزوجة بجزء من الترکة : هل لها أن تأخذ منها ما يقابل مصوغاتها التي أخذها زوجها ولا بينة لها بذلک ؟ وانتهى البحث بخاتمة وتوصيات تبين أهم النتائج التي توصل إليها البحث. This research paper discusses some issues of disputes that occur between spouses over gold jewels. It consists of an introduction, one section and a conclusion. section, entitled Investigating rulings on new issues of dispute that arise between spouses in matters of gold includes three subsections, each of which explores certain disputes that occur in a certain period of time. The first subsection deals with the conflicts that arise over gold jewels during the period of engagement. It includes two headings, each of which addresses a certain aspect of dispute that occurs between the engaged couple over gold jewels after ending engagement. It discusses the ruling of compensating the damage resulting from breaking off the engagement by retaining the jewelry. It investigates whether or not this kind of compensation is legitimate. The second subsection, entitled The spouses' dispute over gold jewels during the period of marital life, includes four headings. first heading is entitled Juristic justification of gold jewels recorded in the list of movable second heading is entitled The wife’s disposing of marriage jewelry recorded in the list of movable commodities. third heading is entitled The husband's disposing of marriage jewelry during the period of marital life. fourth heading is entitled Making use of gold jewelry as capital in a business. It discusses a great deal of contemporary issues that a jurist needs to contemplate and scrutinize to come out with an insightful view that fits the modern age without contradicting the principles of Sharia. The third subsection, entitled The spouses' dispute over gold jewels after marital life termination. Marital life ends with either [man's] divorce, or khulˁ (woman's divorce) through compensation paid by wife; there can also be dissolution of marriage, or death. Each case of marital life termination is disputed about and has its own issues related to gold jewels. This subsection explores these disputes in separate headings, each of which is concerned with a certain dispute that occurs between spouses or heirs. final subsection addresses the issue of the wife’s acquisition of part of her deceased husband's property. It raises the question of whether she has the right to take a part of the property equivalent to the jewelry which her husband took without evidence therefor? The study ends with a conclusion and recommendations showing the most important results of the research.

Comparison of test results from two separate video head impulse test systems in a cohort of patients diagnosed with a unilateral vestibular schwannoma.

Video head impulse testing (vHIT) is a relatively new technology enabling evaluation of vestibular function. The aim of this study was to compare the test results from two separate vHIT systems in a group of patients diagnosed with a unilateral vestibular schwannoma (VS) with regards to sensitivity, specificity and inter-examiner differences. Forty-two patients were examined with two separate vHIT systems: EyeSeeCam® (system A) and ICS Impulse® (system B), by one of two examiners. All six semicircular canals (SCCs) were tested under standardized conditions, and strict criteria were set up for post-test interpretation. With the majority of test parameters, the two test systems were in agreement. Vestibular deficits were found in 40.5% (system A) to 45% (system B) of patients with a VS on the tested side; corresponding to a positive predictive value (PPV) of 86.4% (system B) to 94.4% (system A). The specificity was 97.6% for system A and 92.9% for system B. An overall agreement between the two vHIT systems measured as kappa was computed to be 0.61. There were no significant inter-examiner differences. When testing the vertical SCCs, a tendency of too high mean gain values was seen with system A but not with system B. In patients with unilateral VS, vHIT is a test with moderate sensitivity and high specificity in regard to identification of a vestibular deficit. There were no significant differences in test results between the two vHIT systems.

The syntax of PP-adverbs within English determiner phrases

The current article explores the distribution of PP-adverbs, such asthis month,this yearetc., within English determiner phrases. Examples extracted from English newspapers show that PP-adverbs surprisingly separate head nouns from their PP-complements (i.e.of-phrases), e.g.the election this month of the first female president. At other times, PP-adverbs follow PP-complements, e.g.the election of the first female president this month. Assuming that these PP-adverbs have a null preposition (Larson 1985; McCawley 1988; Caponigro & Pearl 2008, 2009; Shun'ichiro 2013), I put forward three possible syntactic analyses to account for the examples above: (i) adjunction of both the PP-complement and the PP-adverb; (ii) leftward movement of the head noun or the noun phrase; and (iii) rightward movement of the PP-complement. Following Stowell (1981), Higginbotham (1983) and Anderson (1984), the adjunction proposal argues that both PP-adverbs andof-phrases are adjuncts, thus being freely ordered in the nominal hierarchy (Bresnan 1982; Svenonius 1994; Stroik & Putnam 2013). In contrast, the leftward movement analysis respects Kayne's (1994) Antisymmetric Theory of Linearization and argues that theof-phrase in the examples above is still a genuine complement, but the head noun, or sometimes the noun phrase, moves leftwards to a position higher than spec,FP where PP-adverbs are situated. As for the rightward movement account, it follows the leftward movement in treating theof-phrase as a complement but differs in that it extraposes the PP-complement outside PP-adverbs and right-adjoins it inside the DP. The article shows that the first two proposals are untenable, and sometimes cannot derive the wanted data. The third account is superior in that it accounts for the required data as well as other island-sensitive facts.

Dysphoric variant formation of post-traumatic stress disorder in combs

Nowadays, more combatants are suffering from the effects of an extreme event in the war zone. Specific mental trauma leads to psychiatric disorders that have common characteristics, which allows them to be separated into a separate heading - F43.1 (PTSD-post-traumatic stress disorder) in MKH-10. It is revealed that more than 26.5% of fighters from 324 respondents who returned from the ATO zone have clear signs of dysphoric variant of PTSD, including flashbacks, emotional numbness, unmotivated vigilance, maladaptation, and psychosomatic disorders. It is important to determine the criteria for the distribution of this condition, which is essential for the treatment and resolution of social issues. The purpose of the work is to identify the etiological factors and characteristic manifestations of dysphoric variant of PTSD in combatants. Materials and methods: On the basis of the Vinnitsa Regional Clinical Hospital of War Veterans (VRCHWV), as well as on the basis of the expert department of the scientific research institute of rehabilitation of the of disabled people of Mykola Pirogov VNMU (SRIRDP) surveyed 86 respondents suffering from dysphoric variant of PTSD. Basic methods of research: clinical anamnestic, clinical psychopathological (clinical interview), socio-demographic (questionnaire), psychodiagnostic, statistical. The results showed a significant correlation between the personal differential indices and the assessment of the level of neuro-psychic stability according to Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients (P <0.01). Almost all respondents showed high and medium levels of self-esteem (6.4 and 92.3% respectively). According to the results of the surveys, the arithmetic mean of the assessment of neuropsychiatric resistance (25.62 ± 11.62) indicates a tendency for neuropsychiatric breakdowns. Conclusions: The relevance of anxiety level research is related not only to its high prevalence in patients, but also with the tendency to chronicize the process and fix symptoms in the form of persistent personality changes. Timely identification of problems will improve the effectiveness of the respondents' medical work.

Prehospital procedure in injuries – injury analysis in the Śląskie Voivodeship in Katowice

The aim: Analysis of injuries suffered in street and road traffic and in public places in the Śląskie Voivodeship in the city of Katowice from January 1, 2017 to October 10, 2017. Material and methods: The study was based on a retrospective data analysis covering 248 Medical Rescue Activity Cards of the Voivodship Ambulance Service in Katowice – Katowice station from January 1 to October 10 2017. Results: Among 248 victims were 120 men and 128 women. 8 women who were injured were pregnant. In the analyzed material, 234 people (94%) were sober, while 14 people (6%) were found to be under the influence of alcohol. Among 248 victims, 83 people suffered multi-organ trauma, while 62 people were injured. 14 patients (5.6%) assessed pain using the NRS scale, while analgesic treatment was initiated in 22 people (8.9%). Conclusions: The most common type of injuries among victims of street and road traffic and in public places in Katowice from January 1 to October 10 2017 were bruises. Most often injuries occurred on Wednesday and Saturday, the least often on Sunday. None of the persons injured in prehospital procedures had a vacuum mattress, some had an orthopedic board (18.1%) and a cervical collar (32.3%). The personnel of the Emergency Medical Teams do not routinely use tools to assess the intensity of pain (only 5.6% of victims have documented pain assessment using the NRS scale on the MCR card). Consider changing the format of the medical records used by emergency teams to include a separate heading to assess pain intensity.

Українські студентські часописи міжвоєнного періоду у Чехословацькій Республіці як джерело до мартирологу української еміграції

The article investigates periodicals of Ukrainian students in the Czechoslovakia in the 1920s and 1930s — reveals 19 titles of journals that were published in the cities of the largest concentration of academic youth: Prague, Podebrady, and Brno. A list of these publications in alphabetical order, indicating the place of publication and the years of publication, is given in Appendix 1. All of these journals were reviewed de visu and analyzed for biographical publications on Ukrainians who died and were buried in the Czechoslovak Republic. The following materials have been found on the pages of five student publications, namely: «Ukrainsky Student» (Prague, 1920, 1922—1924) — contains 3 publications, «Studentsky Vistnyk» (Prague, 1923—1931) — 15, «Zhyttia» (Prague, 1924—1926) — 1, «Nasha Hromada» (Podebrady, 1924—1926) — 7, and «Natsionalna Dumka» (Prague, 1924—1927) — 5 publications. The deceased’s information was mostly printed in obituaries with more or less detailed biographies, but there were also small essays, memoirs, brief reports of death or funeral, and so on. Often, such information was published under a separate heading called «Memory of the Dead» (or «Posthumous News» or «Obituary»). In general, the pages of these student journals revealed information about 25 Ukrainians who were buried in the Czechoslovak Republic during 1923—1929. Based on the published information, an alphabetical index of these persons with biographical information about them was compiled (25 surnames, «Appendix 2»). The materials found are a valuable (and in many cases, the only) source of biographical information on Ukrainian immigrants who died and are buried in the Czechoslovak Republic, as well as helping to establish and preserve their burial sites. Keywords: Ukrainian students, Ukrainian emigration to the Czechoslovakia, periodicals, interwar period, Ukrainian burials in the Czech Republic.

Role of Cellular Biomolecules in Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment of Colorectal Cancer.

Prevention is the primary strategy to avoid the occurrence and mortality of colorectal cancer. Generally, the concentrations of tumor markers tested during the diagnosis and believed to assist the detection of disease in the early stages of cancer. Some of the biomarkers are also important during treatment and real-time monitoring of the progress of treatment. We considered a rationale search of key references from the database of peer-reviewed research and review literatures of colorectal cancer. The topic of search was focused on the novel methods and modern techniques of Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment of colorectal cancer. The screened publications were critically analysed using a deductive content analysis and the matter was put in separate headings and sub headings. It was found that endoscopic examination, early detection, and surgery are some of the common strategies to manage colorectal cancer because late stages are difficult to treat due to the high-cost requirement and fewer chances of survival. As far as chemotherapy is concerned, systemic chemotherapy has been shown to offer the maximum benefit to patients with cancer metastasis. Among different chemotherapy measures, primary colorectal cancer prevention agents involve pharmaceuticals, phytochemicals, and dietary supplements are some of the standard options. In this review article, we have provided a comprehensive analysis of different biomarkers for the detection of colorectal cancer as well as different formulations developed for efficient treatment of the disease. The use of dietary supplements, the combinatorial approach, and nanotechnology-based strategies for colorectal cancer diagnosis and treatment are some of the recent and modern methods of cancer management.

Information for Contributors

Information for Contributors

Comet assay study of the genotoxic effect of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in chicken hepatocytes.

The aim of this study was to verify that the comet assay can be used to investigate the DNA damaging effects of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in the liver of broiler chickens. The comet assay is a favorable genotoxic analysis because it is cheap, simple, and can be used in many organisms and different tissues. Male broiler chickens were fed with T-2/HT-2 toxins-contaminated diet for 14 days. The comet assay was successfully adapted to chicken liver cells, and the DNA damage was determined by a decrease in the comet parameter (DNA % in the tail) in the experimental groups. The method of evaluation was found to be critical because DNA damage could not be detected exactly using the CometScore software, due to inaccurate separation of head and comet. However, this problem can be solved by visual evaluation. In the case of the visual evaluation, each toxin-treated group differed significantly from the control group, indicating that the assay can be useful for the assessment of primary DNA damage caused by T-2/HT-2 toxins.

Suspected Protective Effect of Eruca Sativa Leaves Extract on Sperm Abnormalities in Male Albino Mice Treated with Hypericum triqutrifolium aqueous crude extract


 This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of Eruca sativa on the cytotoxic effect of Hypericum triquetrifolium on sperm abnormalities in albino mice. Leaves of E. sativa and aerial parts of H. triquetrifolium were dried in shade and grinded and their aqueous extracts were used for the treatments to study their effect on sperm morphology. Treated groups were injected with a single dose of 38 mg/kg body weight (BW) of Hypericum subcutaneously, while the Eruca groups were orally administered with 250 mg/kg BW twice/week for 2 weeks. After the exposure of H. triquetrifolium, the frequency of abnormal sperms showed a highly significant induction of sperm abnormalities; separated head from tail sperms, swollen head, hookless, defective head, and hook. However, the Eruca group showed no obvious abnormalities in sperm morphology, while in cotreatment with both Eruca and Hypericum (H/E) groups, there was an extremely significant decrease (P < 0.0001) in the abnormal sperms. In conclusion, it appeared that E. sativa could prevent or at least minimize the damages that Hypericum toxins would make on the sperm morphology significantly.

Mismatches in free relatives – grafting nanosyntactic trees

German free relative constructions allow for case requirement mismatches under two types of circumstances. The first is when the case required in the embedded clause is more complex (NOM < ACC < GEN < DAT) than the case required in the main clause, and the relative pronoun takes the form of the embedded clause case. The second type of circumstance is when the form that corresponds to the two required cases is syncretic. I propose an analysis that combines Caha’s (2009) case hierarchy in Nanosyntax with Van Riemsdijk’s (2006a) concept of Grafting. By placing case features as separate heads in the syntax, a less complex case can be Grafted into a different clause, explaining the first type of circumstance. The second type makes reference to the fact that syncretic forms are inserted via the same lexical entry (Superset Principle). A cross-linguistic comparison shows that it is language-specific whether a more complex case requirement in the main or embedded clause causes non-matching non-syncretic free relatives to be grammatical. For all languages it holds that the relative pronoun appears in the most complex case required, which provides additional evidence for case being complex and more complex cases being able to license less complex cases.

ÖZERK MALİ OTORİTELER VE ÇEŞİTLİ ÜLKE UYGULAMALARI: TÜRKİYE İÇİN OLASI BİR ÇIKARSAMA

In the study, information is provided about the general characteristics of the formations named “financial council”, “financial court” and “parliamentary budget offices”, which has been active since the past in some of the developed countries, especially in the European countries after the 2008 - 2009 Global Contraction process, and becoming common also in developing countries. United States, Sweden and Slovenia being examined under separate headings and for Turkey evaluations are made such a possible formation should have in the context of the innovations brought by Law No. 5018 on Public Financial Management and Control. In parallel with the changes in the fiscal policy, autonomous structures are becoming widespread along with numerical rules and some general expectations are brought up, although they do not show full homogeneity. In particular, their budgets, personnel structures, procedures for appointment of senior management and term of office are considered as key elements for these structures. Although their organization and functions are different, the legitimacy of their existence, especially in terms of democratic culture, is closely related to these characteristics. Even though they are named by different names, it is seen that these dominant features are taken into consideration especially in developed countries during the establishment stages. Turkey also made innovations in the area of fiscal policy and continue to try, though in terms of financial rules and structures must take into account some basic features

The Written Discourse of Female College Students about Formal Literacy and Self: A Study Analysis

Self is a fluid construct. Its construction and representation vary according to different contexts and other variables. Female self-construction and representation is a crucial domain which is affected by many social factors. The present research deals with construction and representation of self. The data for the present research has been collected from the 4 colleges, 2 belonging to urban area and 2 of peripheries. The participants of the research are girls of 1st year and 4th year. The present research analyses the construction and representation of self as a result of formal literacy. It also considers how formal literacy plays a role in the construction and representation of self. For the present research, the researchers have collected the data from the mentioned 4 colleges. The participants of the research are 200 female students, including 100 from 1st year and 100 from 4th year. The present research employs an amended model to analyze the data. The amended model consists of Fairclough's (2012) critical social analysis, Gee's (1999) cultural model of discourse and Street's (1984) ideological model of literacy. The data has been analyzed keeping into mind the 9 analytical devices i.e. implicature, identity, metaphor, comparisons, representations, back grounding, inclusion/exclusion, dialogically and difference. Moreover, the researchers have categorized the data into the dominant emerging themes, which have been classified and analyzed under separate headings, these dominant emerging themes are, religiosity, family background, identity (naming), desires and self, self through lexicalization, roles and relationships, conceptual metaphors and use of 1st person pronoun (I/we). The data has been analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Based on the analysis of data the findings of the research suggest that self is not an absolute term, its construction and representation keeps on changing because of different variables, one of them is formal literacy. Moreover, the study contends that construction and representation of self is an ever-ongoing process.

IMAGE OF A WILD BOAR IN THE SCYTHIANS ANIMAL STYLE OF THE NORTHERN PONTIC REGION. INTERNAL EVOLUTION AND EXTERNAL IMPACTS

The article deals with relatively rare but important for Scythians animal style repertoire image of a wild boar. The sources of iconography and style of the image are analyzed, as well as his inner evolution and external influences from Central Asia, Near East, Iran and Greece. Full figure image of a wild boar in the Northern Black Sea region in archaic period are very rare unlike Central Asia and Southern Seberia, where these images were quite popular. Nevertheless some typical Asian styled figures (in a «sudden stop» pose or standing «on a hoof tips») are represented in Kuban’ and Dniepr Forrest-Steppe regions. Obviously they connected to Central Asia tradition and may be an evidence of migration process from eastern region to the Northern Black Sea in VII—VI centuries BC. The article notes, that already in archaic period in Scythians burials being discovered artifacts with typical Greek and Middle East images of a wild boar as well as Celtic imports from Central Europe.
 In classical period the situation is changing. A new wild boar image iconography appears: with bent legs. At the current stage of research it’s impossible to unambiguously determine a geographical source of such image: was it Central Asia or Near East. The images with new iconography performed mostly in gold and decorated most often the weapons (bow cases, sword sheaths), ritual and cult items (bowls, rhytons, headdress). At the same time the image of a separate wild boar head appears. It became more popular than full figures and gained wider distribution from the late VI — early V century BC. It being developed in two stylistic directions: laconic, connected with Sauromathian impact and realistic-decorative, as a result of further development of this image by Bosporus artisans.
 The article also deals with semantics of the image. Many researchers associated the image of a wild boar with the embodiments of gods of war and victory — Indo-Iranian Veretragna and Scythians Ares. Author argues that a wild boar could be associated also with a chthonic destructive power and victory over him made the winning warrior a real hero, equal to his «cosmic» rival.
 Two new artefacts with a wild boar images from the territory of Crimea peninsula are introduced into scientific circulation.

Avoiding Desk Rejection of a Manuscript

Next on my list is the abstract. There isn't really a great deal to say about the abstract but three things are essential. First, is must convey the essence of the article, concisely and precisely. If the abstract doesn't tell me what the article is about, I may not read any further. Second, the abstract must be in the format requested by the journal. Third, the abstract should also be the length specified for the journal. These three things are very easy for an editor to check at the time of submission. So, for example, if an abstract is formatted with subheadings, and those headings are ordered: Aims, Background, Design, Methods, Results, Conclusions, then the abstract should be ordered precisely like that. If what is requested begins with Background, then Aims, and the design is included in the Methods section and doesn't have a separate heading, then that's what you need to write. I am referring here to my journals; all journals have their own specifications. Some journals only want a narrative abstract, without headings. Whatever the case, if the abstract isn't written precisely according to the guidelines, then it is very likely to be rejected immediately. You may think this is very unfair or rather harsh; however it's a clear indication to the editor or editor-in-chief that you haven't read the guidelines for the journal. If you had read the guidelines or looked at a specific example of the type of paper you want to publish then you would have seen how the abstract should be formatted. I am afraid that I have very little patience for this and usually reject the article at source. It would have to be an exceptionally desirable article for me to ask you to make adjustments to the abstract and re-submit.

Research of the head equivalent velocity in the simulation of human-vehicle collision accident

In this paper, the equivalent velocity of head model based on HIC value is studied. Firstly, based on the existing pedestrian model, a large number of experimental simulation and statistical analysis have been completed after modification, and the functional relationship between HIC value and vehicle pedestrian contact speed has been obtained. Then, a separate head model is established according to the contact characteristics of the original dummy model, and the functional relationship between the HIC value and the collision speed when the head hits the windscreen is obtained by simulation, and the equivalent velocity relationship between the collision speed of the head model and the human-vehicle contact speed is deduced. Finally, according to the existing finite element head model and the coupling calculation method, the simulation results under the coupling calculation condition are explored. The equivalent velocity relation proposed in this paper has guiding significance to the value of collision velocity in the head collision model and also promotes the development of research on human-vehicle collision accidents.

Health information system as an integral component of cardiovascular surveillance system in Nepal

Introduction: Nepal lacks a comprehensive, integrated health information system (HIS) to address the growing burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). 
 Method: We performed a literature search and reviewed papers, government reports, and websites related to HIS. We included existing situations of HIS, major gaps, strength weakness opportunity threat (SWOT) analysis and role of different stakeholders to address CVD burden in Nepal.
 Results: Health data from different health facility level are filled in district health information software (DHIS-2). DHIS-2 has been implemented in 10 districts in full-fledged manner and partial phase in 22 districts. Data are collected by means of paper-based registers, tally sheets, and monthly data collation forms. The collated data are sent monthly to the district level and entered into the computer using DHIS-2 software and submitted to the national health departments.
 Major gaps in health management information system (HMIS) are lack of separate heading of CVDs and lack of implementation of the existing data collection system. The strengths of the HIS are robust and decentralized health care delivery system in a good number of medical institutions. Weakness is lack of public and private partnership, concrete policy on health information and dissemination. Opportunities are the existence of policies and regulations mandating health facilities to report indicators, the involvement of private institutions and the expansion of existing DHIS-2 system. 
 Conclusion: Nepal currently lacks reliable and accurate data on timely manner to address the growing burden of CVDs. There is a need to strengthen the existing DHIS with a commitment from expertise and leadership.

Displaced morphology in German verb clusters: an argument for post-syntactic morphology

In this paper I will provide a new argument for post-syntactic morphology. The empirical evidence comes from so-called displaced morphology in German verb clusters, where the non-finite verb form selected by a given governor does not appear on the immediately dependent verb but rather on the linearly last verb of the selector’s complement. The placement of the morphology thus partly depends on linear notions and not exclusively on hierarchical relations. I will provide an analysis within Distributed Morphology (Halle and Marantz in The view from Building 20. Essays in linguistics in honour of Sylvain Bromberger, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 111–176, 1993), where exponents for non-finite morphology are inserted into separate functional heads which are linearized after their VP-complements. At a late stage of the PF-derivation, the exponents are associated with their verbal hosts by means of Local Dislocation, an operation that applies under adjacency (Embick and Noyer in Linguist Inq 32(4):555–595, 2001). As a consequence, the non-finite morphology always comes last in the selector’s complement. Displacement arises once the immediately dependent verb is not the last verbal element in the complement of its selector; this is generally the case in strictly ascending orders, while in the strictly descending 321 order the morphology is faithfully realized. The placement operation is thus always the same, displacement only emerges as a side effect of certain cluster orders. Further evidence for a post-syntactic approach to the placement of non-finite morphology and against a pre-syntactic perspective comes from the absence of semantic effects under displacement, the emergence of non-finite verb forms specified for more than one non-finite category under multiple displacement and the distribution of default forms.

Anti-tumor immunity induced by ectopic expression of viral antigens is transient and limited by immune escape

ABSTRACTImmunotherapeutic treatments in head and neck cancer clinical trials include cancer vaccines targeting foreign viral antigens or mutational neoantigens derived from cancer-expressed proteins. Anti-tumor immune responses place cancer cells under selective pressure to lose or downregulate target antigens; therefore, vaccination against virus- or host- “driver” oncogenes are proposed as a strategy to overcome immune escape. Herein, we demonstrate the impact of immunogenic viral antigens on anti-tumor response and immune editing in MOC2-E6E7, a syngeneic murine oral cancer cell line expressing HPV-16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins. Using orthotopic syngeneic models, we observed in vivo tumor growth kinetics of MOC2-E6E7 is delayed in immunocompetent mice compared to parental MOC2 tumors. In contrast, tumor growth remained similar in Rag1-/- mice lacking adaptive immunity. MOC2-E6E7 tumors demonstrated an “inflamed” or immune-activated tumor microenvironment and greater infiltration of CD8+ T cells compared to MOC2. By real-time PCR, we detected downregulation of E6 and E7 genes in MOC2-E6E7 tumors only in immunocompetent mice, suggesting the loss of ectopic viral antigen expression due to immune editing. We then assessed the efficacy of a biomaterials-based mesoporous silica rod (MSR) cancer vaccine targeting HPV-16 E7 in our model. Vaccination induced robust infiltration of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells, which led to tumor growth delay and modestly prolonged survival in MOC2-E6E7 tumors. Increased efficacy was seen in a separate head and neck cancer tumor model, mEER, which obligately expresses E7 antigen. Collectively, our data highlight the need for both immunogenicity and ‘driver’ status of target antigens to be considered in cancer vaccine design.