Concept Of Separation Research Articles

Intonation and Expressivity: Observations on String Musicians’ Views as Communicated in The Strad

String intonation is a topic of pedagogical interest, but also a domain involving implicit, embodied knowledge that may be hard to convey in words. This study investigated how prominent string musicians approach expressive aspects of intonation, when only verbal means of pedagogical communication are possible. A search through the professional periodical The Strad with the combined keywords “expressive” and “intonation” generated a set of articles that were subjected to narrative analysis. Four approaches emerged in this textual material: Casals’ “expressive intonation” as reference; expressive aspects of intonation as implied between the lines; ambiguous communication surrounding the connection between intonation and expressivity; and intonation and expressivity as separate concepts. Musicians’ strategies for verbal communication varied greatly, and intonation was clearly described as an expressive means in only a quarter of the articles. It is argued that passing on the tacit knowledge of expressive intonation requires not only performance experiences and artistic insights, but also a well-developed and accurate vocabulary in teaching.

Disclosure of biological sex may impact individual privacy.

Disclosure of biological sex may impact individual privacy.

Into reverse: redesigning veil piercing

Abstract This paper considers the status of reverse veil piercing (RVP) in the UK courts and provides a framework for developing it in a coherent manner. It considers the recent emergence of RVP and then considers the concept of separability with regard to corporate personality and its impact on veil piercing. In doing so it draws out the important difference between RVP, which impacts entity shielding, and forward veil piercing (FVP), which impacts limited liability. It then considers US jurisprudence on RVP and the development of RVP in the Delaware courts, and then the historical development of shadow RVP in the UK courts. The paper concludes that continuing the process begun by the Supreme Court in Hurstwood Properties Ltd v Rossendale Borough Council of unbundling FVP from RVP opens the way for the reemergence of RVP that sets the limits of evasive entity shielding in a similar manner to the Delaware courts and the UK historical shadow case law, while also weighing the wider third party considerations in an RVP. Without this we would argue our law risks judicial intervention through RVP being eroded and evasive entity shielding becoming a mechanism for unscrupulous debtors to avoid outstanding liabilities.

Flotation performance and flow characteristics of a novel two-stage turbulent micro-bubble cell for fine particle recovery

ABSTRACT Flotation is one of the key methods to recover fine minerals, yet significant challenges persist in achieving effective recovery and separation of fine minerals. In this study, a novel two-stage turbulent micro-bubble flotation (TMF) cell has been designed based on the concept of strong turbulence collision and static separation. And the flotation performance and flow characteristics are investigated through flotation experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulations using aphanitic graphite as the flotation object. The results indicate that the TMF cell achieves a higher recovery rate and lower ash content in the concentrate compared to traditional single flotation cell (XFD). The CFD simulations reveal that the TMF cell has a larger high flow velocity area, higher energy density in the shear collision area, and greater turbulent kinetic energy, leading to improved flotation efficiency for fine-grained minerals. It also provides a new technological equipment and method for fine particle flotation.

Creative industries as a factor in the socio-economic development of the Northwestern Federal District in the context of digital transformation

Aim. The work aims to identify the prospects and main fields for unlocking the potential of the creative industries sector as a modern factor in comprehensive regional socio-economic development in the context of the digital transformation of the economy and society.Objectives. The work seeks to substantiate the significance of the creative economy factor impact on the socio-economic development across regions; analyze the current regional strategies for socio-economic development (SSED) from the standpoint of accounting for and planning the use of the creative economy potential using the Northwestern Federal District (NWFD) as a case study; reveal the essence of legislative initiatives, the forms and methods applied to support organizations in the creative industries sector; identify successful practices for stimulating regional development of creative industries, as well as organizational and methodological problems in the implementation of existing measures to support creative industries in the regions; study the influence of the level of achieved socio-economic conditions of the NWFD regions, in particular the degree of digitalization, development of the cultural environment, the use of support measures for creative industries, on the assessment of the creative economy development; and formulate tasks that should be set when forming the SSED from the standpoint of supporting the creative economy at the regional level, and rational principles for implementing the SSED in the context of digital transformation.Methods. The study is based on general scientific methods of cognition, including systems, structural, semantic and comparative analysis, scientific synthesis, as well as methods of induction and deduction, detailing, generalization, and simulation.Results. Creative industries are shown to be a promising factor in regional socio-economic development on the one hand. On the other hand, the achieved level of socio-economic development, including the degree of regional digitalization, affects significantly the creative economy dynamics. For each entity of the Russian Federation included in the NWFD, “CI support” cards have been formalized, presenting the current situation in the entities of the Russian Federation related to the NWFD, while not all regions have a separate concept, in addition to the basic SSED, for the development of creative industries and mechanisms for implementing their state support. Moreover, the most common shortcomings of the support measures applied have been identified. The standard topics of the SSED subsections related to creative industries are formulated, multidirectional practices of supporting regional development of creative industries implementing organizational, financial, infrastructural, informational, and marketing functions are defined. The process of influence of the achieved socio-economic conditions, including digitalization parameters, on the development of creative industries in the NWFD regions is analyzed in detail. The work presents an assessment of the level of development of creative industries in the NWFD regions, which demonstrated its dependence on the degree of regional digitalization. Taking into account the requirements of digital transformation, rational principles, tasks, and functions are proposed, that should be implemented in the process of forming the SSED and regional concepts for the development of creative industries.Conclusions. In the context of digital transformation and the transition to the sixth technology revolution, the importance of taking into account the influence of the creative economy on the level of development of regional socio-economic systems of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and on the achievement of the goals of ideological, spiritual, moral, and socio-economic development on a national scale in Russia is increasing. The relevance of considering the digitalization requirements during the regional SSED implementation is increasing from the standpoint of the creative industries development. Regional authorities are developing an understanding of the need to implement the principles of digital transformation, namely innovation, digitalization, intellectual labor, public transparency, clustering, and image support. So far, regional support for the development of creative industries is characterized by significant heterogeneity of regional approaches to solving this problem. At the same time, there is an improvement of the ongoing process and an increase in the degree of compliance of regional vectors of the SSED direction with current national goals and development priorities. An urgent task of creating modern competitive advantages for the leadership of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation should be the systematic implementation of comprehensive regional mechanisms for supporting the creative industries sector based on the development of creative-oriented strategies for regional socio-economic development. At the regional level, special attention should be paid to the implementation of interrelated information systems in the creative economy, that perform marketing, information, educational, integrating, archival, and monitoring functions.

Connecting Industry 4.0 to sustainable supply chain: analysis of critical factors

PurposeIndustry 4.0 (I4.0) influences the supply chain, including innovation, structure, availability and communication. It influences the supply chain by modifying how products are designed, manufactured, delivered and discarded for the sustainability of an organization. Sustainability emphasizes the use of optimal raw materials, efficient storage and delivery, on-time supply, productivity development, recycling, remanufacturing and refurbishing. The aim of this study is to identify and establish causal relationships among the key aspects that contribute to the success of I4.0-enabled sustainable supply chain (I4eSSC). The objective is to classify these components into discrete categories according to their causal and consequential linkages.Design/methodology/approachThis paper presents a three-phase hybrid Criteria Importance Through Inter-criteria Correlation and Grey Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (G-DEMATEL) framework to achieve the stated objectives. A study is conducted to empirically examine the Indian automobile sector in order to illustrate the suitability of the suggested framework.FindingsDuring the initial stage, a total of 26 success factors have been identified for the I4eSSC implementation. During the second part of the study, a total of 20 success factors were found and deemed critical success factors (CSFs). During the concluding stage, it was seen that out of the total of 20 chosen CSFs, nine were categorized in the cause group, whereas the remaining 11 were classified under the effect group. The analysis revealed that the element of “adoption of emerging technology for sustainable product and process development” was assigned the greatest level of importance.Practical implicationsThis study aims to motivate professionals to enhance the integration of I4.0 into sustainable supply chains to maximize the advantages offered by these two separate concepts. It is imperative to devote genuine consideration to the examination of causal group variables in the context of I4eSSC, since these elements possess a direct influence on the overall performance of systems and exert a significant impact on the components within the effect group.Originality/valueThis study presents an extensive compilation of CSFs pertaining to the implementation of I4eSSC. The primary objective is to determine the relative relevance of these factors and explore the intricate causal relationships that exist among them. Furthermore, this study stands out due to its novel application of a specific decision-making methodology within the field of I4eSSC.

Adsorption and Separation by Flexible MOFs.

Flexible metal-organic frameworks(MOFs) offer unique opportunities due to their dynamic structural adaptability. This review explores the impact of flexibility on gas adsorption, highlighting key concepts for gas storage and separation. Specific examples demonstrate the principal effectiveness of flexible frameworks in enhancing gas uptake and working capacity. Additionally, mixed gas adsorption and separation of mixtures are reviewed, showcasing their potential in selective gas separation. The review also discusses the critical role of the single gas isotherms analysis and adsorption conditions in designing separation experiments. Advanced combined characterization techniques are crucial for understanding the behavior of flexible MOFs, including monitoring of phase transitions, framework-guest and guest-guest interactions. Key challenges in the practical application of flexible adsorbents are addressed, such as the kinetics of switching, volume change, and potential crystal damage during phase transitions. Furthermore, the effects of additives and shaping on flexibility and the "slipping off effect" are discussed. Finally, the benefits of phase transitions beyond improved working capacity and selectivity are outlined, with a particular focus on the advantages of intrinsic thermal management. This review highlights the potential and challenges of using flexible MOFs in gas storage and separation technologies, offering insights for future research and application.

‘Law and Gospel’ or ‘Gospel and Law’? An attempt to Trans(form) Theologia Viatorum in the Living Church

This article explores the ordered concepts of ‘Law and Gospel’ by Martin Luther and ‘Gospel and Law’ by Karl Barth. On the one hand, Luther understood Law and the Gospel as two different but not separate concepts of Christian life. The Law is what God asks Christians to do, while the Gospel is what Christians receive from God. On the other hand, Barth believes that theology should focus on the incarnation of Jesus Christ as proclaimed in the Gospel. This article answered two research questions: First, what is the relationship between the approach presented by Luther and Barth? Second, how can these approaches contribute to the attempt to trans(form) theologia viatorum in the living church? This study was conducted by a literature study. The result of the study showed that to transform and form theologia viatorum of the living church, the ability to hold hand in hand (manus in manu) the duty to God (Law), as proposed by Luther, and receiving the good news (Gospel), as suggested by Barth should enable the church to serve the world better.

Failure of Judicial Independence is the Failure of Doctrine of Trichotomy in Pakistan

In Parliamentary form of Government, the independence of judiciary is just a dream, as direct involvement of politicians and other established institutions can be observed in it. The concept of separation of powers given by Montesquieu though based upon logics but cannot be implemented without the principle of check and balance. The notion of term ‘justice’ generally springs the idea of court and notion of term ‘court’ brings about the concept of a ‘Judge’; a neutral, un-biased, upright, honest, a person of integrity presiding the court chair. Judge is a protector of public’s interest and a canon of hope in demise. Appointment of judges is a primary factor which effects the independence and performance of judicial bodies. This appointment should be free from every kind of influence and interference so that the administration of justice is not hindered. Any external influence in the appointment procedure automatically makes the appointed judge slightly biased, which may be due to various factors like fear, favor, and indebtedness. The appointment procedure which the law gave after 18th and 19th amendment may be such that it gives an influence-free effect but practical applicability differs from the provisions in law due to some prevalent informal practices. The recent 26th amendment has paved way to more interference from the executive branch in the appointment procedure, resulting in curtailed independence of judiciary. A scrutinized and transparent system of appointment based on merit and certain legislative reforms needs to be introduced and implemented in the society to foster justice system and ensure independence of judiciary.

Constitutionalization of the legal status of the prosecutor’s office: current issues of the mechanism of checks and balances

It is indicated that the development of a modern democratic state is inextricably linked with ensuring the effective functioning of the system of checks and balances, which acts as a fundamental mechanism for maintaining the balance of state power. A special place in this system is occupied by the prosecutor’s office, which in the process of constitutional reform has undergone significant transformations and has become an important institutional guarantee for ensuring constitutional legality and protecting fundamental human rights and freedoms. The constitutional changes of 2016 have become a defining stage in the process of constitutionalization of the prosecutor’s office in Ukraine, which has led to a rethinking of its institutional status and functional purpose in the mechanism of state power. The changes introduced not only introduced an updated model of the organization of the prosecutor’s office, but also significantly modernized its role in the system of checks and balances, adapting it to European standards for the functioning of prosecutorial institutions. The article examines the process of constitutionalization of the legal status of the prosecutor’s office in the context of the mechanism of checks and balances. The theoretical and practical aspects of the transformation of the constitutional and legal status of the prosecutor’s office in the context of the 2016 constitutional justice reform and European integration processes in Ukraine are analyzed. The peculiarities of the functioning of the prosecutor’s office as an element of the system of checks and balances in the mechanism of state power are determined. Scientific approaches to determining the place of the prosecutor’s office in the system of state bodies are studied and discussion issues regarding its institutional affiliation are analyzed. It has been established that the modern understanding of the concept of separation of powers does not require mandatory assignment of state bodies to classical branches of power, but focuses on ensuring their effective interaction. It is substantiated that the key aspect of constitutionalization of the prosecutor’s office status is not so much its formal positioning in the system of separation of powers as ensuring independence and efficiency in performing constitutional functions. The problematic aspects of the functioning of the prosecutor’s office under the new constitutional status are analyzed, in particular, the issues of ensuring its independence, interaction with other state authorities and implementation of constitutional functions. Special attention is paid to the study of European standards for the organization and activities of prosecutorial bodies and prospects for their implementation in national legislation. The role of the prosecutor’s office in ensuring constitutional legality and protection of human rights and freedoms in the context of modern challenges, particularly under martial law, is considered.

The Danish-Halle Mission from the Perspective of Embodiment: Communication, Ritual, and the Body in Interreligious Contact

Abstract This article studies the role of the body in interreligious contact by looking at the eighteenth-century Danish-Halle mission in South India. The missionaries’ theological arguments were mostly well received by Tamil Hindus, but the bodily lived religion and everyday experience determined the relationship with Christians. It was not only two different theologies that interacted, but two different conceptions of man. The missionaries used verbal communication and sought common ground in concepts, but the article argues that the body also participates in the communication process. The article argues first that the body is a center of relations, and that these relations are created in ritual. Separate rituals not only hold persons in separate networks of relations but create separate worldviews that lay the basis for separate concepts. Second, the body connects the doctrine with ritual and behavior, and the way the body experiences reality forms the basis for lived religion.

WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF HEALTH DEFINITION? A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR HEALTH AND HEALTH STATUS

Health is complex, multidimensional and hard to define. Health is a separate concept from health status since health is dynamic and health status suggests the ability to measure. Some of the dimensions of health appear in definitions and literature. The inability to define health may lead to some problems in measuring health status as a statistical variable, a perspective that underlines the importance of a clear definition, as complete as possible, appropriate to the context for which the analysis is made. Current definitions do not address all dimensions of health. More broad definitions that capture more dimensions of health are essential to support health policy decision-making and researchers. Several analyses use some variables related to dimensions of health (e.g. extracted from WHO definition - social, mental and physical). A clearer definition makes it easier monitor and meet the objectives. In this study, the health and health status are defined first, and then some dimensions from definitions of health and from literature are debated. The results consist in this collection of dimensions: physical, mental, social, functional, subjective, religious, environmental, emotional, intellectual. Definition created is as follows: "Health is a complex, multidimensional concept that can be affected by a multitude of factors such as physical, social, mental, religious, intellectual, subjective, environmental, and broadly it links to the idea of pain or suffering in any way, but also the well-being and happiness, i.e. holiness for those who have it.". It is important to have a complex definition to support health policy decision-making, which leads towards improving the health status of the population.

Exploring the foundations of Ziran-oriented education: Insights from traditional Chinese philosophy

In contemporary educational theory, the concept of ‘nature’ has been restricted to the ‘inner nature’ of humans, reflecting Western philosophy’s focus on introspection and essence. This shift has excluded the ever-growing natural world from the realm of inner nature, relegating it to an external entity and creating a divide between human nature and the natural world. This division has led to educational challenges because of the lack of references for self-reflection and guidance from the spirit of naturalness. In contrast, traditional Chinese philosophy does not view ‘Ziran’ (often translated as ‘naturalness’) as a separate or dichotomous concept like Western ‘nature’. Instead, Ziran encompasses all things in the world as harmonious entities that embody the metaphysical Dao and spiritual essence. This holistic perspective represents the highest form of existential wisdom, bridging Dao’s realms and human experience and, guiding education toward spiritual transcendence. Ziran thus offers a fundamental value system for education, emphasizing relevance, process, and life-serving practices as essential models because of its enduring vitality.

Mo Yan’s Frog: Rethinking Life as “Wa”

Mo Yan’s 2009 novel Frog (Wā 蛙) traces the dramatic career of a rural obstetrician who saves lives through modern medicine, forces vasectomies and abortions through her implementation of the one-child policy, supports her nephew’s black market surrogacy scheme, and finally ends up withdrawing into a spiritual state of atonement for her previous deeds. This article examines the relationship between human and animal in the novel, suggesting that the conceptual separation of these categories is intimately related to the various problems the novel depicts throughout Chinese modernity. By focusing on the critical possibilities offered by the novel’s title, Wā 蛙, as a homophone with both “baby” (wá 娃) and the “wa” of the mythical female progenitor Nüwa (娲wā), I suggest that Mo Yan offers a new concept of life, best referred to simply as wa, in response to certain crises of modernity. As an ambiguously generative reconceptualization of life, wa denies conventional and simplistic distinctions between human and animal while incorporating elements of spirituality and unknowability into an otherwise overly rationalized and monetized idea of the human.

ТЕОРЕТИКО-МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ПРОБЛЕМИ ЕМОЦІЙНОЇ СЕПАРАЦІЇ В ПРОЦЕСІ СТАНОВЛЕННЯ ОСОБИСТІСНОЇ ІДЕНТИЧНОСТІ В ЮНАЦЬКОМУ ВІЦІ

Purpose. The article reveals a theoretical and methodological analysis of the problem of emotional separation in the process of forming personal identity in youth. The goal was to study the characteristics of emotional separation in youth. Methods. To achieve the goals, the following methods of scientific and theoretical study of the problem were used: analysis, synthesis, abstraction, systematization, generalization to define the concept of the essence of emotional separation, modeling - in order to determine the impact of emotional separation on the formation of personal identity in youth. Results. The theoretical and methodological analysis of the thematic scientific and psychological literature on the problems of emotional separation and personal self-identity in youth gave reasons to affirm the existence of a relationship between them. As mentioned earlier, the concept of emotional separation has not yet gained momentum in the literature in any field. Psychology and related sciences have the opportunity to accept this concept and build a theoretical basis for it within the framework of our profession. During successful emotional separation, young people and adolescents remain psychologically independent, emotionally separating from their parents while simultaneously developing a sense of trust in them. However, independence from parents is not just emotional separation. Attachment theory emphasizes the importance of the emotional bond between parents and children, which impairs the child's adaptive independence from parents - the process of separation. Secure relationships between parents and adolescents can promote healthy autonomy and, in their case, positive psychosocial adaptation, as well as the formation of personal identity. Conclusions. In adolescence, the child's opportunities expand, which is marked, in particular, by the emotional separation of the subject from his family context. That is, emotional separation of the child from the parents, which is a completely healthy process. Our research is precisely an attempt to reveal how the personal identity of young men is related to the parameters of the relationship between them and their parents, that is, emotional separation.

Reactive power redispatch at the TSO-DSO interface: analysis of the challenges and differences for processual integration

The increasing challenge of maintaining voltage due to reduced reliable reactive power potentials in the transmission grid requires a fast and economically optimal consideration of reactive power in the congestion management processes of transmission system operators. Established processes such as the German Redispatch 2.0 process adjust the dispatch of plants to avoid congestion but do not make use of available reactive power potentials to avoid voltage-related congestion. This work evaluates the suitability of existing processes for application to reactive power. Using a realistic distribution grid, the procedural Redispatch 2.0 specifications for clustering reactive power are applied. It can be shown that the determination of reliable reactive power capability is associated with more dependencies and influencing factors than with active power. This leads to the need for a separate cluster concept and, due to the operating point dependency, for a procedure coordinated with the grid situation.

Network Data Plane Programming Languages: A Survey

Network data plane programming is a consequence of the evolution of the concept of control and data plane separation, stated two decades ago, and established on the Software-Defined Networking (SDN) architecture. The concept has been evolving since its initial implementation using the OpenFlow protocol, whereby an omniscient external entity, the controller, dynamically configures the forwarding of network devices, which are basically “dummies”. In this paper, we review network data plane programming languages, describing their theoretical characteristics and presenting examples and possible targets in order to compare them, in search of the best solutions to have a network of dynamically programmable devices that allow the network operator to deploy innovative use cases without depending on the manufacturer, promoting innovation. The main contribution is to gather in one place the existing languages, present them, and compare different features to help the operator and programmers. Overall, we conclude that today, the language with the most development and device targets is P4, although there are many developments based on XDP and eBPF that can be useful when implementing a programmable network solution.

A novel optimized spectral-based data driven approach for ecoregion burned scar detection

ABSTRACT Climate change has led to an increase in fire frequency in some areas on Earth. Satellite-derived spectral indices such as the Burn Area Index (BAI), the Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR), and their various derivatives are important for monitoring fires. The Burn Area Index for Sentinel-2 (BAIS2), which relies on the spectral bands of Sentinel-2, has a limitation due to its dependence on the red-edge spectral region unique to this satellite. To address this limitation, two new spectral indices (the Optimized Burned Area Index (OBAI) and the Optimized Burned Area Thermal Index (OBATI)) for burned scar mapping have been proposed based on the spectral separability concept and inter-band correlations. These indices aimed to improve the effectiveness of burned scar mapping by utilizing a wider range of spectral bands, including Landsat-8 thermal band and visible, near infrared (NIR), and mid infrared (MIR) regions of either Landsat-8 or Sentinel-2 sensors, which are more responsive to burned scars. We used spatial and spectral accuracy assessments to compare the effectiveness of the standard burned scar mapping indices (BASI2 and NBR) with the newly developed indices in discriminating the burned scars in several world regions. Based on Emergency Management Service fire perimeters, the vector distance algorithm (VDA) revealed that the accuracy of the fire perimeters extracted from the newly developed index, OBAI, was more reliable than the perimeters extracted using the BAIS2 and NBR. The BAIS2 index had the lowest performance in terms of spectral sensitivity compared to the other indices in the detection of burned scars. The performance of the developed optical index was high once the Landsat-8 data used to calculate it compared to Sentinel-2 data. Our findings could be used to further optimize global burned scar products derived from spaceborne data.

“The Voice of Agitation Should Roll across the Broad Atlantic”

Abstract Scholars have provided impressive analyses of the transatlantic slave trade to the Americas and its demise over the past four decades, this led by contributions to the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database ( https://www.slavevoyages.org/ ). England played a decisive role in the suppression of that traffic after prohibition of British participation in 1808, this partly achieved by British interceptions of slave vessels by its West Africa Squadron (1819–1867) and the establishment of Courts of Mixed Commission for the Abolition of the Slave Trade (1819–1871). Given a North Atlantic Ocean current clockwise gyre and South Atlantic counterclockwise gyre, a major northern slave vessel route connected Africa to the Caribbean and a second southern route connected Africa to Brazil.1 Africans disembarked in the Caribbean had diverse origins in West Africa (Sierra Leone, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria) and West Central Africa (Congo, Angola). Brazil received fewer Africans from West Africa (there was a long-term connection between Benin and Bahia), large numbers of African slaves from West Central Africa and a small number from Southeast Africa (Mozambique) at or near Rio de Janeiro. Language difference (Spanish, French, English, Dutch, Danish in the North Atlantic, Portuguese in the South Atlantic) contributed to a conceptual separation of those two regions, particularly evident in historiographies related to slavery and abolition. The Scottish diplomat David Turnbull was one of the few observers of the nineteenth century who connected Caribbean islands with Brazil. Turnbull asserted to the British Foreign Office that subaltern resistance by slaves and free blacks in both the British and non-British Caribbean could aid in England’s quest to extinguish the transatlantic slave trade. Turnbull organized a petition campaign in Jamaica in the late 1840s to pressure England’s Foreign Office to pursue more aggressive actions at sea and on land to halt slave disembarkations in Cuba and Brazil. Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston’s positive response combined with slave resistance in Brazil contributed to Brazil’s imperial government decision to act decisively to halt further slave disembarkations in 1850–1851.

Partial colexifications reveal directional tendencies in object naming

Abstract Expressions in which the word for a body part is also used for objects can be found in many languages. Some languages use body part terms to refer to object parts, while others have only a few idiosyncratic examples in their vocabulary. Studying the word forms referring to body and object concepts, i.e., colexifications, across languages, offers insights into cognitive principles facilitating such usage. Previous studies focused on full colexifications in which the same word form expresses two distinct concepts. Here, we utilize a new approach that allows us to analyze partial colexifications in which a concept is built out of the word forms for two separate concepts, like river mouth. Based on a large lexical database, we identified body and object concepts and analyzed 39 colexifications across 329 languages. The results show that word forms for body concepts are used slightly more frequently as a source for object names. However, the detailed examination of directional tendencies and colexifications of word forms between body and object concepts reveals linguistic variation. The study sheds light on meaning extensions between two concrete domains and showcases the synergies that arise through the combination of existing data and methods.