Separate Boxes Research Articles

An integrated test center for SL-10 packet networks

The sheer scale and complexity of large data networks makes testing them a daunting task. System commissioning, release acceptance, network troubleshooting, performance testing, host conformance testing, and certification are all operational activities that involve testing. Packet switching systems typically provide built-in features to help with hardware level test operations such as modem loopback commands, system failure alarms and system selftests. However, testing system and protocol level functions still required the use of separate tool boxes. Typical data product test tools are designed to test single data lines, not multiline distributed networks (1,2,3). Considering all of the above, the SL-10 test tools group set out to develop network tools (4). Tools have been implemented which are well-integrated into the SL-10 product. The same tools can be used alone, independent of the SL-10 network. This tool set makes the job of network testing more manageable for developer, manufacturer and network operator alike. Terminals and host computers, as well as total networks, can now be tested for conformance and performance automatically, instead of manually. As a result, major productivity improvements and quality gains have been observed since the tools were introduced. The tool set consists of four tools: an interactive protocol tester (IPT) for checking protocol implementations against specifications; the network load test system (NLTS) which generates simulated traffic and measures the network's performance; the network process monitor (NPM) which examines operating software at the module level; and the network test system (NTS) Driver which is an automatic or interactive test sequencer for coordinating and controlling distributed network testing. Each tool can be operated individually using a standard data terminal. The IPT, NLTS and NPM tools run on SL-10 RAPID * network processors and can be operated remotely via the network or the NTS Driver. Using these tools in combination, a fully integrated and automatic operational test center can be realized, and the need for separate tool boxes can be eliminated. The design and capabilities of each of these tools are described. This paper describes how these tools meet the special needs of network test operations.

Bruchid Resistance in Cowpea1

The most damaging storage pest in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] is Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), commonly known bruchid. Therefore, concerted efforts are being made at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) to develop bruchid‐resistant cowpea varieties. By systematic screening of over 8000 germplasm lines, three sources of resistance m cowpea bruchid have been identified: TVu 2027, TVu 11952, and TVu 11953. Screening for bruchid resistance was done by placing 10 seeds of each variety in separate plastic boxes of 5 ✕ 5 ✕ 2 cm dimensions and infesting with two pairs of bruchids to lay eggs for 15 h. The boxes were then incubated at 27 to 28 °C and 70% relative humidity. The total number of eggs laid in each box was determined and a daily count of emerging adults was made until 50 days after infestation. Percent adult emergence was computed based on number of eggs and total adults emerged. Bulk‐sample bioassay was done by infesting 200‐g samples of each line with two pairs of bruchids in a 500‐mL jars with perforated caps. A 100‐seed sample was taken at various intervals up to 180 days and data on percent damaged seeds, number of exit holes and dry weight loss were recorded. Bioassay of these lines revealed delayed, staggered, and significantly less adult emergence as compared to the susceptible cv. Ife Brown. The average adult emergence in TVu 2027, TVu 11952, and TVu 11953 was 26.6, 32.8, and 22.1%, respectively, as compared to 86.4% for Ife Brown. Similarly, the percent damaged seeds ranged from 25 t.o 26% in the resistant lines at 103 days after infestation as compared to 95% for Ife Brown. The differences among resistant lines were not significant indicating that the level of resistance in these lines is similar. The data further indicate that the level of resistance in these lines is good enough to provide reasonable protection against bruchids during storage.

Leaf area index, canopy structure and photosynthesis of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)

Abstract. The influence of leaf age, total leaf area and its dispersion in space on canopy photosynthesis were studied using microswards of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) which were established in the greenhouse. Two varieties, Renova (flowering) and Molstad (non‐flowering), were sown in separate plastic boxes at densities of 225, 400 and 625 plants per m2.Vertical distribution of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), leaf area, leaf age and 14CO2‐fixation were determined periodically. Net photosynthesis and dark respiration of canopies were measured. Maximum photosynthetic capacity of individual leaves was measured on plants taken from the intact canopy or from plants where shading of the growing leaves had been prevented.Net photosynthetic rate of canopies increased linearly with leaf area index (LAI) up to an LAI of 3.5 and then declined at higher LAI, independent of variety and sowing density. Below the optimum LAI, net photosynthesis depended mainly on interception of PAR. Decrease in canopy photosynthesis above the optimum LAI was due to a higher proportion of old leaves with decreased photosynthetic capacity, and not to an increase in respiring plant parts. It is concluded that LAI and position of leaf age categories in the canopy are more important than vertical distribution of leaf area in determining canopy photosynthesis of red clover.

A new route of prostaglandin F-2α transfer from the uterus into the ovary in swine

On day 14 of the oestrous cycle in swine, laparotomy under general anaesthesia was performed and both ovaries with their ovarian pedicles and with part of the uterine horns were isolated using ligatures and excised as two independent units which were called A and B. They were placed in separate aluminium paper boxes on a heated surface (40°C). Preparation A was supplied with autologous arterial blood through the uterine artery and through the ovarian artery. The mesosalpinx of this preparation covered the ovary of preparation B from which the mesosalpinx was excised. Preparation B was also supplied with autologous blood through the ovarian artery. Tritiated prostaglandin F-2α ( 3H-PGF-2α) was injected into the musculature of the uterine horn of preparation A and then both preparations were perfused with blood of the same animal for 30 min. 3H-PGF-2α was found in the ovarian venous blood, interstitial fluid, and ovarian and pedicle tissue of preparation B. The data indicate an extravascular penetration of 3H-PGF-2α into the ovary through the mesosalpinx.

Separate vs. Combined Categories for Mental Retardation and Specific Learning Disabilities?

right. 5. Using unjustified formats for reading comprehension passages and placing them in separate boxes set off from the sentences testing comprehension. 6. Using continuation arrows and stop signs to organize the flow of items within the tests. The results of our study suggest that LD students' competence is enhanced by the use of tests which include the above modifications. Simple enlargement of type size, however, was found to have little practical performance payoff in the assessment of LD students' minimum competence.

Role of the mesosalpinx and oviduct vasculature in the counter-current transfer of steroid hormones into the ovary

On days 14–17 of the oestrous cycle, the ovary with its ovarian pedicle was isolated during laparatomy, placed on a water bath (40°C) under a stereomicroscope, protected from dessication and supplied with autologous arterial blood. 50 μCi of 3H-testosterone was infused (30 min) by cannula, the tip of which was positioned in the ovarian vein 1–2 cm from the ovary. Radioactivity was found in the blood taken from both the ovarian and the oviduct branches of the ovarian artery. The radioactivity of the ovarian venous effluent and testosterone capture by the ovary and ovarian tissues during and 30 min after testosterone infusion were determined. In subsequent experiments the mesosalpinx of an infused preparation (preparation A) closely covered a second isolated ovary (preparation B) placed nearby in a separate box and supplied with arterial blood. The level of radioactivity in preparation B was estimated in the arterial and venous blood, in samples of lymph and interstitial fluid, in the follicular fluid and in the ovarian and pedicle tissues. During the experiment 0.6% of the 3H-testosterone infused into preparation A was transferred through the mesosalpinx vasculature into the ovary and ovarian pedicle of preparation B. This indicates the existence of a still unknown way for penetration of steroid hormones from the ovarian pedicle through the mesosalpinx vasculature and the ovarian surface into the tissues of the ovary.

The Effects of Spatial Constraints on the Legibility of Handwritten Alphanumeric Codes

Abstract Lists of typewritten alphanumeric codes were copied by hand into one of three spatial arrays typical of those employed in the preparation of information for computer analysis. The resulting manuscripts were then checked for accuracy by another group of subjects. It was found that arrays of blank lines gave faster performance, both copying and checking than arrays of small boxes where each alphanumeric character was written in a separate box. However, both copying and checking was faster with arrays of boxes than with arrays in which each alphanumeric character was separated by a small rising mark. These findings were consistent with those of Barnard and Wright (1976) who used familiar names instead of codes. Therefore the deleterious effects of these spatial constraints seem to have wide generality across different materials.

Effects of DDT on stable laboratory mouse populations.

Four stable laboratory mouse populations were established; each contained approximately 400 mice of both sexes and all ages postweaning living in a single cage, as well as neonates caged in separate nesting boxes with their dams. Two were used to determine the effects of continuous exposure to a dietary level of 100 ppm DDT while the other two served as controls. The results indicated a significant decrease (p less than or equal to 0.05) in neonatal survival (lactation index) within 20 wk after the beginning of exposure to the toxicant in one of the exposed populations and by 30 wk in the other. This deleterious effect of the DDT continued through each succeeding generation. On the other hand, improved postweaning survival in DDT-fed mice was noted. Histological examination showed no tumors in test or control animals; other pathology was seen more frequently in control than in test animals.

The effect of goal box delay and separate delay box delay on pattern running

Twenty-two rats were trained in a runway under a single-alternation, partially delayed reward schedule. Delay occurred in the goal box or in a separate distinctive delay chamber. The duration of delay was either 20 or 25 sec on all odd numbered trials in a six-trial-a-day schedule. Ss learned to pattern respond, i.e., run rapidly on immediately rewarded trials and slowly on delayed trials, but only when the delay occurred in the separate delay chamber. The duration of delay had no effect on patterning. The results clarify an apparent contradiction in previously reported research and are discussed in terms of the modified aftereffects hypothesis.

Field Selection of Different Log Odors by Scolytid Beetles

AbstractAir from a common source was divided and each portion blown through a separate large box containing, except for an empty control, logs from one tree species. Air from each box was conducted away and released between two window flight traps. Four coniferous tree species were represented in the test. Bark and ambrosia beetles from natural populations responded positively to log odors in the released air. There were differences in the response of beetle species to the log odors represented.

Small Infrared Spectrometer Analyzer for Chemical Process Streams*

Multicomponent plant streams requiring continuous analysis are sometimes encountered which for various reasons cannot be handled by the nondispersive analyzer. In such cases the laboratory-type infrared spectrometer may be used, but this requires air-conditioned space and environmental control often impractical in a plant. This paper describes a small spectrometer, enclosed in an explosion-proof box of internal dimensions, 11 in. ×13 in. ×7 in., which has successfully solved a difficult plant control problem. Within the box are radiation source, cell for the continuously flowing liquid sample, radiation chopper, and the optical system which employs a 60° NaCl prism with faces 75 mm×60 mm. A separate box of similar size houses the amplifier. A standard strip-chart recorder and pneumatic controller completes the equipment. Continuous analysis of one of the stream components is used to control a distillation column.

Stem eelworm in onion bulbs, probably seed-borne in origin

On 23/3/43 a small experiment was sown with commercial onion seed at Kirton, being one of a series laid down at county oentres in order to study the effect of different times of lifting on the development of wastage in store. Four varieties, which may be designated A, B, R, U, were sown in strips of three rows 10in. apart, in triplicate, the rows being 41 yards long and forming three randomised blocks. The liftings were also in randomised block pattern, 3 × 3, across the length of the rows. Two sub-plots of each variety were taken for convenience, consisting of adjacent six-foot lengths across the three rows, the produce of each sub-plot being put into a separate box immediately on lifting.

A Recording Echelette Grating Spectrometer for the Near Infra-Red

A new prism-grating spectrometer employing replica echelette gratings and capable of resolving lines from 0.3 cm−1 to 1.0 cm−1 apart in the region 1–25μ is described. Careful shielding and construction of a stable amplifier have so reduced zero unsteadiness as to make possible the direct recording of galvanometer deflections. Atmospheric absorptions have been almost entirely eliminated by circulation of the air in the spectrometer box over chemicals contained in separate boxes.

Direct Primary Legislation, 1936–1939

The passage of mandatory, state-wide, direct primary laws in Utah and New Mexico within the last four years leaves only two states which retain the convention method of making nominations for all state offices.The Utah act of 1937 applies to all national, state, and local officers. Any party which polled two per cent of the total vote cast for representative in Congress at the last election, or which files a petition signed by at least 500 qualified electors, comes within its scope. The second Tuesday of September is fixed as the date of the primary, with a second, or “runoff,” primary in those cases in which no candidate receives a majority in the first primary. The primary is open, candidates for the nominations of all parties appearing in party columns on a “blanket” ballot with perforations between the columns. After marking his ballot, the voter detaches the used portion and deposits it in the ballot box. A separate box is provided for unused portions. Names may be placed upon the ballot by petition or declaration of candidacy, and are rotated. State committees and delegates to the national conventions are chosen at state conventions held on or before the last Saturday in June. The platform is drafted by a second convention meeting in September.

The Measurement of the Thickness of Metal Walls from One Surface Only, by an Electrical Method

There is a definite need in the engineering industry for an instrument which will determine accurately the thickness of a metal wall from one side only, and which is portable, robust, independent of external power supply, and easy to operate. The instrument described in the paper fulfils all these conditions. The method is essentially that of comparing the resistance of a metal wall under test with that of a similarly shaped wall of the same material, of which the thickness is known. Current, usually under 10 amp., is supplied by a 6- or 12-volt battery to two current contacts held against the wall and usually spaced 2 or 3 inches apart. The current in the circuit is adjusted by varying the rheostat or the number of cells of the small car-battery employed, until the very small potential drop indicated by the deflexion of a galvanometer connected to two potential contacts reaches a predetermined fixed value. From a calibration curve the thickness of the wall corresponding to the current registered by the ammeter is determined. The contacts are made on the plates whose thickness is to be measured by means of Evershed and Vignoles spring-controlled rotating points that were originally designed for a four-point method of working. The flexible leads from these, sometimes 100 but usually 30 feet long, are rubber-covered, and are connected to the circuit in the box by plugs and sockets. These are removed for transport and carried in a separate box. The instrument was originally designed for measuring the thickness of boiler tubes, and examples are given showing that its accuracy in this respect is within a few thousandths of an inch. It was found in practice that the instrument could be used to measure the thickness of mild steel plates up to 1·25 inches and of iron castings, up to 3 inches, with the same order of accuracy. It is also used for the measurement of engine cylinder walls to detect core shift. Examples of these are given in the paper. One notable case was that of the examination of a bank of superheater tubes in a boiler that had given much trouble due to the use of an unsuitable chain-grate stoker. Thinned tubes were at once detected and on being cut out the thicknesses indicated by the instrument were confirmed. Examples are given of the regular use of the instrument in determining the thickness of boiler and superheater tubes, ships' hull plates, tank wagons, and various iron castings that were accessible from one side only.

On the responses of the african migratory locust to different types of background

It is known that the hoppers (or immature forms) of certain species of locusts, in the solitary phase, bear a marked colour resemblance to the immediate environment in which they are living. They are, for example, green when living among fresh green vegetation, light brown on sand, speckled greyish white on white limestone rocks, and so on. Faure (1932) conducted a series of experiments with Locustana pardalina (Walk.) and Locusta migratoria subspecies migratorioides R. and F. in South Africa. His object was to discover whether there was only a coincidence between the prevailing coloration of the hoppers of these two species and that of their environment, or whether a genuine colour adaptation is involved. He isolated a number of young hoppers, of the same stock, placing each insect in a separate wooden box, provided with a sliding glass lid and reared it to the adult instar. The wood of each box was painted on the inside with ordinary commercial oil paints and, when dry, the latter were compared with the coloured plates of Ridgway (1912) and named according to the tints which they resembled most closely. The experiments of Faure were done out of doors, and he recorded the general coloration assumed by each locust during and at the end of the experiments, noting them as “good”, “fair”, “slight” or “none”, according to the degree of resemblance their coloration bore to that of the insides of the boxes. He obtained a majority of “good” or “fair” resemblances on white, black, grey, yellow and brown backgrounds in the boxes, and one striking resemblance on a black and white striped background. No resemblance occurred when confined in boxes painted green, pink, blue, or with black and orange stripes. Faure also carried out some other experiments on a smaller scale, such as using glass lids of the colours resembling those of the walls of the boxes, but these, as he states, were, on the whole, inconclusive. He brought forward evidence, however, of great importance as regards the production of green hoppers. These, he found, did not result in response to a green background and were only produced in the presence of a moist atmosphere and an abundance of succulent food. He further showed that the green colour-producing substance was spectroscopically very different from chlorophyll, and prepared extracts showed none of the characteristic fluorescence. The present paper describes experiments which have been made with a view to determining the relation between the general coloration of the hoppers and the wave-lengths of the effective colours forming different backgrounds.

The Use of Alloy Steels for Side Frames and Bolsters of Freight-Car Trucks

Abstract The author reviews briefly the use of different types of side frames for railway freight-car trucks, including arch-bar side frames, cast-steel side frames with separate journal boxes, and side frames with the journal boxes cast integral with the truss members. He discusses the present-day trend toward the use of high-tensile-strength cast alloy steel for truck side frames and bolsters, and gives results of static and dynamic tests made on truck members cast from alloy steel and A.A.R. grade-B steel.

The Physical Foundation of Grenz-Ray Therapy

About six years ago, Dr. Gustav Bucky invited me to work with him on the investigation of the physical and clinical foundations of over-soft roentgen rays, which he had just introduced into practical use. We attempted to determine the wave lengths of the soft rays used by Dr. Bucky and to devise practical methods of measuring the quality and quantity of these rays, publishing the results in various papers, including those in the American Journal of Roentgenology and Radium Therapy (1), and also in Dr. Bucky's book (2). Although considerable progress has been made in the past few years (3) in the clinical application of Grenz rays, the physical foundations have essentially remained the same. In the following presentation, therefore, some of the old data will necessarily be repeated and the few new developments will be added. During the past few years, the name “Grenz,” or border, rays has been used more and more in the literature to designate roentgen-ray beams of an average wave length of about 1.5 to 2.5 Ångströms, or of half value layers of 0.015 to 0.03 mm. of aluminum. Although from the biologic and clinical points of view the term “borderline rays” has its justification, it must be emphasized here that physically these rays form only a small part of the large spectrum of roentgen rays which has been known for many years. Grenz-Ray Apparatus A Grenz-ray apparatus is shown in Figure 1. The main transformer, the filament transformer, and the Grenz-ray tube are contained in a separate shock-proof box (B) which is suspended on a stand and can be easily adjusted. The tube acts as its own rectifier. The switchboard (A) contains the autotransformer and resistance control, a milliameter, a voltmeter, and also a water pump which forces water through the cooling device of the tube. One side of the transformer, usually that which supplies current to the water-cooled electrode, is grounded. Well known European types of Grenz-ray apparatus are manufactured by Siemens-Reiniger-Veifa, of Berlin; Sanitas, of Berlin; Koch and Sterzel, of Dresden; Seifert, of Hamburg, and Sommer, of Vienna. These types are all practically the same, that is, the control board, the transformer, and the tube are all mounted on one easily movable stand. Grenz-Ray Tubes In previous publications we described the commercial tubes (manufactured by C. H. F. Müller, of Hamburg, and by Siemens-Reiniger-Veifa, of Berlin), which are still in use to-day (Fig. 2, B and C). We also described a tube made entirely of lithium glass, which was constructed in the laboratories of the Cleveland Clinic Foundation.

The Tabulation of Population Data by Census Tracts for Cities in the United States

The absolute unit in the population census is the entry for one person made by the enumerator on one line of the Population Schedule. Space is provided on the schedule for the answers to a maximum of 26 questions about each individual, and for 100 individuals. The preliminary announcements of the total population of the various areas in the United States are based on a count of the names on the schedules. The first stage in the process of tabulating the answers to the census questions is to examine the schedules to make sure that the entries are complete, and to supply code numbers for certain items, like State or country of birth and occupation. The second step in the tabulation process is to punch a card for each person. The population card contains 15 fields, in each of which are punched one or more holes, indicating the answers to the questions on the schedule. These cards are punched by enumeration districts; that is, there is at the start a separate box of cards for each enumeration district. A brief tabulation, classifying the population by sex, by color, and by age, is made by enumeration districts. This we call the First Count. For the next tabulation, the cards are thrown together in general by counties, keeping separate, however, the cards for every incorporated place having 2,500 inhabitants or more, and for the wards of the larger cities. For this tabulation the cards are first sorted by sex, and then by color, and those representing the white population, by nativity and parentage. This makes 10 packs of cards for each geographic area. In the tabulation known as the Second Count, information is obtained by sex, color, nativity, and parentage, for age, illiteracy, school attendance, and marital condition. On the Third Count, which covers the same areas, the foreign-born whites are tabulated by citizenship and by country of birth, and the native whites of foreign or mixed parentage by country of birth of parents. On the Fourth Count, retaining for the northern states the sort by sex, and for the southern states, the sort by sex and color, the cards representing gainful workers are tabulated by industries and industry groups. The material which has been transcribed for tract cities is practically all taken from the Second, Third, and Fourth Counts. In some cases the information from the First Count has been furnished by enumeration districts for areas not provided for in the tract layout. After the Fourth Count is finished, the cards for the counties in each

Living Scorpions, Mygale, and Protopterus

WILL you allow me to use your columns in order to ask any of your readers residing in tropical localities, who may be generous enough to wish to help a naturalist in his researches, to send to me living specimens of large Scorpions (not less than three inches in length), and living specimens of large Mygale (birdsnesting spider); also I would beg for living Earthworms of large size from African, Indian, American, and Australian localities. Any of these animals can be sent in a small tin box in which a few holes are perforated; the tin box being packed in a much larger wooden box with hay or loose paper. Damp moss should be placed with the Scorpion or Mygale. Each specimen should be inclosed in a separate tin box, since these animals are cannibals. The holes in the tin box containing an Earthworm should be very few, and the amount of damp moss very great. Earthworms would travel best in a Wardian case, should the opportunity offer—not loose, but in the above-mentioned tin box.