Separate Agents Research Articles

A phase separation prediction model for CO2 capture by biphasic amine absorbents

The biphasic amine absorbent upon absorbing CO2, separates into CO2 poor and CO2 rich phases, making it a third-generation chemical absorbent with energy-saving potential. However, the current method of constructing biphasic amine absorbents involves screening phase separation agents through a large number of experiments, which involves significant amount of trial and error. In this study, a phase separation prediction model was built for CO2 capture by biphasic amine absorbents for quick screening of phase separation agents. The phase separation of CO2 absorption by organic amine 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) using 34 phase separation agents was statistically analyzed based on 14 molecular descriptors of the solvents. The factors influencing the phase separation were thoroughly explored. It is proposed that the relative dielectric constant or molecular polarity index can replace the traditional polarity evaluation index, dipole moment, to better describe the phase separation situation. Additionally, it is found that the ability of phase separation agents to form hydrogen bonds, particularly as a hydrogen bond donor is the determining factor for phase separation to occur. Ultimately, the preferred molecular descriptors are used as predictors, leading to the development of a prediction model for phase separation that achieves high-accuracy predictions solely through theoretical calculation parameters. The model considerably reducing the construction costs of biphasic amine absorbents.

Supramolecular Solvent Liquid Phase Microextraction of Voriconazole İn Pharmaceutical and Environmental Samples With High Performance Liquid Chromatography Detection

In this study, a new analytical method based on the supramolecular solvent liquid phase microextraction (Ss-LPME) and HPLC was developed for the analysis of voriconazole as an active drug in the class of antifungals with a wide spectrum of action at trace levels. Nano/micro sized supramolecular phase formed in 1-decanol, tetrahydrofuran and aqueous environment was used as extraction agent for separation and preconcentration of trace level of voriconazole. For the optimization of the Ss-LPME method, important analytical parameters such as the effect of sample solution pH, volume of 1-decanol, amount of THF, ultrasounic irridation time, centrifugation time and sample solution volume on the extraction efficiency were evaluated. Optimal conditions of the Ss-LPME; pH: 8, 1-decanol volume: 200 µL, THF volume: 300 µL, ultrasounic irridation time:10 min and centrifugation time: 8 min. For the developed Ss-LPME/HPLC procedure, the limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ) and enhancement factor (EF) were found 2.7 µg·L-1, 8.8 µg·L-1 and 36, respectively. The Ss-LPME/HPLC procedure was applied to waste water, lake water and drug samples. The fact that recovery values ranging from 100% to 108.5% were obtained for these real samples proved that this method can be used successfully in the matrix environments studied

Critical evaluation of the current role of SYSADOA in the management of osteoarthritis (literature review)

Background. Osteoarthritis is a common chronic disease characterized by progressive degradation of all joint components and inflammation. The priority issue in the management of OA is sear­ching for drugs that simultaneously relieve symptoms, modify the course of the disease, and are safe for use. Symptoma­tic slow-ac­ting drugs (SYSADOA) are of considerable interest due to their potential to slow cartilage degeneration and potential osteoarthritis di­sease mo­difying effect. The purpose of the study was to ana­lyze current literature data on several types of SYSADOA, their biological role, mecha­nisms of effect on joints, effectiveness and safetye. ­Materials and methods. An analytical review of literature data was conducted using the ana­lysis of scientific databases PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar for the period 2005–2024, the search was conducted using the keywords “osteoarthritis”, “SYSADOA”, “DMOAD”, “effectiveness”, “safety”. Results. Glucosamine salts (GA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) are the most stu­died slow-acting drugs and have positive biological effects on joint tissues. Prescription salts of GA and CS have effect of pain relieve and joint function improvement as separate agents and also potentiate the effect in combination. Studies revealed limiting of cartilage volume loss and joint space narrowing – a potential DMOAD effect of these drugs. GA salts and CS drugs are safe, as they have no difference in the frequency of side effects compared to placebo. The quality of drugs largely depends on the type of raw materials and technological production process, which are not standardized now. Conclusions. The role of SYSADOA in the treatment of OA has not been definitively determined, and studies on the effectiveness of drugs such as SYSADOA and the study of their DMOAD effect are still ongoing. Further stu­dies should focus on the use of pharmacological class SYSADOA that have been properly purified and quality strictly supervised.

The Anticancer Activity of Monosaccharides: Perspectives and Outlooks.

A major hallmark of cancer is the reprogramming of cellular metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. To sustain high rates of glycolysis, cancer cells overexpress GLUT transporters and glycolytic enzymes, allowing for the enhanced uptake and consumption of glucose. The Warburg effect may be exploited in the treatment of cancer; certain epimers and derivatives of glucose can enter cancer cells and inhibit glycolytic enzymes, stunting metabolism and causing cell death. These include common dietary monosaccharides (ᴅ-mannose, ᴅ-galactose, ᴅ-glucosamine, ʟ-fucose), as well as some rare monosaccharides (xylitol, ᴅ-allose, ʟ-sorbose, ʟ-rhamnose). This article reviews the literature on these sugars in in vitro and in vivo models of cancer, discussing their mechanisms of cytotoxicity. In addition to this, the anticancer potential of some synthetically modified monosaccharides, such as 2-deoxy-ᴅ-glucose and its acetylated and halogenated derivatives, is reviewed. Further, this article reviews how certain monosaccharides can be used in combination with anticancer drugs to potentiate conventional chemotherapies and to help overcome chemoresistance. Finally, the limitations of administering two separate agents, a sugar and a chemotherapeutic drug, are discussed. The potential of the glycoconjugation of classical or repurposed chemotherapy drugs as a solution to these limitations is reviewed.

Separation of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol – isopropanol azeotropic mixture by extractive distillation

On a laboratory scale, a complete technological extractive distillation cycle of an industrial azeotropic mixture of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) – isopropanol (IPA) of equimolar composition using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as a separation agent (SA) was implemented. All technological stages (extractive distillation, target component separation and SA regeneration) were carried out in one apparatus – a batch distillation column. It was shown that this approach makes it possible to separate the TFE – IPA mixture into individual components, as well as to regenerate NMP. The proposed method is an alternative to traditional chemical methods and allows to eliminate the use of aggressive auxiliary reagents and the formation of by-products, to reduce the number of stages and apparatuses from 5 to 1.

Synthesis, application and molecular docking of modified cellulose with diaminoguanidine as complexing agent for selective separation of Cu (II), Cd (II) and Hg (II) ions from alum sample

A new modified cellulose with diaminoguanidine (Cel-Gua) synthesized for specific recovery of Cu (II), Cd (II), and Hg (II) from the alum sample. Cellulose was silanized by 3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane and then was modified with diaminoguanidine to obtain N-donor chelating fibers. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, zeta potential, electrons disperse X-ray analysis, elemental analyses (C, H and N), and thermogravimetric analysis were used for characterization. Factors influencing the adsorption were thoroughly examined. Under the optimal conditions, the Cel-Gua sorbent displayed maximum adsorption capacities of 94.33, 112.10 and 95.78 mg/g for Cu (II), Cd (II), and Hg (II), respectively. The sorption process of metal ions is equipped by kinetic model PSO and Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The calculated thermodynamic variables confirmed that the adsorption of Cu (II), Cd (II) and Hg (II) by Cel-Gua sorbent is a spontaneous and exothermic process. In our study, we used the molecular operating environment software to conduct molecular docking simulations on the Cel-Gua compound. The results of the docking simulations showed that the Cel-Gua compound displayed greater potency and a stronger affinity for the Avr2 effector protein derived from Fusarium oxysporum, a fungal plant pathogen (code 5OD4). The adsorbent was stable for 7 cycles, thus allowing its safe reutilization.

Amine-Terminated Phenanthroline Diimides as Aqueous Masking Agents for Am(III)/Eu(III) Separation: An Alternative Ligand Design Strategy for Water-Soluble Lanthanide/Actinide Chelating Ligands.

Selective actinide coordination (from lanthanides) is critical for both nuclear waste management and sustainable development of nuclear power. Hydrophilic ligands used as masking agents to withhold actinides in the aqueous phase are currently highly pursued, while synthetic accessibility, water solubility, acid resistance, and extraction capability are the remaining problems. Most reported hydrophilic ligands are only effective at low acidity. We recently proved that the phenanthroline diimide skeleton was an efficient building block for the construction of highly efficient acid-resistant hydrophilic lanthanide/actinide separation agents, while the limited water solubility hindered the loading capability of the ligand. Herein, amine was introduced as the terminal solubilizing group onto the phenanthroline diimide backbone, which after protonation in acid showed high water solubility. The positively charged terminal amines enhanced the ligand water solubility to a large extent, which, on the other side, was believed to be detrimental for the coordination and complexation of the metal cations. We showed that by delicately adjusting the alkyl chain spacing, this intuitive disadvantage could be relieved and superior extraction performances could be achieved. This work holds significance for both hydrophilic lanthanide/actinide separation ligand design and, concurrently, offers insights into the development of water-soluble lanthanide/actinide complexes for biomedical and bioimaging applications.

Intelligent Agents and Causal Inference: Enhancing Decision-Making through Causal Reasoning

This study examines the incorporation of causal inference methods into intelligent entities and examines the benefits of utilizing causal reasoning to improve decision-making procedures. This study entails conducting an experimental evaluation within a video game setting to evaluate the performance of three separate agent types: ExplorerBOT, GuardBOT, and CausalBOT. The ExplorerBOT utilizes a stochastic path selection technique for task completion, whereas the GuardBOT remains immobile yet exhibits exceptional proficiency in identifying and neutralizing other bots. On the other hand, the CausalBOT utilizes sophisticated causal inference methods to examine the underlying factors contributing to the failures noticed in the task completion of the ExplorerBOT. The aforementioned feature allows CausalBOT to make informed decisions by selecting paths that have a greater likelihood of achieving success. The main purpose of these experiments is to assess and compare the effectiveness of two distinct bots, namely ExplorerBOT and CausalBOT, in accomplishing their respective objectives. To facilitate comparison, two iterations of the ExplorerBOT are utilized. The initial iteration is predicated exclusively on stochastic path selection and necessitates a more profound understanding of the variables that impact the achievement of tasks. On the other hand, the second version integrates an algorithm for informed search. In contrast, CausalBOT employs causal inference techniques to discover the underlying causes of failures exhibited by ExplorerBOTs and collect pertinent data. Through the process of discerning the fundamental causal mechanisms, CausalBOT is able to make well-informed decisions by selecting pathways that maximize the probability of successfully completing a given job. The utilization of this approach greatly boosts the decision-making powers of CausalBOT, hence enabling it to effectively adapt and overcome problems in a more efficient manner when compared to alternative agents.

Preparation of core–shell silica particles with tunable pore size by phenylethanol as swelling agent for chromatographic separation

The core–shell particles with tunable pore size were synthesized by a bi-phase reaction successfully. By adjusting the amount of phenylethanol, fibrous shells with tunable pore sizes ranging from 4 to 19 nm could be obtained in one pot. The obtained silica microspheres were used for chromatographic separation after modification with octyltrichlorosilane and end-capping with N-(trimethoxysilylpropyl)imidazole. Better resolutions of nitroimidazoles and anilines were obtained on the end-capped stationary phase. This particle could serve as an HPLC stationary phase with good reproducibility and particular selectivity.

Traffic Light Control Systems: Requirements Engineering

Requirements Engineering (RE) is the most important activity and pivot phase in the software development life cycle. It consists mainly of requirements analysis, design, and specification. The application of RE in a business domain aims to generalize its different specific approaches by meta-models under which each specific approach is an instance or specialization. RE is being applied more and more in different business domains, and its application benefits are found to be valuable. Despite these active RE applications and their added values in different domains, the Traffic Light Control (TLC) domain has not yet been approached, regardless of its everyday interest. The work presented in this paper is part of a TLC enhancement project that explores RE's potential contributions to leveraging TLC quality. Thus, in this work, different recent specific approaches to TLC are analyzed, and a large part of this business domain's functional/ non-functional requirements are elicited and specified. Moreover, the traffic context-aware traffic light control systems (CTLC) are also considered. They are deeply analyzed and compared to the typical TLC systems. As a primary result, the tangling of different concerns was stated, and a separate concerns paradigm was applied. This leads to requirements specification through separated agents. This should lead to TLC and CTLC systems development and maintenance cost reduction. An important agent dealing with security aspects and their evolving technologies is introduced. The impact evaluations of the RE on some TLC and CTLC current approaches are also presented.

Separation of the cyclohexane-benzene mixture by the extractive distillation process using ethylene glycol as a solvent

The importance of cyclohexane lies in the fact that it is the main precursor for the production of Nylon 6 and Nylon 6.6, two of the most important synthetic fibers. Cyclohexane (CHX) is produced by catalytic hydrogenation of benzene (BZ), where cyclohexane with benzene is obtained as a product. Since CHX and BZ have close boiling temperatures, and similar molecular structures, their separation by conventional binary distillation is complicated. Thus, ethylene glycol (EG) was selected as a solvent in an extractive distillation (ED) process for the separation of the CHX-BZ mixture in Aspen Plus V9®; where the use of ethylene glycol as a solvent allowed us to obtain cyclohexane and benzene with purities of 99.91 mol%. In addition, compared to the extractive distillation with heat integration (EDHI) process that uses [C5(MIM)2][NTf2]2 + H2O as a mass separation agent; the use of EG as a solvent promotes an energy decrease of 41.14%, a saving of 55.07% in the Total Annual Cost (TAC), and a decrease of 72.38% in CO2 emissions. These outcomes underscore the efficacy of ethylene glycol as a suitable solvent in the purification of the cyclohexane-benzene mixture.

Histological Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Four Decalcifying Solutions on Teeth and Bone in Rats: An In-vitro Study

Introduction: Intense histological research has been conducted on human bone and teeth for a long period of time. Histological evaluation of these highly mineralised tissues demands a thorough decalcification process using different chemical agents, which might alter some aspects of tissue architecture and staining properties. Aim: To assess the impact of four decalcifying agents on rat teeth and bone, focusing on the rate of decalcification, staining effectiveness, and tissue structure preservation. Materials and Methods: An in-vitro animal study was conducted in the Department of Oral Diagnosis at the College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Bab Almoaadim, Baghdad, Iraq from October 2022 to March 2023. Four decalcification agents, namely 10% Neutral Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA), 10% formic acid, 3% nitric acid, and 5% nitric acid, were used to decalcify 24 molar teeth with their surrounding alveolar bone obtained from healthy male rats, which were randomly divided into four groups, each group consisting of six teeth. The decalcified sections underwent regular processing, and staining was performed using Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E). Grading was conducted after two separate observers examined the stained sections under a light microscope. Data were presented using Mean±Standard Deviation (SD), number, and percentage. A one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) (F-test) was used to compare the decalcification times within groups. Several group comparisons, including categorical data, were examined using the Chi-square test. Results: Nitric acids (3% and 5%) exhibited the fastest decalcification with a mean value of (2±0.89) days, while Formic acid required (3.5±0.54) days, and EDTA was the slowest, with (19±1.09) days. These differences in decalcification time were found to be statistically significant (p<0.00001). Formic acid 10% demonstrated superior tissue preservation and staining quality, with excellent staining results, minimal dentin-pulp separation, and preservation of pulp zones, cementum, and osteoblasts. In contrast, nitric acid 5% resulted in severe dentinpulp separation, absence of pulp zones, absence of osteoblast, and significant osteocyte retraction. Statistical significance was observed across all agents for dentin-pulp separation, pulp organisation, cementum destruction, Periodontal Ligament (PDL) separation, and osteocyte retraction (p-values of 0.004, 0.02, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.03, respectively). Conclusion: Consequently, 10% formic acid emerged as the most efficient decalcifying solution, ensuring rapid decalcification with favourable staining intensity and tissue architecture.

Междисциплинарные предпосылки концепции цифрового учебника и апробации его фрагментов на базе образовательной платформы «Учим учиться»

This research is particularly relevant due to the need to supply educational resources in electronic form, including digital textbooks (DTs) and their fragments on digital educational platforms. As the issue is multidisciplinary, the research analyses the conditions for DT development, including psychodidactic, ecopsychological, and cybernetic prerequisites.
 The article’s goal is to share experience in psychodidactic development of DT fragments and DT testing on a digital platform. The idea of creating an interactive Russian language textbook serves as the study’s psychodidactic foundation (G.G. Granik et al.). The authors employed an ecopsychological agency development model as well as an ecopsychological typology of agent–media interactions (V.I. Panov). Learn to Learn, a digital learning platform, was used to implement the cybernetic component (D.D. Rubashkin, I.N. Kondratieva).
 It has been demonstrated that this trial digital platform fosters student agency and the activation of their communicative connections. The feedback (digital footprint) enables the instructor to regulate the learning process interactively. As a result, the triad student–teacher–digital platform becomes a separate agent in the educational process.
 The authors also report on the results of DT fragment testing, which evaluated students’ comprehension of an electronic learning text. Thus, digital platforms may become more than just a handy DT storage solution; they can also be a pedagogical instrument for the development of student agency and overall support for the educational process.

Multi-agent deep reinforcement learning based real-time planning approach for responsive customized bus routes

Customized bus can meet many passengers’ personalized travel demand in a public transportation system by providing an innovative shared travel service. Customized bus offers multiple bus routes that jointly form a route network to serve its passengers. It must frequently adjust the station sequences of each bus route in response to trip cancellations and new trip bookings during its operation. Different from relevant research works in the literature, this paper proposes a multi-agent deep reinforcement learning based real-time planning approach for tackling the multiple customized bus routes planning problem. We model the problem as a multi-agent Markov decision process for the first time in literature where a separate agent is assigned to each route to plan its station sequence. We then develop a new multi-agent system. Each agent in the system is powered by an encoder–decoder neural network that consolidates the station sequence decision policy for each bus route. We employ a policy gradient-based reinforcement learning algorithm to train the network parameters of the multi-agent system so as to maximize the number of passengers served while ensuring the customized bus service quality and minimizing the operating cost of all customized bus routes. On three (six) problem instances in offline (online) scenarios, the trained multi-agent system can significantly outperform several existing algorithms in terms of the total cost, adaptiveness and computation time.

Glycan-Driven Formation of Raft-Like Domains with Hierarchical Periodic Nanoarrays on Dendrimersome Synthetic Cells.

The accurate spatial segregation into distinct phases within cell membranes coordinates vital biochemical processes and functionalities in living organisms. One of nature's strategies to localize reactivity is the formation of dynamic raft domains. Most raft models rely on liquid-ordered L0 phases in a liquid-disordered Ld phase lacking correlation and remaining static, often necessitating external agents for phase separation. Here, we introduce a synthetic system of bicomponent glycodendrimersomes coassembled from Janus dendrimers and Janus glycodendrimers (JGDs), where lactose-lactose interactions exclusively drive lateral organization. This mechanism results in modulated phases across two length scales, yielding raft-like microdomains featuring nanoarrays at the nanoscale. By varying the density of lactose and molecular architecture of JGDs, the nanoarray type and size, shape, and spacing of the domains were controlled. Our findings offer insight into the potential primordial origins of rudimentary raft domains and highlight the crucial role of glycans within the glycocalyx.

Separation of magnesium vapor and carbon monoxide during the vacuum carbothermal reduction of MgO by employing the polycrystalline silicon cutting waste as the separation agent

With the rapid development of magnesium-based materials, the worldwide demand for magnesium has increased dramatically. Vacuum carbothermal reduction (VCR) method is a potential technology to replace the highly energy-intensive Pidgeon process for magnesium production. However, this process is limited by the bottleneck problem, e.g., the separation of magnesium vapor and carbon monoxide during the carbothermal reduction. In this paper, a new strategy for separating magnesium vapor and carbon monoxide during the VCR by employing polycrystalline silicon cutting waste (PSCW) as the separation agent is proposed. The separation mechanism of magnesium vapor and carbon monoxide by PSCW was investigated thoroughly. It is proved that the magnesium vapor can react with silica in PSCW to produce magnesium oxide, while carbon monoxide cannot react with the PSCW under the same conditions, by which the magnesium vapor and carbon monoxide was separated efficiently. The magnesium oxide was then dissolved by using hydrochloric acid to recycle Si from the reduced PSCW. The results show that a high-purity Si was obtained and its recovery rate attained 86.9%. Additionally, the magnesium used in the experiment could be recycled from the leaching solution in the form of MgCl2·6H2O and its purity attained 99.94%. Based on these, it is thus suggested that a novel process for separating magnesium vapor and carbon monoxide was achieved, which is not only beneficial for the cost reduction, but also for the environmental protection.

Bonding stability of universal adhesives to feldspathic ceramic with or without prior silane application.

This study aimed to assess the bonding stability of three universal adhesives to a CAD-CAM feldspathic ceramic with or without prior silane application. The universal adhesives tested were Ambar Universal (FGM), Single Bond Universal (3M), and Ybond Universal (Yller). Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus (3M) was used as a control. The silane used was RelyX Ceramic Primer (3M). Microtensile bond strength (μTBS) to Vitablocs Mark II was measured after 24 h or 6 months of water aging (n = 20). Failure modes were observed through scanning electron microscopy, and pH and degree of C = C conversion (DC) of the adhesives were measured (n = 3). Data were analyzed using One-, Two-, and Three-Way ANOVA. The pH values differed significantly among the adhesives (P<0.001), while the DC was similar (P = 0.141). The universal adhesives showed significant differences in μTBS, with higher immediate results when using silane and lower results after aging. Notably, a significant decrease in μTBS was observed after 6 months when silane was applied. In contrast, the control adhesive exhibited consistent results between the 24-hour and 6-month storage periods. The universal adhesives showed a decrease in μTBS ranging from 25.5% to 40.1% after prolonged storage. Adhesive failures were predominant in all groups. The presence or absence of silane in the adhesive composition did not affect the bonding performance. The application of a separate silane coupling agent improved the immediate bond strength of universal adhesives to CAD-CAM feldspathic ceramic. However, this bond strength significantly decreased after 6 months of water aging. The bond strength remained stable for universal adhesives when applied without silane after 6 months of aging. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Efficient separation of indole from fossil fuel pyrolysis products by carboxylic acid non-aromatic ring ionic liquids: Experiment and mechanism exploration

Indole is a nitrogen-containing compound that is obtained from fossil fuel pyrolysis products. Its usage is not only related to the production of fine chemicals and medicines, but it also has the potential to benefit environmental protection. To separate indole through liquid–liquid extraction with ionic liquids, two types of carboxylic acid non-aromatic ring ionic liquids (CNILs) were successfully synthesized and characterized in this work. The effects of stirring time, mCNILs: mmixtures, and extraction temperature were extensively investigated in this work. The results indicate that the adopted CNIL, [N-tmg][Bpc], which processes multifunctional sites, exhibited better extraction performance for indole. Under the optimized conditions (mCNILs: mmixtures = 1:5, temperature, 25 °C, stirring time, 30 min) and initial indole content, mindole: moil = 5:100, the extraction efficiency of indole was found to be 97.08% using the CNIL [N-tmg][Bpc]. Additionally, the molecular polarity, bond length, interaction energy, and non-covalent interaction were evaluated via quantum chemistry calculation, and found that the non-covalent interaction between the CNIL anions and indole was the primary driver of extraction, and the multifunctional sites in CNIL anions improved the ability of CNILs to extract indole. Finally, the reusability of CNIL, [N-tmg][Bpc], was tested through repeated extraction experiments, and the recovered [N-tmg][Bpc] was found to efficiently extract indole. The successful synthesis of CNILs with high extraction performance for indole provides a novel route to develop new ionic liquid separation agents. The finding in this work contributes to the chemical industry's efforts to develop appropriate and sustainable technologies for indole separation.

T3P®-Assisted cascade synthesis of N-acyl α-cyanoamines, cyanoaryl amides and N-acyl cyanoarylamines: Application in making three pharmaceutically important molecules

Organic compounds possessing N-acyl α-cyanoamine function shows numerous pharmaceutical and medicinal properties, however, their synthesis require multiple steps. This article describes a novel and sustainable one-pot construction of N-acyl α-cyanoamines from α-amino amides and acids via propanephosphonic acid anhydride (T3P®)-assisted cascade strategy. A variety of chiral α-amino amides were conveniently transformed to N-acyl α-cyanoamine derivatives (15) by reacting with carboxylic acids using current protocol. The products are formed in 81–94% in 12 h at room temperature. Additionally, this method was also extended to the synthesis of cyanoaryl amides (18) (from 4-((aminooxy)carbonyl)benzoic acid and primary/secondary amines) and N-acyl cyanoarylamines (20) (from 3-aminobenzamide and carboxylic acids) with 83–95% yields in 2 h at 70 °C. The developed strategy has also been utilized successfully for the synthesis of DPP-4 inhibition agent, 2, intermediate, 4 of SphK1 inhibitor, and clinical agent of COVID-19, 10. These procedures are step-as well as pot-economic, which saves the reagents, solvents and separation agents required for the multiple steps that are associated with the reported routes.

Applications of magnetic nanomaterials in the fabrication of lateral flow assays toward increasing performance of food safety analysis: Recent advances

Up to now, the life of humans is complex, and it has been under attack by numerous factors. In other words, human beings are relationship with living in a healthy and clean environment. Remarkably, life on the planet Earth has been threatened by food contamination in all areas of the world. Over the last few years, the portability of analytical methods has received considerable attention in biosensors. Among these, lateral flow assays (LFAs) can consider one of the critical types of portable sensing platforms. The vast majority of conventional LFAs operate according to the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) signaling. However, the presence of NaCl in real samples can decrease the performance of the AuNPs-LFA. Thereby, the substitute of AuNPs with other types of nanomaterials (NMs) or using hybrid NMs can boost the application of these sensing biodevices in different real samples. Elaborately, magnetic nanomaterials (MNMs) can play a significant role in developing sensing approaches, especially later flow assays LFAs. These NMs not only do quantitative measurements by coupling with an external reader, but they can also act as an immunomagnetic separation agent. In addition, ease of use, less coat, and size uniformity can highlight their application in food safety. Therefore, the application of MNMs in LFA with different formats can significantly reduction in the limit of detection (LOD) of the analyte without methodically complicating the analytical procedure. In this review, we attempted to highlight the recent progress and technical breakthroughs of MNMs in LFA for food safety.