Time to boundary reliability differentiates modified clinical test of sensory interaction in balance (CTSIB-M) trials in adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of individuals with different levels of anxiety on postural stability. A total of 133 individuals over 18 years old participated: 44 with mild anxiety (Group I), 47 with high anxiety (Group II), and 42 in the control group. None had dizziness complaints. Anxiety levels were determined using the State Anxiety Inventory. Balance was assessed using the Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction on Balance, Limits of Stability (LOS) Test, Walk Across Test, Tandem Walking Test, and Dizziness Handicap Inventory. The study identified significant differences in LOS parameters across anxiety levels. The mild anxiety group demonstrated a reduced right lateral maximum excursion compared to the control group (99.50% ± 5.64% vs. 95.02% ± 8.21%), corresponding to a mean difference of 4.48% (p = .010). Posterior maximum excursion was also significantly lower in both the mild and high anxiety groups relative to controls. The mild anxiety group showed a mean value of 53.97% ± 15.41% versus 64.00% ± 16.05% in controls, yielding a mean difference of 10.03% (p = .006). Similarly, the high anxiety group exhibited a posterior excursion of 53.12% ± 15.82%, with a mean difference of 10.88% from controls (p = .004). These findings indicate that participants with higher anxiety levels demonstrated lower stability limits, particularly in the lateral and posterior directions. Anxiety appears to negatively affect maximum excursion values in the LOS Test, suggesting an association between anxiety level and postural control.

Seasonal variation in aroma quality is critical for commercial grading of Xinyang Maojian (XYMJ) green tea, and how seasonal changes shape its volatile composition and aroma profile remains unclear. This study investigated the volatile profiles of XYMJ harvested in spring, summer, and autumn using headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) and odor activity value (OAV) analysis. A total of 93 volatile compounds were identified, with alkenes, alcohols, and esters being the most numerous chemical classes. Total volatile content decreased significantly seasonally (p < 0.05), being highest in spring (1716.68 μg/kg), followed by summer (1566.72 μg/kg) and autumn (1378.21 μg/kg). PCA and PLS-DA clearly distinguished seasons. Using a dual-filtering strategy (variable importance in the projection > 1.0 and p < 0.01), 14 differential volatile metabolites were identified as core seasonal markers. Geraniol, cis-jasmone, and indole were identified as key drivers of the premium floral fragrance in spring XYMJ, while cis-3-hexenyl hexanoate and linalool peaked in the summer harvest. OAV results and cross-modal sensory interaction principles suggest that the superior flavor of spring XYMJ arises from both higher aromatic intensity and an optimized aroma-taste balance. These findings provide useful insights into the seasonal variations in the metabolic and chemical profiles of XYMJ, enhancing our understanding of the biochemical markers associated with its production timeline.

Background Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) may impair postural control and balance through musculoskeletal and proprioceptive alterations. Aims/Objectives To evaluate vestibulo-ocular reflex parameters, balance performance, and fear of falling in patients with AS compared with healthy controls. Material and Methods This prospective controlled study included 30 patients with AS and 32 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Participants underwent videonystagmography (VNG) and static posturography assessments, including Limits of Stability (LOS), Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction in Balance (mCTSIB), and Fall Risk (FR) tests. Fear of falling was assessed using the Fall Efficacy Scale. Results Patients with AS demonstrated significantly lower LOS endpoint excursion, maximum excursion, and direction control values than controls (p = 0.020, p = 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). In the mCTSIB assessment, sway velocity during the eyes-closed condition was significantly higher in the AS group (p = 0.020). Fear of falling scores were also significantly higher in patients with AS (p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed in composite FR parameters. Conclusions and Significance Patients with AS exhibited impaired balance performance and increased fear of falling. Balance impairment became more evident under reduced visual input, suggesting altered sensory integration and postural control mechanisms in AS.

Fresh tubers of Gastrodia elata (GE), valued for both their food and medicine properties, have limited applications due to unpleasant off-odor. In this study, five representative fresh GE varieties were analyzed for the first time using quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA). Seven off-odor attributes were identified, with horse urine-like odor being the most intense, followed by acidic and starchy notes. Headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) detected 67 volatile organic compounds, 17 of which were present in all varieties. Nine shared odor-active compounds were identified by GC-O-MS. Odor activity value (OAV) analysis revealed four key contributors: (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, (E)-2-octenal, 2-phenylacetaldehyde, and p-cresol. Sensory interaction analysis using Feller's additive model demonstrated both binary synergistic and additive effects among these compounds. Traditional processing methods reduced off-odor intensity, with ethanol treatment being the most effective (reducing horse urine-like odor by more than 50%). After processing, the three aldehydes became undetectable, whereas p-cresol levels were substantially decreased, though they still contributed to a residual off-odor. Unlike previous studies that mainly focused on dried GE products, this research characterizes the off-odor profile of fresh GE tubers. It provides a theoretical foundation for regulating off-odor-related gene expression, developing effective deodorization strategies, and facilitating the development of novel GE-based functional foods.

Evidence suggests that individuals with sports-related concussion (SRC) may experience lingering postural control deficits, which could increase the risk of lower extremity musculoskeletal (LEMSK) injury. Mixed findings in current literature may stem from inconsistent assessment methods. This study aimed to investigate postural control in athletes with a history of SRC using multiple assessment tools to identify which, if any, best predict LEMSK injury. Cross-sectional. A total of 110 NCAA Division II student-athletes (67 with SRC history, 43 without; 56 males, 54 females; mean age 19.8 yrs) were recruited via purposeful sampling. Baseline postural control assessments included the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS; single and dual-task), computerized Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction in Balance (M-CTSIB), and tandem gait test (TGT; single and dual-task). Participants were monitored for LEMSK injury over one competitive season. Logistic regression determined whether preseason postural performance predicted injury. BESS dual-task performance significantly predicted LEMSK injury (b = 0.045, p = 0.047). BESS single-task performance trended toward significance (b = 0.054, p = 0.056). No significant predictive value was found for M-CTSIB or TGT (single/dual-task). Among the postural control assessments, BESS dual-task performance was the most sensitive predictor of LEMSK injury. These findings suggest dual-task postural control testing may be valuable in identifying athletes at elevated injury risk post-SRC.

The authors evaluated changes associated with a 3-week interdisciplinary intensive outpatient program that delivers integrated neuropsychiatric rehabilitation for veterans and first responders with persistent postconcussive and co-occurring symptoms after remote traumatic brain injury. In this retrospective cohort study, 128 patients completed patient-reported measures, including the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI), PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), and Life Satisfaction Questionnaire-11 (LiSat-11), and objective assessments, comprising Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-III (ACE-III), gait speed, computerized dynamic posturography (for conducting the Sensory Organization Test [SOT]), and Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction in Balance (mCTSIB). Paired t tests were used to compare intake with discharge measures, and a linear mixed-effects model was used to examine NSI scores over time with covariate adjustment. The NSI total score decreased by 15.6 points (41%, Cohen's d=1.11); ACE-III scores improved by 6.8 points (Cohen's d=1.41); and forward and backward gait speeds, SOT composite scores, and mCTSIB condition 4 scores showed significant improvements (Cohen's d=0.68-0.87). The proportion of patients screening at or above a common PTSD threshold on the PCL-5 declined from 51% at intake to 20% at discharge, and higher baseline PCL-5 scores were associated with higher NSI scores across time points (p<0.001). These findings are consistent with multidomain benefits of intensive, interdisciplinary neuropsychiatric rehabilitation in this population. These results support the potential of integrated care models to reduce symptom burden and improve cognitive, mobility, vestibular, and life satisfaction outcomes over 3 weeks, while underscoring the close linkage between posttraumatic stress severity and neurobehavioral symptom burden.

In this study, we aimed to compare muscle strength, dynamic postural stability, balance, sit-to-stand capacity, fear of falling, and fall history among robust, prefrail, and frail older adults. This cross-sectional Cross-sectional study included 159 community-dwelling older adults classified by frailty phenotypes. Muscle strength was assessed with a hand-held dynamometer. Dynamic postural stability during gait was measured with the Functional Gait Assessment. Static balance was assessed via the Single-Leg Stance test and the Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction and Balance. Reactive balance response was assessed via the forward compensatory stepping correction task. Sit-to-stand capacity was measured using the Five-Time Sit-to-Stand test. Fear of falling was assessed with the Falls Efficacy Scale-International, and the history of falls in the past year was self-reported. Analysis of covariance was used for continuous outcomes (muscle strength, sit-to-stand performance, dynamic postural stability, static balance, and fear of falling), and binomial and ordinal logistic regression were used for categorical and ordinal outcomes (history of falls and reactive balance response). Compared with robust individuals, frail older adults had lower trunk and lower limb strength, static balance, dynamic stability, and sit-to-stand capacity (all P values <.05); greater fear of falling; worse reactive balance; and higher fall history. Prefrail adults also showed declines in lower limb strength, static balance, dynamic stability, sit-to-stand capacity, and reactive balance response (all P values <.05). Physical and functional declines in frail and prefrail older adults highlight the need to include these parameters in their assessment.

This paper explores a novel approach to educational botanic gardens through a case study of the Eden Project Cornwall (EPC), a visitor attraction that challenges the pedagogical strategies of many botanical gardens. By studying the design of real-world biomes, we trace how the leadership team understands its educational niche within a broader environmental learning ecosystem. Drawing on situated insider knowledge from the leadership team and qualitative data from on-site observation, we understand EPC as a site that works to desettle the human-nature binary, affording sensory interactions and reflections on belonging to nature through immersive, sensory design. We find that the destination site engages multi-modal and place-based learning through both on-site design and off-site programs and events. The implications of this work underscore the potential of educational gardens to reimagine relationships with the living world through art, place-based pedagogy, and sensory affordances. Yet we observe tensions between EPC’s mission and its operational practice, suggesting limitations to this model. Nonetheless, we conclude that EPC lays out a unique model for reimagining the pedagogical possibilities of educational gardens and science institutions.

Prolonged sedentary behavior and slump sitting posture may impair neuromuscular function; however, acute effects on postural sway and potential differences between athletes and non-athletes remain unclear. Therefore, this study aims to examine the acute effects of prolonged slump sitting on postural sway in female athletes and non-athletes. In this study, 24 females (12 athletes, 12 non-athletes; age 18-30 years) completed balance assessments using the Biodex Balance System, followed by a 30-minute standardized slump sitting protocol. Outcomes included static postural stability test (PST), Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction on Balance (mCTSIB), and limits of stability (LOS). Group differences were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Prolonged slump sitting significantly influenced selected postural sway outcomes. Athletes demonstrated greater post-intervention sway compared with non-athletes in the Overall Stability Index (p = 0.01) and the eyes-closed firm-surface mCTSIB condition (p = 0.02). A significant group difference was also observed in static left LOS performance (p = 0.01). In a nutshell, the present study demonstrated that prolonged slump sitting may influence postural sway in female athletes and non-athletes, with specific differences emerging between groups under certain sensory and stability conditions. By highlighting the potential impact of slump sitting on postural stability, this research contributes to the fields of sports science, ergonomics, and rehabilitation, emphasizing the need for strategies that mitigate the negative effects of prolonged sedentary behavior.

Exploring the origin of off-flavor compounds in bacterial-type shuidouchi using molecular sensory science techniques.

This study examines navigation support for drivers with hearing impairment from the perspective of sensory compensation and multimodal information fusion.Most existing navigation systems depend primarily on voice guidance, which reduces their effectiveness when auditory cues are not directly accessible.Previous studies have considered visual and haptic alternatives, but these methods still show limitations in rapidly changing driving environments, particularly in adaptation, stability, and timely decision support.To address these issues, we propose a navigation framework that integrates compact sensory representation, context-sensitive decision adjustment, and multimodal signal fusion.By organizing input information efficiently and combining cues from different channels, the system is designed to provide more stable and responsive navigation assistance under dynamic road conditions.We further introduce a coordination strategy based on constrained optimization and policy-driven control to maintain consistency among representation, decision, and fusion during navigation. Experiments on multiple datasets show that the proposed framework improves navigation-related performance over baseline methods, including gains in accuracy and response efficiency under the evaluated settings.These results suggest that combining structured sensory representation with context-sensitive decision making and probabilistic fusion can provide more reliable navigation support for hearing-impaired drivers.

Objectives This study examined the immediate effects of Assisted Cycle Therapy (ACT) on static and dynamic balance in adults with Down syndrome (DS). Methods Ten adults with DS (7 males, 3 females; mean age = 26.8 years) completed one acute ACT session and one control session in a randomized order. Balance was assessed before and after each session using the Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction on Balance under four conditions: eyes open and closed on firm and foam surfaces. Path length, anterior–posterior (AP) excursion, and medial–lateral (ML) excursion were recorded. Functional mobility was evaluated using the Timed Up and Go test. Results The most notable improvement was observed in AP excursion during the eyes-open foam condition, which improved significantly following ACT, suggesting enhanced postural control under increased sensory challenge. No significant changes were observed in ML excursion or functional mobility. Conclusions Acute ACT may lead to condition-specific improvements in balance in adults with DS. However, these findings should be interpreted with caution, as effects were limited and not observed across all balance measures. ACT may have potential as a supplementary approach in balance-focused intervention programs, warranting further investigation with larger samples and longer-term interventions.

Museums and cultural institutions are exploring using multimodal immersive experiences to improve the dissemination of intangible cultural heritage, taking advantage of the rapid advancements being made in artificial intelligence (AI) and extended reality (XR) technologies. This paper will investigate the performance of intangible cultural heritage through the example of shadow puppetry, looking at two case studies: The Xi'an Ming-Qing Shadow Puppetry Art Museum located in China, and the National Touring Exhibition "Shadow Puppetry in the World". A combination of literature review and comparative case studies were used to compare the user experience, emotional response and cultural cognition created through XR and traditional static exhibitions. Results showed that using multimodal interactions increases audience's sense of immersion, level of engagement and efficiency with cultural understanding, building deeper emotional connections to the culture and enhancing the audience's identification with it. Digital exhibitions also have limitations, for example there are currently weak operational mechanisms in terms of sustainability for the dissemination of digital content and long-term user engagement. Based on the results of this study a "Multisensory -XR Experience Framework" is proposed to support the digital revitalization of performative intangible cultural heritage at the level of practice and theory, across the four dimensions of sensory integration, interaction pathways, affective design and communication extension.

Flavor perception in the oral processing of mixed grain foods: Flavor release and AI.

This article presents the Embodied Sensory Approach (ESA), a structured pedagogical framework developed and refined by the author through nearly a decade of teaching interior design studios. The ESA was created to address the problem of residual ocularcentrism and over-abstraction in interior design by using multisensory engagement as a primary epistemological framework during concept development. Drawing from embodied cognition theory, experiential learning, and multisensory design principles, this framework is intended to address significant gaps in traditional design education by recalibrating the relationship between how spaces tend to be conceptualized during design and how they are actually experienced by users. The ESA is organized into four sequential phases with specific activities that encourage students to engage in structured sensory interactions and then integrate those experiences with design concept development. The method is grounded in existing trends from biophilic design pedagogy, participatory design, and place-grounded design, while extending their insights into a structured series of linked educational activities. Extensive observational evidence from a senior-level interior design studio is presented to demonstrate the implementation and effectiveness of the ESA. Obstacles to implementation, cross-cultural applications, intersections with diverse student learning styles, and future research needs are discussed.

The current research aims to test the relationship between immersive marketing techniques and their impact on product design and development, as the field of marketing has witnessed remarkable development with the emergence of immersive marketing techniques that rely on virtual reality and augmented reality to create rich interactive experiences for consumers. These techniques allow sensory and realistic interaction with products and brands. This type of marketing aims to transform the consumer's experience from simple traditional interaction to a multisensory immersive experience, enabling the customer to perceive product details, design, and test it virtually before making a purchase decision. The current research, within its conceptual framework, considers immersive marketing as an explanatory variable. also addressed the topic of product design and development as a responsive variable. The problem centered on how the researched companies can elevate their product design levels and develop them through the use of immersive marketing techniques. Accordingly, the importance lies in informing the researched companies about the clear role that immersive marketing techniques play in designing and developing their products, and in motivating customers to purchase them. To achieve this, a questionnaire was used as the primary tool for data collection, distributed randomly to 60 employees in the researched companies, with valid responses for analysis regarding the current state of the research variables. The data were analyzed using statistical tools to achieve the research objectives and test hypotheses, relying on the statistical software SPSS version 26. Based on the practical findings, the research reached several conclusions, upon which a set of recommendations was made to the management of the researched companies.

Analysis and regulation of baijiu aroma-active compounds: integrating metabolomics, sensory genomics, and artificial intelligence.

A0397 CGRP-RAMP1 signaling axis mediates sensory nerve-cancer bidirectional interaction and immune suppression to drive prostate cancer progression

Development and validity of composite scores for the instrumented-modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction in Balance in inpatients with subacute stroke.